THE CONTENTION of this essay is that the recent scholarship on communication in early medieval Europe has undermined the major tacit assumption of the reigning theory of the cultural origins of the Ashkenazic community.

Nineteenth-century Jewish scholars who pioneered the academic study of Judaism (Wissenschaft des Judentums) discovered that the Ashkenazic rite had strong Palestinian influences, and the past half-century has witnessed a vigorous reassertion of this viewpoint. It has been claimed that the underlying religious culture of Early Ashkenaz was Palestinian, and that only later, some say as late as the mid-eleventh century, did the Babylonian Talmud achieve the dominance in the religious life of Ashkenaz with which we commonly associate it. Whether one dates the Babylonian supersession in this culture to the mid-eleventh century or advances it to the mid-tenth century, the Palestinian origin of Ashkenazic culture is agreed upon by all; indeed, it may currently be called a scholarly commonplace.

I have long had my doubts about this truism on both methodological and empirical grounds which I will present in the next chapter. Here I would like to challenge its underlying premise, namely, that the nascent Ashkenazic community was located in some transalpine corner of Europe with only a tenuous connection to the East and dependent on a single cultural source whose pipeline ran from Byzantine Palestine to Byzantine southern Italy and from there through the Alpine passes to the Rhineland. The liturgical poetry of Ashkenaz was, indeed, nurtured by just such an umbilical cord, and so, it is claimed, it stands to reason that its culture generally, and its religious rites in particular, were similarly nourished.

It seems best to begin with the results of recent studies in the Ashkenazic manuscript traditions of the Babylonian Talmud. This may seem somewhat esoteric, but its relevance will soon be apparent. The work of the last forty years has been well summarized by Vered Noam: