Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
Book contents
- Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Foreword by Peter Maurer
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Preamble
- Part I General Provisions
- Article 1 Respect for the Convention
- Article 2 Application of the Convention
- Article 3 Conflicts not of an international character
- Article 4 Prisoners of war
- Article 5 Beginning and end of application
- Article 6 Special agreements
- Article 7 Non-Renunciation of Rights
- Article 8 Protecting Powers
- Article 9 Activities of the ICRC and Other Impartial Humanitarian Organizations
- Article 10 Substitutes for Protecting Powers
- Article 11 Conciliation Procedure
- Part II General Protection of Prisoners of War
- Part III Captivity
- Part IV Termination of Captivity
- Part V Information Bureaux and Relief Societies for Prisoners of War
- Part VI Execution of the Convention
- Book part
- Sources
- Index
- References
Article 3 - Conflicts not of an international character
from Part I - General Provisions
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 August 2021
Compiled by
Book contents
- Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Foreword by Peter Maurer
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Preamble
- Part I General Provisions
- Article 1 Respect for the Convention
- Article 2 Application of the Convention
- Article 3 Conflicts not of an international character
- Article 4 Prisoners of war
- Article 5 Beginning and end of application
- Article 6 Special agreements
- Article 7 Non-Renunciation of Rights
- Article 8 Protecting Powers
- Article 9 Activities of the ICRC and Other Impartial Humanitarian Organizations
- Article 10 Substitutes for Protecting Powers
- Article 11 Conciliation Procedure
- Part II General Protection of Prisoners of War
- Part III Captivity
- Part IV Termination of Captivity
- Part V Information Bureaux and Relief Societies for Prisoners of War
- Part VI Execution of the Convention
- Book part
- Sources
- Index
- References
Summary
Among the many important advances in international humanitarian law brought bythe adoption of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Article 3 stands out in particular.With its inclusion, States agreed for the first time on regulating, in aninternational treaty framework, what they described as ‘armed conflict not of aninternational character’. Common Article 3 represented one of the firstprovisions of international law that dealt with what was at the time consideredby States as being exclusively their domestic affair. The provision is common tothe four Geneva Conventions.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Commentary on the Third Geneva ConventionConvention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, pp. 141 - 347Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
Primary Sources
Abi-Saab, Rosemary, Droit
humanitaire et conflits internes: Origines et évolution de la
réglementation internationale, Henry Dunant
Institute, Geneva,
1986.Google Scholar
Ador, Gustave and Moynier, Gustave, ‘Les
destinées de la Convention de Genève pendant la guerre de
Serbie’, Bulletin international des sociétés de
secours aux militaires blessés, Vol. 7, No.
28, 1876, pp.
164–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duculesco, Victor, ‘Effet
de la reconnaissance de l’état de belligérance par les tiers, y compris
les Organisations internationales, sur le statut juridique des conflits
armés à caractère non international’, Revue
générale de droit international public, Vol.
79, 1975, pp.
125–151.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Hersch, Recognition in
International Law, Cambridge University
Press, 1947.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Hersch, (ed.),
Oppenheim’s International Law, 7th edition,
Longmans, Green and Co.,
London,
1952.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan, ‘A
taxonomy of armed conflict’, in White, Nigel
D. and Henderson, Christian (eds), Research
Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in
Bello and Jus post
Bellum, Edward Elgar,
Cheltenham, 2013, pp.
256–314.Google Scholar
Moynier, Gustave, Étude sur la
Convention de Genève pour l’amélioration du sort des militaires blessés
dans les armées en campagne (1864 et 1868),
Librairie de Joël Cherbuliez,
Paris,
1870.Google Scholar
Neff, Stephen
C., War and the Law of Nations: A
General History, Cambridge University
Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, Mary
Ellen, ‘Historical
Development and Legal Basis’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp.
1–42.Google Scholar
Oppenheim, Lassa, International
Law: A Treatise, Vol. II, War and
Neutrality, 2nd edition, Longmans, Green and
Co., London,
1912.Google Scholar
Padelford, Norman
J., ‘The International
Non-Intervention Agreement and the Spanish Civil War’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
31, No. 4, 1937, pp.
578–603.Google Scholar
Ramelli Arteaga, Alejandro, Derecho
Internacional Humanitario y Estado de Beligerancia, 2nd edition, Externado
University of Colombia,
Bogotá,
2004.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Secondary Sources
Abi-Saab, Rosemary, Droit
humanitaire et conflits internes: Origines et évolution de la
réglementation internationale, Henry Dunant
Institute, Geneva,
1986.Google Scholar
Akande, Dapo,
‘Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal
Concepts’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.), International
Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford
University Press, 2012, pp.
32–79.Google Scholar
Anderson, Kenneth, ‘Targeted Killing and
Drone Warfare: How We Came to Debate Whether There is a “Legal Geography
of War”’, American University Washington College of
Law Research Paper, No. 2011-16, 2011, pp.
1–17.Google Scholar
Arimatsu, Louise,
‘Territory, Boundaries and the Law of Armed
Conflict’, Yearbook of International
Humanitarian Law, Vol. 12, 2009,
pp. 157–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartels, Rogier,
‘Transnational Armed Conflict: Does it
Exist?’, in Scope of Application of
International Humanitarian Law, Proceedings of the 13th Bruges
Colloquium, 18–19 October 2012, College of
Europe/ICRC, Collegium No. 43, Autumn
2013, pp.
114–128.Google Scholar
Bartels, Rogier, ‘From
Jus In Bello to Jus
Post Bellum: When Do Non-International Armed Conflicts
End?’, in Stahn, Carsten, Easterday, Jennifer
S. and Iverson, Jens (eds), Jus Post Bellum:
Mapping the Normative Foundations, Oxford
University Press, 2014, pp.
297–314.Google Scholar
Bianchi, Andrea,
‘Terrorism and Armed Conflict: Insights from a Law &
Literature Perspective’, Leiden Journal of
International Law, Vol. 24, No.
1, 2011, pp.
1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, Laurie
R., ‘Defining the Battlefield
in Contemporary Conflict and Counterterrorism: Understanding the
Parameters of the Zone of Combat’, Georgia
Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol.
39, No. 1, 2010, pp.
1–38.Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael, ‘War
Crimes’, in Cassese, Antonio, Gaeta, Paola and Jones, John
R.W.D. (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Vol. IA,
Oxford University Press,
2002, pp.
379–426.Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of Armed
Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, The Hague,
1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, ‘The
Nicaragua and Tadić Tests Revisited in Light of the ICJ Judgment on
Genocide in Bosnia’, European Journal of
International Law, Vol. 18, No.
4, 2007, pp.
649–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condorelli, Luigi, ‘War
Crimes and Internal Conflicts in the Statute of the International
Criminal Court’, in Politi, Mauro and Nesi, Giuseppe (eds), The Rome Statute of
the International Criminal Court: A Challenge to Impunity,
Ashgate,
Aldershot, 2001, pp.
107–117.Google Scholar
Corn, Geoffrey
S., ‘Hamdan, Lebanon, and the Regulation of Hostilities: The Need
to Recognize a Hybrid Category of Armed Conflict’,
Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol.
40, No. 2, 2007, pp.
295–355.Google Scholar
Corn, Geoffrey
S., ‘Geography of Armed
Conflict: Why it is a Mistake to Fish for the Red
Herring’, International Law Studies,
U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89, 2013, pp.
77–107.Google Scholar
Corn, Geoffrey
S. and Jensen, Eric
Talbot, ‘Transnational Armed
Conflict: A “Principled” Approach to the Regulation of Counter-Terror
Combat Operations’, Israel Law Review,
Vol. 42, 2009, pp.
1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, Anthony, The Concept of
Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian
Law, Cambridge University
Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
David, Eric, Principes de
droit des conflits armés, 6th edition,
Bruylant,
Brussels,
2019.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula, ‘Get
off my cloud: cyber warfare, international humanitarian law, and the
protection of civilians’, International Review
of the Red Cross, Vol. 94, No.
886, June 2012, pp.
533–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraro, Tristan, ‘The
geographic reach of IHL: The law and current
challenges’, in Scope of Application of
International Humanitarian Law, Proceedings of the 13th Bruges
Colloquium, 18–19 October 2012, College of
Europe/ICRC, Collegium No. 43, Autumn
2013, pp. 105–113.
(2013a)Google Scholar
Ferraro, Tristan, ‘The
applicability and application of international humanitarian law to
multinational forces’, International Review of
the Red Cross, Vol. 95, No.
891, December 2013, pp.
561–612. (2013b)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleck, Dieter, ‘The Law
of Non-International Armed Conflict’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp.
581–610.Google Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter,
‘International humanitarian law: An
introduction’, in Haug, Hans (ed.), Humanity for All:
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement,
Henry Dunant Institute,
Geneva, 1993, pp.
491–592.Google Scholar
Grignon, Julia, L’applicabilité
temporelle du droit international humanitaire,
Schulthess,
Geneva,
2014.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICRC,
International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of
Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 28th International
Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2003.Google Scholar
ICRC,
International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of
Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 30th International
Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2007.Google Scholar
ICRC,
Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in
Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, by
Melzer, Nils,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2009.Google Scholar
ICRC,
International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of
Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 31st
International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2011.Google Scholar
ICRC, The
Use of Force in Armed Conflicts: Interplay between the Conduct of
Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms, Expert Meeting,
Report prepared and edited by Gaggioli, Gloria,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2013.Google Scholar
ICRC,
International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of
Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 32nd
International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2015.Google Scholar
Kleffner, Jann
K., ‘Scope of Application of
International Humanitarian Law’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp. 43–78.
(2013b)Google Scholar
Koh, Harold
Hongju, ‘Keynote Address: The
Obama Administration and International Law’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of
International Law, Vol. 104,
2010, pp.
207–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, Robert and Hyde, Richard, An
Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford,
2008.Google Scholar
Kreß, Claus, ‘Some
Reflections on the International Legal Framework Governing Transnational
Armed Conflicts’, Journal of Conflict and
Security Law, Vol. 15, No. 2,
2010, pp.
245–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lubell, Noam and Derejko, Nathan, ‘A
Global Battlefield? Drones and the Geographical Scope of Armed
Conflict’, Journal of International Criminal
Justice, Vol. 11, No. 1,
2013, pp.
65–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melzer, Nils, Targeted Killing
in International Law, Oxford University
Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor, ‘The
Humanization of Humanitarian Law’, American
Journal of International Law, Vol. 94, No.
2, 2000, pp.
239–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milanovic, Marko, ‘State
Responsibility for Genocide’, European Journal
of International Law, Vol. 17, No.
3, 2006, pp.
553–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milanovic, Marko, ‘State
Responsibility for Genocide: A Follow-Up’,
European Journal of International Law, Vol.
18, No. 4, 2007, pp.
669–694. (2007a)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milanovic, Marko, ‘Lessons
for human rights and humanitarian law in the war on terror: comparing
Hamdan and the Israeli Targeted Killings case’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 866, June 2007, pp.
373–393. (2007b)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milanovic, Marko, ‘End of
IHL application: Overview and challenges’, in
Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law,
Proceedings of the 13th Bruges Colloquium, 18–19 October 2012,
College of Europe/ICRC, Collegium No.
43, Autumn 2013, pp.
83–94.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Marko, ‘The
Applicability of the Conventions to “Transnational” and “Mixed”
Conflicts’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
27–50.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan, ‘A
taxonomy of armed conflict’, in White, Nigel
D. and Henderson, Christian (eds), Research
Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in
Bello and Jus post
bellum, Edward Elgar,
Cheltenham, 2013, pp.
256–314.Google Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, ‘The
Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
391–414.Google Scholar
Pejic, Jelena, ‘Status
of armed conflicts’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth and Breau, Susan (eds), Perspectives on
the ICRC Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law,
Cambridge University Press,
2007, pp.
77–100.Google Scholar
Pejic, Jelena, ‘The
protective scope of Common Article 3: more than meets the
eye’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881, March
2011, pp.
189–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radin, Sasha, ‘Global
Armed Conflict? The Threshold of Extraterritorial Non-International
Armed Conflicts’, International Law
Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89,
2013, pp.
696–743.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, ‘Transnational Armed
Groups and International Humanitarian Law’, HPCR
Occasional Paper Series, Winter 2006, pp.
1–43.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine
A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law
Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2011.Google Scholar
Schindler, Dietrich, ‘The
Different Types of Armed Conflicts According to the Geneva Conventions
and Protocols’, Collected Courses of the Hague
Academy of International Law, Vol. 163,
1979, pp.
117–164.Google Scholar
Schmitt, Michael
N., ‘Charting the Legal
Geography of Non-International Armed Conflict’,
International Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol.
90, 2014, pp.
1–19.Google Scholar
Schöndorf, Roy
S., ‘Extra-State Armed
Conflicts: Is There a Need for a New Legal Regime?’,
New York University Journal of International Law and
Politics, Vol. 37, No. 1,
2004, pp.
1–78.Google Scholar
Shraga, Daphna, ‘The
United Nations as an Actor Bound by International Humanitarian
Law’, International Peacekeeping, Vol.
5, No. 2, 1998, pp.
64–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shraga, Daphna, ‘The
applicability of international humanitarian law to peace operations,
from rejection to acceptance’, in Beruto, Gian
Luca (ed.), International
Humanitarian Law, Human Rights and Peace Operations,
Proceedings of the 31st Round Table on Current Problems of International
Humanitarian Law, 4–6 September 2008, International
Institute of Humanitarian Law, San
Remo, 2008, pp.
82–89.Google Scholar
Shraga, Daphna and Zacklin, Ralph, ‘The
Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to United Nations
Peacekeeping Operations: Conceptual, Legal and Practical
Issues’, Report to the Symposium on Humanitarian
Action and Peacekeeping Operations, 22–24 June 1994,
ICRC,
Geneva, 2004, pp.
39–48.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Stewart, James
G., ‘Towards a single
definition of armed conflict in international humanitarian law: A
critique of internationalized armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
85, No. 850, June 2003, pp.
313–350.Google Scholar
Vité, Sylvain,
‘Typology of armed conflicts in international
humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
91, No. 873, March 2009,
pp. 69–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Hebel, Herman and Robinson, Darryl,
‘Crimes within the Jurisdiction of the
Court’, in Lee, Roy S. (ed.), The International
Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute – Issues, Negotiations,
Results, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 1999, pp.
79–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugnion, François, The
International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War
Victims, ICRC/Macmillan,
Oxford, 2003.
(2003a)Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, ‘The
status of rebels under the 1977 Geneva Protocol on Non-International
Armed Conflicts’, International and Comparative
Law Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 2,
1981, pp.
416–439.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinstein, Yoram,
Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law,
Cambridge University Press,
2014, pp.
173–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, David
A., ‘The Historical
Background of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention of
1949’, Case Western Reserve Journal of
International Law, Vol. 11, No.
1, 1979, pp.
37–69.Google Scholar
Engdahl, Ola, ‘Compliance
with International Humanitarian Law in Multinational Peace
Operations’, Nordic Journal of International
Law, Vol. 78, No. 4,
2009, pp.
513–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferraro, Tristan, ‘The
applicability and application of international humanitarian law to
multinational forces’, International Review of
the Red Cross, Vol. 95, No.
891, December 2013, pp.
561–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleffner, Jann
K., ‘The applicability of
international humanitarian law to organized armed
groups’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 882, June
2011, pp.
443–461.Google Scholar
Kolb, Robert, Porretto, Gabriele and Vité, Sylvain,
L’application du droit international humanitaire et des droits
de l’homme aux organisations internationales: Forces de paix et
administrations civiles transitoires,
Bruylant,
Brussels,
2005.Google Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, The Law of
Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, Daragh, ‘How
International Humanitarian Law Treaties Bind Non-State Armed
Groups’, Journal of Conflict and Security
Law, Vol. 20, No. 1,
2015, pp.
101–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naert, Frederik, International
Law Aspects of the EU’s Security and Defence Policy, with a Particular
Focus on the Law of Armed Conflict and Human Rights,
Intersentia,
Antwerp,
2010.Google Scholar
Schindler, Dietrich, ‘The
Different Types of Armed Conflicts According to the Geneva Conventions
and Protocols’, Collected Courses of the Hague
Academy of International Law, Vol. 163,
1979, pp.
117–164.Google Scholar
Shraga, Daphna, ‘The
United Nations as an Actor Bound by International Humanitarian
Law’, International Peacekeeping, Vol.
5, No. 2, 1998, pp.
64–81.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘The
Addressees of Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
415–431.Google Scholar
Zegveld, Liesbeth, The
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law,
Cambridge University Press,
2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abresch, William, ‘A
Human Rights Law of Internal Armed Conflict: The European Court of Human
Rights in Chechnya’, European Journal of
International Law, Vol. 16, No.
4, 2005, pp.
741–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, James
E., ‘Application of the Law
of War to Internal Conflict’, Georgia Journal of
International and Comparative Law, Vol. 3, No.
2, 1973, pp.
345–384.Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of Armed
Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, The Hague,
1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, ‘The
Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian law of Armed Conflict and
Customary International Law’, UCLA Pacific Basin
Law Journal, Vol. 3, 1984, pp.
55–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draper, Gerald
I.A.D., ‘The Geneva
Conventions of 1949’, Collected Courses of the
Hague Academy of International Law, Vol. 114,
1965, pp.
59–165.Google Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter, ‘The
Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College of Law Conference on
International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on Customary International
Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions;
Remarks of Hans-Peter Gasser’, American
University Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol.
2, No. 2, 1987, pp.
415–538, at 477–481.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICRC,
Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in
Hostilities under International Humanitarian Law, by
Melzer, Nils,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2009.Google Scholar
ICRC,
International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of
Contemporary Armed Conflicts, Report prepared for the 31st
International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2011.Google Scholar
Kleffner, Jann
K., ‘Friend or Foe? On the
Protective Reach of the Law of Armed Conflict: a Note on the SCSL Trial
Chamber’s Judgment in the Case of “Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and
Gbao”’, in Matthee, Mariëlle, Toebes, Brigit and Brus, Marcel (eds), Armed Conflict and
International Law: In Search of the Human Face, Liber Amicorum in Memory
of Avril McDonald, Asser
Press, The Hague,
2013, pp. 285–302.
(2013c)Google Scholar
Kleffner, Jann
K., ‘The Beneficiaries of the
Rights Stemming from Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
433–447.Google Scholar
Melzer, Nils, Targeted Killing
in International Law, Oxford University
Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-international
Armed Conflicts: Remarks by Theodor Meron’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of
International Law, Vol. 85, 1991,
pp. 83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pejic, Jelena, ‘The
protective scope of Common Article 3: more than meets the
eye’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881, March
2011, pp.
189–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A.P.V., Law on the
Battlefield, 3rd edition, Manchester University
Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco,
‘Terrorism and War’, Journal of
International Criminal Justice, Vol. 4, No.
5, 2006, pp.
959–981.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, ‘The Role
of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in New Types of Armed
Conflicts’, in Ben-Naftali, Orna (ed.),
International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights
Law, Oxford University Press,
2011, pp.
34–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Watkin, Kenneth, ‘21st
Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or
Change?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds), International Law
and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of Yoram
Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2007, pp.
265–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zegveld, Liesbeth, The
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law,
Cambridge University Press,
2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugnion, François,
‘Jus ad bellum, jus in bello and non-international armed
conflicts’, Yearbook of International
Humanitarian Law, Vol. 6, 2003,
pp. 167–198. (2003b)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condorelli, Luigi and Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence,
‘Quelques remarques à propos de l’obligation des Etats de
“respecter et faire respecter” le droit international humanitaire “en
toutes circonstances”’, in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Etudes et
essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la
Croix-Rouge en l’honneur de Jean Pictet,
ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
The Hague, 1984, pp.
17–35.Google Scholar
Coomaraswamy, Radhika, ‘Sexual
Violence During Wartime’, in Helen Durham and Tracey
Gurd (eds), Listening to the Silences: Women and War,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
Leiden, 2005, pp.
53–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, David
A., ‘The Historical
Background of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention of
1949’, Case Western Reserve Journal of
International Law, Vol. 11, No.
1, 1979, pp.
37–69.Google Scholar
Gardam, Judith, ‘Women
and Armed Conflict: The Response of International Humanitarian
Law’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds) Listening to the
Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2005, pp.
109–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hafetz, Jonathan,
‘Detention at sea: the persistence of territorial
constraints on constitutional rights’, in Fabbrini, Federico and Jackson, Vicki
C. (eds),
Constitutionalism Across Borders in the Struggle Against
Terrorism, Edward Elgar
Publishing, Cheltenham,
2016, pp.
233–259.Google Scholar
Kalshoven, Frits and Zegveld, Liesbeth, Constraints
on the Waging of War: An Introduction to International Humanitarian
Law, 4th edition, ICRC/Cambridge University
Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleffner, Jann
K., ‘Protection of the
Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp. 321–357.
(2013a)Google Scholar
Lindsey, Charlotte, Women facing
war: ICRC study on the impact of armed conflict on women,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2001.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Charlotte, ‘The
Impact of Armed Conflict on Women’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds), Listening to the
Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2005, pp.
21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Modarai, Gordon, O’Connell, David, Kelly, Timothy and Farrant, James, ‘The
Seizure of Abu Anas Al-Libi: An International Law
Assessment’, International Law Studies,
U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89, No. 817,
2013, pp.
817–838.Google Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, The Law of
Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred, U.N. Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, 2nd revised
edition, Engel, N.P., Kehl am
Rhein, 2005.Google Scholar
O’Connell, Mary
Ellen, ‘Historical
Development and Legal Basis’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp.
1–42.Google Scholar
Pejic, Jelena,
‘Non-discrimination and armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
83, No. 841, March 2001,
pp. 183–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, A.P.V., Law on the
Battlefield, 3rd edition, Manchester University
Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Rona, Gabor and McGuire, Robert
J., ‘The Principle of
Non-Discrimination’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University Press,
2015, pp.
191–205.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine
A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law
Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2011.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Tams, Christian
J., ‘The Use of Force against
Terrorists’, European Journal of International
Law, Vol. 20, No. 2,
2009, pp.
359–397.Google Scholar
Ambos, Kai, ‘Article
25: Individual criminal responsibility’, in
Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
979–1029.Google Scholar
Bellal, Annyssa, Giacca, Gilles and Casey-Maslen, Stuart,
‘International law and armed non-state actors in
Afghanistan’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881,
March 2011, pp.
47–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, ‘The
status of captured fighters in non-international armed
conflict’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to
Life, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2010, pp.
195–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassese, Antonio,
‘The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian law
of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law’,
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, Vol.
3, 1984, pp.
55–118.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, ‘Wilful
killing’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
329–331.Google Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, ‘The
right to life in armed conflict: does international humanitarian law
provide all the answers?’, International
Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No.
864, December 2006, pp.
881–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter,
‘The Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College
of Law Conference on International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on
Customary International Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the
1949 Geneva Conventions; Remarks of Hans-Peter
Gasser’, American University Journal of
International Law and Policy, Vol. 2, No.
2, 1987, pp.
415–538, at 477–481.Google Scholar
Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, ‘The
right to life and the relationship between human rights and
humanitarian law’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to
Life, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2010, pp.
121–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horder, Jeremy (ed.),
Homicide Law in Comparative Perspective,
Hart Publishing,
Oxford,
2007.Google Scholar
ICRC, The
Use of Force in Armed Conflicts: Interplay between the Conduct of
Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms, Expert Meeting,
Report prepared and edited by Gaggioli, Gloria,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2013.Google Scholar
Knuckey, Sarah, ‘Murder
in Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
449–467.Google Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-international
Armed Conflicts: Remarks by Theodor Meron’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of
International Law, Vol. 85,
1991, pp.
83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred, U.N.
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, 2nd
revised edition, N.P. Engel,
Kehl,
2005.Google Scholar
Ovey, Clare and White, Robin
C.A., Jacobs & White: The
European Convention on Human Rights, 4th edition,
Oxford University Press,
2006.Google Scholar
Watkin, Kenneth, ‘21st
Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or
Change?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds), International
Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of
Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2007, pp.
265–296.Google Scholar
Zegveld, Liesbeth, The
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International
Law, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin,
‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
528–568.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Haye, Eve,
‘Mutilation and medical or scientific experiments:
Article 8(2)(b)(x)’, in Lee, Roy
S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The
International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, Transnational
Publishers, 2001, pp.
164–167. (2001a)Google Scholar
La Haye, Eve,
‘Violations of Common Article 3’, in
Lee, Roy S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The
International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, Transnational
Publishers, 2001, pp.
207–213. (2001b)Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin,
‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
528–568, at 551.Google Scholar
Bank, Roland, ‘Das
Verbot von Folter, unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Behandlung oder
Strafe’, in Grote, Rainer and Marauhn, Thilo (eds), EMRK/GG,
Konkordanzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen
Grundrechtsschutz, Mohr
Siebeck, Tübingen,
2006, pp.
479–534.Google Scholar
Burgers, J.
Herman and Danelius, Hans, The United
Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Dordrecht,
1988.Google Scholar
Dewulf, Steven, The Signature
of Evil: (Re)Defining Torture in International Law,
Intersentia,
Antwerp,
2011.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights
in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
194–227.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula,
‘“In truth the leitmotiv”: the prohibition of torture
and other forms of ill-treatment in international humanitarian
law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 89, No. 867,
September 2007, pp.
515–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Malcolm,
‘Getting to Grips with Torture’, in
The Definition of Torture: Proceedings of an Expert
Seminar, Association for the Prevention of
Torture, Geneva,
2001, pp.
33–49.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred,
‘Challenges to the absolute nature of the prohibition
of torture and ill-treatment’, Netherlands
Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 23, No.
4, 2005, pp.
674–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred,
‘What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN
standards’, Human Rights Quarterly,
Vol. 28, No. 4, 2006, pp.
809–841.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred and Janik, Ralph
R.A., ‘Torture, Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
317–342.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred and McArthur, Elizabeth, The
United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary,
Oxford University Press,
2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, Hernán, ‘The
worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 867, September
2007, pp.
591–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S., ‘The definition(s) of
torture in international law’, Current Legal
Problems, Vol. 55, 2002, pp.
467–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S., ‘The prohibition of
torture: absolute means absolute’, Denver
Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol.
34, No. 1, 2006, pp.
145–160.Google Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S. and Pollard, Matt, The Treatment
of Prisoners under International Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2009.Google Scholar
Röling, B.V.A. and Rüter, C.F., The Tokyo
Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East
(I.M.T.F.E.), 29 April 1946–12 November 1948, 2 volumes,
University Press,
Amsterdam,
1977.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, H.
Wayne, ‘Hostages or Prisoners of War: War Crimes at
Dinner’, Military Law Review, Vol.
149, 1995, pp.
241–274.Google Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter and Dörmann, Knut,
‘Protection of the Civilian
Population’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp. 231–320, at paras
508 and 535.Google Scholar
Gucciardo, Dorotea,
‘Hostages’, in Vance, Jonathan
F. (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Prisoners of War and Internment, 2nd edition,
Grey House Publishing,
Millerton, New York, 2006,
pp. 183–186.Google Scholar
Hammer, Ellen and Salvin, Marina, ‘The
Taking of Hostages in Theory and Practice’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
38, No. 1, 1944, pp.
20–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel, ‘A
haunting figure: The hostage through the ages’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
87, No. 857, March 2005,
pp. 135–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, Arthur
K., ‘Editorial Comment:
The Execution of Hostages’, American Journal
of International Law, Vol. 36,
1942, pp.
271–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, Joseph
J., Terrorism and Hostages in
International Law: A Commentary on the Hostages Convention
1979, Grotius Publications,
Cambridge,
1990.Google Scholar
Pilloud, Claude, ‘La
question des otages et les Conventions de Genève’,
Revue international de la Croix-Rouge, Vol.
32, No. 378, June 1950,
pp. 430–447.Google Scholar
Rosenstock, Robert,
‘International Convention Against the Taking of
Hostages: Another International Community Step Against
Terrorism’, Denver Journal of International
Law and Policy, Vol. 9, No.
2, 1980, pp.
169–195.Google Scholar
Salinas Burgos, Hernán, ‘The
taking of hostages and international humanitarian
law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 29, No. 270, June
1989, pp.
196–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘War Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone:
Child Soldiers, Hostages, Peacekeepers and Collective
Punishments’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, No.
4, 2010, pp.
1009–1034. (2010a)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Tuck, David, ‘Taking
of Hostages’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
297–316.Google Scholar
Wright, Lord, ‘The
Killing of Hostages as a War Crime’, British
Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 25,
1948, pp.
296–310.Google Scholar
Barber, Rebecca,
‘Facilitating humanitarian assistance in international
humanitarian and human rights law’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
91, No. 874, June 2009,
pp. 371–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, James
E., ‘Application of the
Law of War to Internal Conflict’, Georgia
Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol.
3, No. 2, 1973, pp.
345–384.Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of
Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to
the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, The
Hague, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights
in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
331–344.Google Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise,
‘Judicial Guarantees’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
469–494.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassòli, Marco,
‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law’,
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies,
Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp.
5–51.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Courts of Armed Opposition Groups: Fair Trials or
Summary Justice?’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No.
3, 2009, pp.
489–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Somer, Jonathan,
‘Jungle justice: passing sentence on the equality of
belligerents in non-international armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 867, September
2007, pp.
655–690.Google Scholar
Willms, Jan, ‘Justice through Armed
Groups’ Governance – An Oxymoron?’, SFB-Governance
Working Paper Series, No. 40, October
2012.Google Scholar
Bastick, Megan, Grimm, Karin and Kunz, Rahel, Sexual
Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the
Security Sector, Geneva Centre for the
Democratic Control of Armed Forces,
2007.Google Scholar
Brammertz, Serge and Jarvis, Michelle (eds),
Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the
ICTY, Oxford University
Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Durham, Helen,
‘International Humanitarian Law and the Protection of
Women’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds), Listening to the
Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2005, pp.
95–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardam, Judith
G. and Jarvis, Michelle
J., Women, Armed Conflict and
International Law, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haeri, Medina and Puechguirbal, Nadine,
‘From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality
of women’s experiences in armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
92, No. 877, March 2010,
pp. 103–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing
Committee, Guidelines for Integrating
Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action: Reducing
risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery,
2015.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Charlotte, Women
facing war: ICRC Study on the impact of armed conflict on
women, ICRC,
Geneva,
2001.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Lost in translation: UN responses to sexual violence
against men and boys in situations of armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
92, No. 877, March 2010,
pp. 259–277. (2010b)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solangon, Sarah and Patel, Preeti,
‘Sexual violence against men in countries affected by
armed conflict’, Journal of Conflict, Security
and Development, Vol. 12, No.
4, 2012, pp.
417–442.Google Scholar
Viseur Sellers, Patricia,
‘The Context of Sexual Violence: Sexual Violence as
Violations of International Humanitarian Law’, in
McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk and Swaak-Goldman, Olivia (eds),
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal
Law, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 2000, pp.
263–332.Google Scholar
Viseur Sellers, Patricia and Rosenthal, Indira,
‘Rape and Other Sexual Violence’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Marco Sassòli (eds),
The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary,
Oxford University Press,
2015, pp.
343–368.Google Scholar
World Health
Organization, World report on violence and
health, Report edited by Krug, Etienne G.
et al.,
WHO,
Geneva,
2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health
Organization, Guidelines for medico-legal care for
victims of sexual violence,
WHO,
Geneva,
2003.Google Scholar
Bellinger III, John B. and Padmanabhan, Vijay M.,
‘Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four
Challenges for the Geneva Conventions and Other Existing
Law’, American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 105, No. 2,
2011, pp.
201–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, Michael, ‘Legal Opinion on
the December 18, 2005 “Arrangement for the Transfer of Detainees between
the Canadian Forces and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic
of Afghanistan”’, Liu Institute for Global
Issues, 7 April 2006.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula,
‘Transfers of detainees: legal framework, non-refoulement and contemporary
challenges’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 90, No. 871,
September 2008, pp.
669–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara,
‘There’s no place like home: States’ obligations in
relation to transfers of persons’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
90, No. 871, September
2008, pp.
703–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gisel, Laurent, ‘The
principle of non-refoulement in relation
to transfers’, in Detention in Armed
Conflicts, Proceedings of the 15th Bruges Colloquium, 16–17
October 2014, College of Europe/ICRC,
Collegium, No. 45, Autumn 2015, pp.
113–130.Google Scholar
Hathaway, James
C., ‘Leveraging
Asylum’, Texas International Law
Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3,
2010, pp.
503–536.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Jonathan,
‘Transferring Wartime Detainees and a State’s
Responsibility to Prevent Torture’, American
University National Security Law Brief, Vol.
2, No. 2, 2012, pp.
43–66.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Elihu and Bethlehem, Daniel, ‘The
scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion’, in Feller, Erika, Türk, Volker and Nicholson, Frances (eds), Refugee
Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on
International Protection, Cambridge
University Press, 2003, pp.
87–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
94, No. 2, 2000, pp.
239–278.Google Scholar
Sanderson, Mike, ‘The
Syrian Crisis and the Principle of Non-Refoulement’, International
Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol.
89, 2013, pp.
776–801.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco and Marie-Louise, Tougas,
‘International Law Issues Raised by the Transfer of
Detainees by Canadian Forces in Afghanistan’,
McGill Law Journal, Vol. 56, No.
4, 2011, pp.
959–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoglund, Lena,
‘Diplomatic Assurances Against Torture – An Effective
Strategy? A Review of Jurisprudence and Examination of the
Arguments’, Nordic Journal of International
Law, Vol. 77, No. 4,
2008, pp.
319–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ambos, Kai, ‘Article
25: Individual criminal responsibility’, in
Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
979–1029.Google Scholar
Bellal, Annyssa, Giacca, Gilles and Casey-Maslen, Stuart,
‘International law and armed non-state actors in
Afghanistan’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881,
March 2011, pp.
47–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, ‘The
status of captured fighters in non-international armed
conflict’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to
Life, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2010, pp.
195–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassese, Antonio,
‘The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian law
of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law’,
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, Vol.
3, 1984, pp.
55–118.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, ‘Wilful
killing’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
329–331.Google Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, ‘The
right to life in armed conflict: does international humanitarian law
provide all the answers?’, International
Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No.
864, December 2006, pp.
881–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter,
‘The Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College
of Law Conference on International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on
Customary International Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the
1949 Geneva Conventions; Remarks of Hans-Peter
Gasser’, American University Journal of
International Law and Policy, Vol. 2, No.
2, 1987, pp.
415–538, at 477–481.Google Scholar
Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, ‘The
right to life and the relationship between human rights and
humanitarian law’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to
Life, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2010, pp.
121–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horder, Jeremy (ed.),
Homicide Law in Comparative Perspective,
Hart Publishing,
Oxford,
2007.Google Scholar
ICRC, The
Use of Force in Armed Conflicts: Interplay between the Conduct of
Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms, Expert Meeting,
Report prepared and edited by Gaggioli, Gloria,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2013.Google Scholar
Knuckey, Sarah, ‘Murder
in Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
449–467.Google Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-international
Armed Conflicts: Remarks by Theodor Meron’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of
International Law, Vol. 85,
1991, pp.
83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred, U.N.
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, 2nd
revised edition, N.P. Engel,
Kehl,
2005.Google Scholar
Ovey, Clare and White, Robin
C.A., Jacobs & White: The
European Convention on Human Rights, 4th edition,
Oxford University Press,
2006.Google Scholar
Watkin, Kenneth, ‘21st
Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or
Change?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds), International
Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of
Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2007, pp.
265–296.Google Scholar
Zegveld, Liesbeth, The
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International
Law, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin,
‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
528–568.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Haye, Eve,
‘Mutilation and medical or scientific experiments:
Article 8(2)(b)(x)’, in Lee, Roy
S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The
International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, Transnational
Publishers, 2001, pp.
164–167. (2001a)Google Scholar
La Haye, Eve,
‘Violations of Common Article 3’, in
Lee, Roy S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The
International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, Transnational
Publishers, 2001, pp.
207–213. (2001b)Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin,
‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
528–568, at 551.Google Scholar
Bank, Roland, ‘Das
Verbot von Folter, unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Behandlung oder
Strafe’, in Grote, Rainer and Marauhn, Thilo (eds), EMRK/GG,
Konkordanzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen
Grundrechtsschutz, Mohr
Siebeck, Tübingen,
2006, pp.
479–534.Google Scholar
Burgers, J.
Herman and Danelius, Hans, The United
Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Dordrecht,
1988.Google Scholar
Dewulf, Steven, The Signature
of Evil: (Re)Defining Torture in International Law,
Intersentia,
Antwerp,
2011.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights
in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
194–227.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula,
‘“In truth the leitmotiv”: the prohibition of torture
and other forms of ill-treatment in international humanitarian
law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 89, No. 867,
September 2007, pp.
515–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Malcolm,
‘Getting to Grips with Torture’, in
The Definition of Torture: Proceedings of an Expert
Seminar, Association for the Prevention of
Torture, Geneva,
2001, pp.
33–49.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred,
‘Challenges to the absolute nature of the prohibition
of torture and ill-treatment’, Netherlands
Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 23, No.
4, 2005, pp.
674–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred,
‘What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN
standards’, Human Rights Quarterly,
Vol. 28, No. 4, 2006, pp.
809–841.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred and Janik, Ralph
R.A., ‘Torture, Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
317–342.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred and McArthur, Elizabeth, The
United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary,
Oxford University Press,
2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, Hernán, ‘The
worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 867, September
2007, pp.
591–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S., ‘The definition(s) of
torture in international law’, Current Legal
Problems, Vol. 55, 2002, pp.
467–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S., ‘The prohibition of
torture: absolute means absolute’, Denver
Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol.
34, No. 1, 2006, pp.
145–160.Google Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S. and Pollard, Matt, The Treatment
of Prisoners under International Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2009.Google Scholar
Röling, B.V.A. and Rüter, C.F., The Tokyo
Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East
(I.M.T.F.E.), 29 April 1946–12 November 1948, 2 volumes,
University Press,
Amsterdam,
1977.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, H.
Wayne, ‘Hostages or Prisoners of War: War Crimes at
Dinner’, Military Law Review, Vol.
149, 1995, pp.
241–274.Google Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter and Dörmann, Knut,
‘Protection of the Civilian
Population’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp. 231–320, at paras
508 and 535.Google Scholar
Gucciardo, Dorotea,
‘Hostages’, in Vance, Jonathan
F. (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Prisoners of War and Internment, 2nd edition,
Grey House Publishing,
Millerton, New York, 2006,
pp. 183–186.Google Scholar
Hammer, Ellen and Salvin, Marina, ‘The
Taking of Hostages in Theory and Practice’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
38, No. 1, 1944, pp.
20–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel, ‘A
haunting figure: The hostage through the ages’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
87, No. 857, March 2005,
pp. 135–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, Arthur
K., ‘Editorial Comment:
The Execution of Hostages’, American Journal
of International Law, Vol. 36,
1942, pp.
271–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, Joseph
J., Terrorism and Hostages in
International Law: A Commentary on the Hostages Convention
1979, Grotius Publications,
Cambridge,
1990.Google Scholar
Pilloud, Claude, ‘La
question des otages et les Conventions de Genève’,
Revue international de la Croix-Rouge, Vol.
32, No. 378, June 1950,
pp. 430–447.Google Scholar
Rosenstock, Robert,
‘International Convention Against the Taking of
Hostages: Another International Community Step Against
Terrorism’, Denver Journal of International
Law and Policy, Vol. 9, No.
2, 1980, pp.
169–195.Google Scholar
Salinas Burgos, Hernán, ‘The
taking of hostages and international humanitarian
law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 29, No. 270, June
1989, pp.
196–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘War Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone:
Child Soldiers, Hostages, Peacekeepers and Collective
Punishments’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, No.
4, 2010, pp.
1009–1034. (2010a)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Tuck, David, ‘Taking
of Hostages’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
297–316.Google Scholar
Wright, Lord, ‘The
Killing of Hostages as a War Crime’, British
Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 25,
1948, pp.
296–310.Google Scholar
Barber, Rebecca,
‘Facilitating humanitarian assistance in international
humanitarian and human rights law’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
91, No. 874, June 2009,
pp. 371–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, James
E., ‘Application of the
Law of War to Internal Conflict’, Georgia
Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol.
3, No. 2, 1973, pp.
345–384.Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of
Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to
the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, The
Hague, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights
in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
331–344.Google Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise,
‘Judicial Guarantees’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
469–494.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassòli, Marco,
‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law’,
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies,
Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp.
5–51.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Courts of Armed Opposition Groups: Fair Trials or
Summary Justice?’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No.
3, 2009, pp.
489–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Somer, Jonathan,
‘Jungle justice: passing sentence on the equality of
belligerents in non-international armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 867, September
2007, pp.
655–690.Google Scholar
Willms, Jan, ‘Justice through Armed
Groups’ Governance – An Oxymoron?’, SFB-Governance
Working Paper Series, No. 40, October
2012.Google Scholar
Bastick, Megan, Grimm, Karin and Kunz, Rahel, Sexual
Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the
Security Sector, Geneva Centre for the
Democratic Control of Armed Forces,
2007.Google Scholar
Brammertz, Serge and Jarvis, Michelle (eds),
Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the
ICTY, Oxford University
Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Durham, Helen,
‘International Humanitarian Law and the Protection of
Women’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds), Listening to the
Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2005, pp.
95–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardam, Judith
G. and Jarvis, Michelle
J., Women, Armed Conflict and
International Law, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haeri, Medina and Puechguirbal, Nadine,
‘From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality
of women’s experiences in armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
92, No. 877, March 2010,
pp. 103–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing
Committee, Guidelines for Integrating
Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action: Reducing
risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery,
2015.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Charlotte, Women
facing war: ICRC Study on the impact of armed conflict on
women, ICRC,
Geneva,
2001.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Lost in translation: UN responses to sexual violence
against men and boys in situations of armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
92, No. 877, March 2010,
pp. 259–277. (2010b)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solangon, Sarah and Patel, Preeti,
‘Sexual violence against men in countries affected by
armed conflict’, Journal of Conflict, Security
and Development, Vol. 12, No.
4, 2012, pp.
417–442.Google Scholar
Viseur Sellers, Patricia,
‘The Context of Sexual Violence: Sexual Violence as
Violations of International Humanitarian Law’, in
McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk and Swaak-Goldman, Olivia (eds),
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal
Law, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 2000, pp.
263–332.Google Scholar
Viseur Sellers, Patricia and Rosenthal, Indira,
‘Rape and Other Sexual Violence’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Marco Sassòli (eds),
The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary,
Oxford University Press,
2015, pp.
343–368.Google Scholar
World Health
Organization, World report on violence and
health, Report edited by Krug, Etienne G.
et al.,
WHO,
Geneva,
2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health
Organization, Guidelines for medico-legal care for
victims of sexual violence,
WHO,
Geneva,
2003.Google Scholar
Bellinger III, John B. and Padmanabhan, Vijay M.,
‘Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four
Challenges for the Geneva Conventions and Other Existing
Law’, American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 105, No. 2,
2011, pp.
201–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, Michael, ‘Legal Opinion on
the December 18, 2005 “Arrangement for the Transfer of Detainees between
the Canadian Forces and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic
of Afghanistan”’, Liu Institute for Global
Issues, 7 April 2006.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula,
‘Transfers of detainees: legal framework, non-refoulement and contemporary
challenges’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 90, No. 871,
September 2008, pp.
669–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara,
‘There’s no place like home: States’ obligations in
relation to transfers of persons’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
90, No. 871, September
2008, pp.
703–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gisel, Laurent, ‘The
principle of non-refoulement in relation
to transfers’, in Detention in Armed
Conflicts, Proceedings of the 15th Bruges Colloquium, 16–17
October 2014, College of Europe/ICRC,
Collegium, No. 45, Autumn 2015, pp.
113–130.Google Scholar
Hathaway, James
C., ‘Leveraging
Asylum’, Texas International Law
Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3,
2010, pp.
503–536.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Jonathan,
‘Transferring Wartime Detainees and a State’s
Responsibility to Prevent Torture’, American
University National Security Law Brief, Vol.
2, No. 2, 2012, pp.
43–66.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Elihu and Bethlehem, Daniel, ‘The
scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion’, in Feller, Erika, Türk, Volker and Nicholson, Frances (eds), Refugee
Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on
International Protection, Cambridge
University Press, 2003, pp.
87–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
94, No. 2, 2000, pp.
239–278.Google Scholar
Sanderson, Mike, ‘The
Syrian Crisis and the Principle of Non-Refoulement’, International
Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol.
89, 2013, pp.
776–801.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco and Marie-Louise, Tougas,
‘International Law Issues Raised by the Transfer of
Detainees by Canadian Forces in Afghanistan’,
McGill Law Journal, Vol. 56, No.
4, 2011, pp.
959–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoglund, Lena,
‘Diplomatic Assurances Against Torture – An Effective
Strategy? A Review of Jurisprudence and Examination of the
Arguments’, Nordic Journal of International
Law, Vol. 77, No. 4,
2008, pp.
319–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Debuf, Els, Captured in War:
Lawful Internment in Armed Conflict, Hart
Publishing, Oxford,
2013.Google Scholar
Deeks, Ashley
S., ‘Administrative Detention
in Armed Conflict’, Case Western Reserve Journal
of International Law, Vol. 40, No.
3, 2009, pp.
403–436.Google Scholar
Dingwall, Joanna,
‘Unlawful confinement as a war crime: the jurisprudence
of the Yugoslav Tribunal and the common core of international
humanitarian law applicable to contemporary armed
conflicts’, Journal of Conflict & Security
Law, Vol. 9, No. 2,
2004, pp.
133–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, ‘Detention
in Non-International Armed Conflicts’, in Watkin, Kenneth and Norris, Andrew
J. (eds.),
Non-International Armed Conflict in the Twenty-first
Century, International Law Studies, U.S. Naval
War College, Vol. 88, 2012, pp.
347–366.Google Scholar
Hafetz, Jonathan,
‘Detention at sea: the persistence of territorial
constraints on constitutional rights’, in Fabbrini, Federico and Jackson, Vicki
C. (eds),
Constitutionalism Across Borders in the Struggle Against
Terrorism, Edward Elgar
Publishing, Cheltenham,
2016, pp.
233–259.Google Scholar
Hampson, Françoise
J., ‘Is Human Rights Law of
Any Relevance to Military Operations in Afghanistan?’,
in Schmitt, Michael N. (ed.), The War in
Afghanistan: A Legal Analysis, International
Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol.
85, 2009, pp.
485–524.Google Scholar
Heffes, Ezequiel,
‘Detentions by Armed Opposition Groups in
Non-International Armed Conflicts: Towards a New Characterization of
International Humanitarian Law’, Journal of
Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 20, No.
2, 2015, pp.
229–250.Google Scholar
ICRC,
‘Procedural principles and safeguards for
internment/administrative detention in armed conflict and other
situations of violence’, in International
Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed
Conflicts, Report prepared for the 30th
International Conference of the Red Cross and Red
Crescent, Geneva,
2007, Annex 1, reproduced in International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 87, No. 858, June
2005, pp. 375–391.Google Scholar
ICRC,
Internment in Armed Conflict: Basic Rules and
Challenges, Opinion Paper,
November 2014.Google Scholar
Modarai, Gordon, O’Connell, David, Kelly, Timothy and Farrant, James, ‘The
Seizure of Abu Anas Al-Libi: An International Law
Assessment’, International Law Studies,
U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 89, No. 817,
2013, pp.
817–838.Google Scholar
Pejic, Jelena,
‘Procedural principles and safeguards for
internment/administrative detention in armed conflict and other
situations of violence’, International Review of
the Red Cross, Vol. 87, No.
858, June 2005, pp.
375–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pejic, Jelena,
‘Conflict Classification and the Law Applicable to
Detention and the Use of Force’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth (ed.), International
Law and the Classification of Conflicts, Oxford
University Press, 2012, pp.
80–116.Google Scholar
Pejic, Jelena,
‘Detention in Armed Conflict’, in
Saul, Ben and Akande, Dapo (eds), The Oxford Guide
to International Humanitarian Law, Oxford
University Press, 2020, pp.
277–297.Google Scholar
Rona, Gabor, ‘Is There
a Way Out of the Non-International Armed Conflict Detention
Dilemma?’, International Law Studies,
U.S. Naval War College, Vol. 91, 2015, pp.
32–59.Google Scholar
Rowe, Peter, ‘Is There
a Right to Detain Civilians by Foreign Armed Forces during a
Non-International Armed Conflict?’,
International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol.
61, No. 3, 2012, pp.
697–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of Armed
Conflicts, Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, The Hague,
1982.Google Scholar
Breau, Susan
C., ‘Commentary on selected
Rules from the ICRC Study: Protected persons and
objects’, in Wilmshurst, Elizabeth and Breau, Susan
C. (eds), Perspectives on the ICRC
Study on Customary International Humanitarian Law,
Cambridge University Press,
2007, pp.
169–203.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.Google Scholar
ICRC,
Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters: A Field Manual for
First Responders, ICRC,
Geneva,
2009.Google Scholar
ICRC, War
Surgery: Working with Limited Resources in Armed Conflict and Other
Situations of Violence, Vol. 1 by Christos Giannou and Marco
Baldan and Vol. 2 by Christos Giannou, Marco Baldan and Åsa Molde,
ICRC,
Geneva, 2009 and 2013
respectively.Google Scholar
ICRC, First
Aid in Armed Conflicts and Other Situations of Violence,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2010.Google Scholar
ICRC,
Health Care in Danger: Violent Incidents Affecting the Delivery
of Health Care, January 2012 to December 2013,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2014.Google Scholar
ICRC,
Promoting Military Operational Practice that Ensures Safe Access
to and Delivery of Health Care,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2014.Google Scholar
Kleffner, Jann
K., ‘Protection of the
Wounded, Sick, and Shipwrecked’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp. 321–357.
(2013a)Google Scholar
Lindsey, Charlotte, Women facing
war: ICRC Study on the impact of armed conflict on women,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2001.Google Scholar
Müller, Amrei, The Relationship
between Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International
Humanitarian Law: An Analysis of Health-Related Issues in
Non-International Armed Conflicts, Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers,
Leiden,
2013.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Abril Stoffels, Ruth, ‘Legal
regulation of humanitarian assistance in armed conflict: Achievements
and gaps’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 86, No. 855,
September 2004, pp.
515–546.Google Scholar
Barrat, Claudie, Status of NGOs
in International Humanitarian Law, Brill
Nijhoff, Leiden,
2014.Google Scholar
Blondel, Jean-Luc,
‘L’assistance aux personnes protégées’,
Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Vol.
69, No. 767, October 1987,
pp. 471–489.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blondel, Jean-Luc, ‘The
meaning of the word “humanitarian” in relation to the Fundamental
Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
29, No. 273, December 1989,
pp. 507–515.Google Scholar
Blondel, Jean-Luc,
‘Genèse et évolution des Principes fondamentaux de la
Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge’, Revue
internationale de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 73, No.
790, August 1991, pp.
369–377.Google Scholar
Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise,
‘Consent to humanitarian access: An obligation triggered
by territorial control, not States’ rights’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
96, No. 893, March 2014,
pp. 207–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bugnion, François, The
International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War
Victims, ICRC/Macmillan,
Oxford, 2003, Book II, Part
Two. (2003a)Google Scholar
de Geouffre de La Pradelle, Paul, ‘Une
conquête méthodique: le droit d’initiative humanitaire dans les rapports
internationaux’, in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Etudes et
essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la
Croix-Rouge en l’honneur de Jean Pictet,
ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
The Hague, 1984, pp.
945–950.Google Scholar
Đjurović, Gradimir, The Central
Tracing Agency of the International Committee of the Red Cross:
Activities of the ICRC for the Alleviation of the Mental Suffering of
War Victims, Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva,
1986.Google Scholar
Fast, Larissa,
‘Unpacking the principle of humanity: Tensions and
implications’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 97, Nos 897/898,
Spring/Summer 2015, pp.
111–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forsythe, David
P., ‘International
Humanitarian Assistance: The Role of the Red Cross’,
Buffalo Journal of International Law, Vol.
3, No. 2, 1996–1997, pp.
235–260.Google Scholar
Gentile, Pierre,
‘Humanitarian organizations involved in protection
activities: a story of soul-searching and
professionalization’, International Review of
the Red Cross, Vol. 93, No.
884, December 2011, pp.
1165–1191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara,
‘The law regulating cross-border relief
operations’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 95, No. 890, June
2013, pp.
351–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harroff-Tavel, Marion,
‘Neutrality and Impartiality – The importance of these
principles for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and
the difficulties involved in applying them’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
29, No. 273, December 1989,
pp. 536–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.Google Scholar
ICRC,
‘ICRC Q&A and lexicon on humanitarian
access’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 96, No. 893, March
2014, pp.
359–375.Google Scholar
ICRC, The
Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement, ICRC,
Geneva, August
2015.Google Scholar
ICRC and International
Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, The
Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement: Ethics and Tools for Humanitarian Action,
ICRC, November
2015.Google Scholar
Junod, Sylvie
S., ‘Le mandat du CICR durant
un conflit armé. Le mandat et les activités du Comité international de
la Croix-Rouge’, The Military Law and Law of War
Review, Vol. 43, 2004, pp.
103–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kalshoven, Frits,
‘Impartiality and Neutrality in Humanitarian Law and
Practice’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 29, No. 273,
December 1989, pp.
516–535.Google Scholar
Kolb, Robert, ‘De
l’assistance humanitaire: la résolution sur l’assistance humanitaire
adoptée par l’Institut de droit international à sa session de Bruges en
2003’, Revue international de la
Croix-Rouge, Vol. 86, No. 856,
December 2004, pp.
853–878.Google Scholar
Kuijt, Emilie
Ellen, Humanitarian Assistance and
State Sovereignty in International Law: Towards a Comprehensive
Framework, Intersentia,
Cambridge,
2015.Google Scholar
Labbé, Jérémie and Daudin, Pascal,
‘Applying the humanitarian principles: Reflecting on the
experience of the International Committee of the Red
Cross’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 97, Nos 897/898,
Spring/Summer 2015, pp.
183–210.Google Scholar
Lattanzi, Flavia,
‘Humanitarian Assistance’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
231–255.Google Scholar
Nishat, Nishat, ‘The
Right of Initiative of the ICRC and Other Impartial Humanitarian
Bodies’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
495–508.Google Scholar
Oxford Guidance on the Law
Relating to Humanitarian Relief Operations in Situations of Armed
Conflict, by Akande, Dapo and Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara, commissioned & published
by UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs, 2016.Google Scholar
Plattner, Denise,
‘Assistance to the civilian population: the development
and present state of international humanitarian law’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
32, No. 288, June 1992, pp.
249–263.Google Scholar
Ryngaert, Cédric,
‘Humanitarian Assistance and the Conundrum of Consent: A
Legal Perspective’, Amsterdam Law
Forum, Vol. 5, No. 2,
2013, pp.
5–19.Google Scholar
Sandoz, Yves, ‘Le droit
d’initiative du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge’,
German Yearbook of International Law, Vol.
22, 1979, pp.
352–373.Google Scholar
Schwendimann, Felix, ‘The
legal framework of humanitarian access in armed
conflict’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 884,
December 2011, pp.
993–1008.Google Scholar
Spieker, Heike,
‘Humanitarian Assistance, Access in Armed Conflict and
Occupation’, version of March 2013, in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck
Encyclopedia of Public International Law,
Oxford University Press, http://www.mpepil.com.Google Scholar
Swinarski, Christophe, ‘La
notion d’un organisme neutre et le droit international’,
in Swinarski, Christophe (ed.), Etudes et
essais sur le droit international humanitaire et sur les principes de la
Croix-Rouge en l’honneur de Jean Pictet,
ICRC/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
The Hague, 1984, pp.
819–835.Google Scholar
Swiss
Confederation, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Humanitarian Access in Situations of Armed Conflict:
Practitioners’ Manual, 2014.Google Scholar
Toebes, Brigit, ‘Health
and Humanitarian Assistance: Towards an Integrated Norm under
International Law’, Tilburg Law Review,
Vol. 18, No. 2, 2013, pp.
133–151.Google Scholar
Vukas, Budislav,
‘Humanitarian Assistance in Cases of
Emergency’, version of March 2013, in Wolfrum, Rüdiger (ed.), Max Planck
Encyclopedia of Public International Law,
Oxford University Press, http://www.mpepil.com.Google Scholar
Aïvo, Gérard, ‘Le rôle
des accords spéciaux dans la rationalisation des conflits armés non
internationaux’, Revue québécoise de droit
international, Vol. 27, No. 1,
2014, pp.
1–30.Google Scholar
Bell, Christine,
‘Peace Agreements: Their Nature and Legal
Status’, American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 100, No. 2,
2006, pp.
373–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Christine, On the Law
of Peace: Peace Agreements and the Lex Pacificatoria,
Oxford University Press,
2008.Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio, ‘The
Special Court and International Law: The Decision Concerning the Lomé
Agreement Amnesty’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 2, No.
4, 2004, pp.
1130–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corten, Olivier and Klein, Pierre, ‘Are
Agreements between States and Non-State Entities Rooted in the
International Legal Order?’, in Cannizzaro, Enzo (ed.), The Law of
Treaties: Beyond the Vienna Convention, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
3–24.Google Scholar
Ewumbue-Monono, Churchill,
‘Respect for international humanitarian law by armed
non-state actors in Africa’, International
Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No.
864, December 2006, pp.
905–924.Google Scholar
ICRC, The
Roots of Behaviour in War: Understanding and Preventing IHL
Violations, by Muñoz-Rojas, Daniel and Frésard, Jean-Jacques,
ICRC,
Geneva, October
2005.Google Scholar
ICRC,
Increasing Respect for International Humanitarian Law in
Non-International Armed Conflicts,
ICRC,
Geneva, February
2008.Google Scholar
ICRC,
‘A collection of codes of conduct issued by armed
groups’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 882, June
2011, pp.
483–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakovljevic, Bosko, ‘Armed
conflict in Yugoslavia: Agreements in the field of international
humanitarian law and practice’, Journal of
International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, Vol.
5, No. 3, 1992, pp.
108–111. (1992a)Google Scholar
Jakovljevic, Bosko, ‘The Agreement of May
22, 1992, on the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law in the
Armed Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina’, Jugoslovenska
Revija za Medunarodno Pravo, Nos 2–3, 1992, pp.
212–221. (1992b)Google Scholar
Ramelli Arteaga, Alejandro, Derecho
Internacional Humanitario y Estado de Beligerancia, 2nd
edition, Externado University of
Colombia, Bogotá,
2004, pp.
45–53.Google Scholar
Roberts, Anthea and Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Lawmaking by Nonstate Actors: Engaging Armed Groups in
the Creation of International Humanitarian Law’,
The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol.
37, No. 1, 2012, pp.
107–152.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, ‘Taking
Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their Compliance with
International Humanitarian Law’, International
Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 1, No.
1, 2010, pp.
5–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine
A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law
Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition,
ICRC,
Geneva, 2011, pp.
1713–1717.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco and Tougas, Marie-Louise,
‘International Law Issues Raised by the Transfer of
Detainees by Canadian Forces in Afghanistan’,
McGill Law Journal, Vol. 56, No.
4, 2011, pp.
959–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siordet, Frédéric, ‘Les
Conventions de Genève et la guerre civile (suite)’,
Revue internationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international
des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge, Vol. 32, No.
375, March 1950, pp.
187–212.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Lessons for the law of armed conflict from commitments
of armed groups: identification of legitimate targets and prisoners of
war’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 882, June
2011, pp.
463–482.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
van Steenberghe, Raphaël,
‘Théorie des sujets’, in van Steenberghe, Raphaël (ed.), Droit
international humanitaire: un régime spécial de droit international
?, Bruylant,
Brussels, 2013, pp.
15–71.Google Scholar
Veuthey, Michel, ‘Learning from History:
Accession to the Conventions, Special Agreements, and Unilateral
Declarations’, in Relevance of International Humanitarian Law to Non-State
Actors, Proceedings of the Bruges Colloquium, 25–26 October 2002, College
of Europe/ICRC, Collegium, No. 27, Spring
2003, pp. 139–151.Google Scholar
Vierucci, Luisa, ‘Special
Agreements between Conflicting Parties in the Case-law of the
ICTY’, in Swart, Bert, Zahar, Alexander and Sluiter, Göran (eds), The Legacy of
the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,
Oxford University Press,
2011, pp.
401–433.Google Scholar
Vierucci, Luisa,
‘Applicability of the Conventions by Means of Ad Hoc
Agreements’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
509–522.Google Scholar
Fleck, Dieter, ‘The Law
of Non-International Armed Conflict’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp.
581–610.Google Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, The Law of
Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Bellal, Annyssa and Casey-Maslen, Stuart,
‘Enhancing Compliance with International Law by Armed
Non-State Actors’, Goettingen Journal of
International Law, Vol. 3, No.
1, 2011, pp.
175–197.Google Scholar
Bílková, Veronika,
‘Belligerent reprisals in non-international armed
conflicts’, International and Comparative Law
Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 1,
2014, pp.
31–65.Google Scholar
Blewitt, Graham
T., ‘The Necessity for
Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of
International Law), Vol. 89, 1995, pp.
298–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of Armed
Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to the Geneva
Conventions of 1949, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, The Hague,
1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Hemptinne, Jérôme,
‘Prohibition of Reprisals’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
575–596.Google Scholar
Dinstein, Yoram,
Non-International Armed Conflicts in International Law,
Cambridge University Press,
2014, pp.
173–199.Google Scholar
Draper, Gerald
I.A.D., ‘The implementation
and enforcement of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and of the Two
Additional Protocols of 1978’ (sic), Collected
Courses of the Hague Academy of International Law, Vol.
164, 1979, pp.
1–54.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ICRC,
Increasing Respect for International Humanitarian Law in
Non-International Armed Conflicts,
ICRC,
Geneva, February
2008.Google Scholar
ICRC, Advisory Service
on International Humanitarian Law, Preventing and repressing
international crimes: Towards an ‘integrated’ approach based on domestic
practice, Report of the Third Universal Meeting of National
Committees for the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law,
prepared by Anne-Marie La Rosa, Vols I–II,
ICRC,
Geneva, February
2014.Google Scholar
La Haye, Eve, War Crimes in
Internal Armed Conflicts, Cambridge University
Press, 2008.Google Scholar
La Rosa, Anne-Marie and Wuerzner, Carolin,
‘Armed groups, sanctions and the implementation of
international humanitarian law’, International
Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 90, No.
870, June 2008, pp.
327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘International Criminalization of Internal
Atrocities’, American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 89, No. 3,
1995, pp.
554–577.Google Scholar
Milanovic, Marko and Hadzi-Vidanovic, Vidan, ‘A
taxonomy of armed conflict’, in White, Nigel
D. and Henderson, Christian (eds), Research
Handbook on International Conflict and Security Law: Jus ad Bellum, Jus in
Bello and Just post
bellum, Edward Elgar,
Cheltenham, 2013, pp.
256–314.Google Scholar
Moir, Lindsay, The Law of
Internal Armed Conflict, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, Madeline
H., ‘International Guidelines
Against Impunity: Facilitating Accountability’,
Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol.
59, No. 4, 1996, pp.
29–39.Google Scholar
Perna, Laura, The Formation of
the Treaty Law of Non-International Armed Conflicts,
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,
Leiden,
2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfanner, Toni, ‘Various
mechanisms and approaches for implementing international humanitarian
law and protecting and assisting war victims’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
91, No. 874, June 2009, pp.
279–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plattner, Denise, ‘The
penal repression of violations of international humanitarian law
applicable in non-international armed conflicts’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
30, No. 278, October 1990,
pp. 409–420.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, ‘Taking
Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their Compliance with
International Humanitarian Law’, Journal of
International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol.
1, No. 1, 2010, pp.
5–51.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco, Bouvier, Antoine
A. and Quintin, Anne, How Does Law
Protect in War?, Vol. I, 3rd edition,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2011.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, ‘The
Addressees of Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949 Geneva
Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford University
Press, 2015, pp.
415–431.Google Scholar
Ambos, Kai, ‘Article
25: Individual criminal responsibility’, in
Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
979–1029.Google Scholar
Bellal, Annyssa, Giacca, Gilles and Casey-Maslen, Stuart,
‘International law and armed non-state actors in
Afghanistan’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 93, No. 881,
March 2011, pp.
47–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bothe, Michael, ‘The
status of captured fighters in non-international armed
conflict’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to
Life, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2010, pp.
195–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassese, Antonio,
‘The Geneva Protocols of 1977 on the Humanitarian law
of Armed Conflict and Customary International Law’,
UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, Vol.
3, 1984, pp.
55–118.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, ‘Wilful
killing’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
329–331.Google Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, ‘The
right to life in armed conflict: does international humanitarian law
provide all the answers?’, International
Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No.
864, December 2006, pp.
881–904.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter,
‘The Sixth Annual American Red Cross-Washington College
of Law Conference on International Humanitarian Law: A Workshop on
Customary International Law and the 1977 Protocols Additional to the
1949 Geneva Conventions; Remarks of Hans-Peter
Gasser’, American University Journal of
International Law and Policy, Vol. 2, No.
2, 1987, pp.
415–538, at 477–481.Google Scholar
Gowlland-Debbas, Vera, ‘The
right to life and the relationship between human rights and
humanitarian law’, in Tomuschat, Christian, Lagrange, Evelyne and Oeter, Stefan (eds), The Right to
Life, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2010, pp.
121–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horder, Jeremy (ed.),
Homicide Law in Comparative Perspective,
Hart Publishing,
Oxford,
2007.Google Scholar
ICRC, The
Use of Force in Armed Conflicts: Interplay between the Conduct of
Hostilities and Law Enforcement Paradigms, Expert Meeting,
Report prepared and edited by Gaggioli, Gloria,
ICRC,
Geneva,
2013.Google Scholar
Knuckey, Sarah, ‘Murder
in Common Article 3’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
449–467.Google Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘Application of Humanitarian Law in Non-international
Armed Conflicts: Remarks by Theodor Meron’,
Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of
International Law, Vol. 85,
1991, pp.
83–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred, U.N.
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, CCPR Commentary, 2nd
revised edition, N.P. Engel,
Kehl,
2005.Google Scholar
Ovey, Clare and White, Robin
C.A., Jacobs & White: The
European Convention on Human Rights, 4th edition,
Oxford University Press,
2006.Google Scholar
Watkin, Kenneth, ‘21st
Century Conflict and International Humanitarian Law: Status Quo or
Change?’, in Schmitt, Michael N. and Pejic, Jelena (eds), International
Law and Armed Conflict: Exploring the Faultlines, Essays in Honour of
Yoram Dinstein, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2007, pp.
265–296.Google Scholar
Zegveld, Liesbeth, The
Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International
Law, Cambridge University
Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin,
‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
528–568.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Haye, Eve,
‘Mutilation and medical or scientific experiments:
Article 8(2)(b)(x)’, in Lee, Roy
S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The
International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, Transnational
Publishers, 2001, pp.
164–167. (2001a)Google Scholar
La Haye, Eve,
‘Violations of Common Article 3’, in
Lee, Roy S. and Friman, Hakan (eds), The
International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of
Procedure and Evidence, Transnational
Publishers, 2001, pp.
207–213. (2001b)Google Scholar
Zimmermann, Andreas and Geiss, Robin,
‘Mutilations’, in Triffterer, Otto and Ambos, Kai (eds), The Rome Statute
of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, 3rd
edition, Hart Publishing,
Oxford, 2016, pp.
528–568, at 551.Google Scholar
Bank, Roland, ‘Das
Verbot von Folter, unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Behandlung oder
Strafe’, in Grote, Rainer and Marauhn, Thilo (eds), EMRK/GG,
Konkordanzkommentar zum europäischen und deutschen
Grundrechtsschutz, Mohr
Siebeck, Tübingen,
2006, pp.
479–534.Google Scholar
Burgers, J.
Herman and Danelius, Hans, The United
Nations Convention against Torture: A Handbook on the Convention
against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Dordrecht,
1988.Google Scholar
Dewulf, Steven, The Signature
of Evil: (Re)Defining Torture in International Law,
Intersentia,
Antwerp,
2011.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights
in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
194–227.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula,
‘“In truth the leitmotiv”: the prohibition of torture
and other forms of ill-treatment in international humanitarian
law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 89, No. 867,
September 2007, pp.
515–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, Malcolm,
‘Getting to Grips with Torture’, in
The Definition of Torture: Proceedings of an Expert
Seminar, Association for the Prevention of
Torture, Geneva,
2001, pp.
33–49.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred,
‘Challenges to the absolute nature of the prohibition
of torture and ill-treatment’, Netherlands
Quarterly of Human Rights, Vol. 23, No.
4, 2005, pp.
674–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, Manfred,
‘What Practices Constitute Torture?: US and UN
standards’, Human Rights Quarterly,
Vol. 28, No. 4, 2006, pp.
809–841.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred and Janik, Ralph
R.A., ‘Torture, Cruel,
Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
317–342.Google Scholar
Nowak, Manfred and McArthur, Elizabeth, The
United Nations Convention Against Torture: A Commentary,
Oxford University Press,
2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reyes, Hernán, ‘The
worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 867, September
2007, pp.
591–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S., ‘The definition(s) of
torture in international law’, Current Legal
Problems, Vol. 55, 2002, pp.
467–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S., ‘The prohibition of
torture: absolute means absolute’, Denver
Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol.
34, No. 1, 2006, pp.
145–160.Google Scholar
Rodley, Nigel
S. and Pollard, Matt, The Treatment
of Prisoners under International Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2009.Google Scholar
Röling, B.V.A. and Rüter, C.F., The Tokyo
Judgment: The International Military Tribunal for the Far East
(I.M.T.F.E.), 29 April 1946–12 November 1948, 2 volumes,
University Press,
Amsterdam,
1977.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Dörmann, Knut, Elements of War
Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:
Sources and Commentary, Cambridge University
Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliott, H.
Wayne, ‘Hostages or Prisoners of War: War Crimes at
Dinner’, Military Law Review, Vol.
149, 1995, pp.
241–274.Google Scholar
Gasser, Hans-Peter and Dörmann, Knut,
‘Protection of the Civilian
Population’, in Fleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of
International Humanitarian Law, 3rd edition,
Oxford University Press,
2013, pp. 231–320, at paras
508 and 535.Google Scholar
Gucciardo, Dorotea,
‘Hostages’, in Vance, Jonathan
F. (ed.), Encyclopedia of
Prisoners of War and Internment, 2nd edition,
Grey House Publishing,
Millerton, New York, 2006,
pp. 183–186.Google Scholar
Hammer, Ellen and Salvin, Marina, ‘The
Taking of Hostages in Theory and Practice’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
38, No. 1, 1944, pp.
20–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, Irène and Palmieri, Daniel, ‘A
haunting figure: The hostage through the ages’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
87, No. 857, March 2005,
pp. 135–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, Arthur
K., ‘Editorial Comment:
The Execution of Hostages’, American Journal
of International Law, Vol. 36,
1942, pp.
271–274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, Joseph
J., Terrorism and Hostages in
International Law: A Commentary on the Hostages Convention
1979, Grotius Publications,
Cambridge,
1990.Google Scholar
Pilloud, Claude, ‘La
question des otages et les Conventions de Genève’,
Revue international de la Croix-Rouge, Vol.
32, No. 378, June 1950,
pp. 430–447.Google Scholar
Rosenstock, Robert,
‘International Convention Against the Taking of
Hostages: Another International Community Step Against
Terrorism’, Denver Journal of International
Law and Policy, Vol. 9, No.
2, 1980, pp.
169–195.Google Scholar
Salinas Burgos, Hernán, ‘The
taking of hostages and international humanitarian
law’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 29, No. 270, June
1989, pp.
196–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘War Crimes before the Special Court for Sierra Leone:
Child Soldiers, Hostages, Peacekeepers and Collective
Punishments’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 8, No.
4, 2010, pp.
1009–1034. (2010a)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Tuck, David, ‘Taking
of Hostages’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
297–316.Google Scholar
Wright, Lord, ‘The
Killing of Hostages as a War Crime’, British
Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 25,
1948, pp.
296–310.Google Scholar
Barber, Rebecca,
‘Facilitating humanitarian assistance in international
humanitarian and human rights law’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
91, No. 874, June 2009,
pp. 371–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, James
E., ‘Application of the
Law of War to Internal Conflict’, Georgia
Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol.
3, No. 2, 1973, pp.
345–384.Google Scholar
Bothe, Michael, Partsch, Karl
Josef and Solf, Waldemar
A., New Rules for Victims of
Armed Conflicts: Commentary on the Two 1977 Protocols Additional to
the Geneva Conventions of 1949, Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, The
Hague, 1982.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise, Human Rights
in Times of Conflict and Terrorism, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp.
331–344.Google Scholar
Doswald-Beck, Louise,
‘Judicial Guarantees’, in Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Sassòli, Marco (eds), The 1949
Geneva Conventions: A Commentary, Oxford
University Press, 2015, pp.
469–494.Google Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sassòli, Marco,
‘Taking Armed Groups Seriously: Ways to Improve Their
Compliance with International Humanitarian Law’,
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies,
Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp.
5–51.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Courts of Armed Opposition Groups: Fair Trials or
Summary Justice?’, Journal of International
Criminal Justice, Vol. 7, No.
3, 2009, pp.
489–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh, The Law of
Non-International Armed Conflict, Oxford
University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Somer, Jonathan,
‘Jungle justice: passing sentence on the equality of
belligerents in non-international armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
89, No. 867, September
2007, pp.
655–690.Google Scholar
Willms, Jan, ‘Justice through Armed
Groups’ Governance – An Oxymoron?’, SFB-Governance
Working Paper Series, No. 40, October
2012.Google Scholar
Bastick, Megan, Grimm, Karin and Kunz, Rahel, Sexual
Violence in Armed Conflict: Global Overview and Implications for the
Security Sector, Geneva Centre for the
Democratic Control of Armed Forces,
2007.Google Scholar
Brammertz, Serge and Jarvis, Michelle (eds),
Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the
ICTY, Oxford University
Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Durham, Helen,
‘International Humanitarian Law and the Protection of
Women’, in Durham, Helen and Gurd, Tracey (eds), Listening to the
Silences: Women and War, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, Leiden,
2005, pp.
95–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardam, Judith
G. and Jarvis, Michelle
J., Women, Armed Conflict and
International Law, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haeri, Medina and Puechguirbal, Nadine,
‘From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality
of women’s experiences in armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
92, No. 877, March 2010,
pp. 103–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henckaerts, Jean-Marie and Doswald-Beck, Louise, Customary
International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules,
ICRC/Cambridge University Press,
2005, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing
Committee, Guidelines for Integrating
Gender-based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action: Reducing
risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery,
2015.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Charlotte, Women
facing war: ICRC Study on the impact of armed conflict on
women, ICRC,
Geneva,
2001.Google Scholar
Sivakumaran, Sandesh,
‘Lost in translation: UN responses to sexual violence
against men and boys in situations of armed conflict’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
92, No. 877, March 2010,
pp. 259–277. (2010b)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solangon, Sarah and Patel, Preeti,
‘Sexual violence against men in countries affected by
armed conflict’, Journal of Conflict, Security
and Development, Vol. 12, No.
4, 2012, pp.
417–442.Google Scholar
Viseur Sellers, Patricia,
‘The Context of Sexual Violence: Sexual Violence as
Violations of International Humanitarian Law’, in
McDonald, Gabrielle Kirk and Swaak-Goldman, Olivia (eds),
Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal
Law, Kluwer Law
International, The
Hague, 2000, pp.
263–332.Google Scholar
Viseur Sellers, Patricia and Rosenthal, Indira,
‘Rape and Other Sexual Violence’, in
Clapham, Andrew, Gaeta, Paola and Marco Sassòli (eds),
The 1949 Geneva Conventions: A Commentary,
Oxford University Press,
2015, pp.
343–368.Google Scholar
World Health
Organization, World report on violence and
health, Report edited by Krug, Etienne G.
et al.,
WHO,
Geneva,
2002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health
Organization, Guidelines for medico-legal care for
victims of sexual violence,
WHO,
Geneva,
2003.Google Scholar
Bellinger III, John B. and Padmanabhan, Vijay M.,
‘Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four
Challenges for the Geneva Conventions and Other Existing
Law’, American Journal of International
Law, Vol. 105, No. 2,
2011, pp.
201–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byers, Michael, ‘Legal Opinion on
the December 18, 2005 “Arrangement for the Transfer of Detainees between
the Canadian Forces and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic
of Afghanistan”’, Liu Institute for Global
Issues, 7 April 2006.Google Scholar
Droege, Cordula,
‘Transfers of detainees: legal framework, non-refoulement and contemporary
challenges’, International Review of the Red
Cross, Vol. 90, No. 871,
September 2008, pp.
669–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillard, Emanuela-Chiara,
‘There’s no place like home: States’ obligations in
relation to transfers of persons’,
International Review of the Red Cross, Vol.
90, No. 871, September
2008, pp.
703–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gisel, Laurent, ‘The
principle of non-refoulement in relation
to transfers’, in Detention in Armed
Conflicts, Proceedings of the 15th Bruges Colloquium, 16–17
October 2014, College of Europe/ICRC,
Collegium, No. 45, Autumn 2015, pp.
113–130.Google Scholar
Hathaway, James
C., ‘Leveraging
Asylum’, Texas International Law
Journal, Vol. 45, No. 3,
2010, pp.
503–536.Google Scholar
Horowitz, Jonathan,
‘Transferring Wartime Detainees and a State’s
Responsibility to Prevent Torture’, American
University National Security Law Brief, Vol.
2, No. 2, 2012, pp.
43–66.Google Scholar
Lauterpacht, Elihu and Bethlehem, Daniel, ‘The
scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion’, in Feller, Erika, Türk, Volker and Nicholson, Frances (eds), Refugee
Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on
International Protection, Cambridge
University Press, 2003, pp.
87–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meron, Theodor,
‘The Humanization of Humanitarian Law’,
American Journal of International Law, Vol.
94, No. 2, 2000, pp.
239–278.Google Scholar
Sanderson, Mike, ‘The
Syrian Crisis and the Principle of Non-Refoulement’, International
Law Studies, U.S. Naval War College, Vol.
89, 2013, pp.
776–801.Google Scholar
Sassòli, Marco and Marie-Louise, Tougas,
‘International Law Issues Raised by the Transfer of
Detainees by Canadian Forces in Afghanistan’,
McGill Law Journal, Vol. 56, No.
4, 2011, pp.
959–1010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skoglund, Lena,
‘Diplomatic Assurances Against Torture – An Effective
Strategy? A Review of Jurisprudence and Examination of the
Arguments’, Nordic Journal of International
Law, Vol. 77, No. 4,
2008, pp.
319–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar