Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T08:43:23.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

8 - An Ecological Approach to Studying Aging and Dual-Task Performance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 May 2010

By
Karen Z. H. Li ,
Ralf Th. Krampe  and
Albina Bondar
Edited by
Randall W. Engle ,
Grzegorz Sedek ,
Ulrich von Hecker  and
Daniel N. McIntosh
Karen Z. H. Li
Affiliation:
Centre for Research in Human Development, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
Ralf Th. Krampe
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94 D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Albina Bondar
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Center for Lifespan Psychology, Lentzeallee 94 D-14195 Berlin, Germany
Randall W. Engle
Affiliation:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Grzegorz Sedek
Affiliation:
Warsaw School of Social Psychology and Polish Academy of Sciences
Ulrich von Hecker
Affiliation:
Cardiff University
Daniel N. McIntosh
Affiliation:
University of Denver
Get access

Summary

“… cognitive aging researchers can accept the reality of declining cognitive powers stemming from the reduced efficiency of the brain but at the same time look for means by which older adults can best hold the negative effects of aging at bay and optimize the mental capacities they possess.”

– Salthouse and Craik (2000, p. 701)

A pervasive challenge of modern adult life is to satisfy numerous demands within a constrained period of time. The simultaneous performance of two or more tasks, such as driving and conversing (e.g., Strayer & Johnston, 2001), walking and talking (Kemper, Herman, & Lian, 2003), or listening while note-taking (Tun & Wingfield, 1995), constitutes a cognitive dual-task situation in which attention must be divided. Questionnaire data indicate that older adults rate the difficulty of everyday divided attention activities higher than do younger adults, whereas younger adults report a higher frequency of engaging in dual-task situations compared to older adults (Tun & Wingfield, 1995). The majority of age-comparative studies of divided attention performance concur with the subjective report data (for reviews, see Hartley, 1992; Kramer & Larish, 1996; McDowd, Vercruyssen, & Birren, 1991; McDowd & Shaw, 2000). Since the early 1960s, the importance of dual-task functioning for independent living in old age, coupled with the general trend of age-related declines in such performance, has prompted a steady output of empirical work on this topic (e.g., Broadbent & Heron, 1962).

Type
Chapter
Information
Cognitive Limitations in Aging and Psychopathology , pp. 190 - 218
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, P. A., Smith, A. F., Vires-Collins, H., & Sperry, S. (1998). The psychological refractory period; Evidence for age differences in attentional time-sharing. Psychology and Aging, 13, 218–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, N. D., Craik, F. I. M., & Naveh-Benjamin, M. (1998). The attentional demands of encoding and retrieval in younger and older adults: 1. Evidence from divided attention costs. Psychology and Aging, 13, 405–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. (1992). Working memory. Science, 255, 556–559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In Baltes, P. B. & Baltes, M. M. (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1–34). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, A., & Mattila, W. R. (1989). Response slowing of older adults: Effects of time-limit contingencies on single- and dual-task performances. Psychology and Aging, 4, 66–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondar, A., Krampe, R. T., & Baltes, P. B. (2004). The dynamics between balance and cognition in young and older adults: Older adults maintain task-specific flexibility of resource allocation despite higher dual-task costs. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.Google Scholar
Brébion, G., Smith, M. J., & Ehrlich, M. F. (1997). Working memory and aging: Deficit or strategy differences?Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 4, 58–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, D. E., & Gregory, M. (1965). Some confirmatory results on age differences in memory for simultaneous stimulation. British Journal of Psychology, 56, 77–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broadbent, D. E., & Heron, A. (1962). Effects of a subsidiary task on performance involving immediate memory by younger and older men. British Journal of Psychology, 53, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, L. A., Sleik, R. J., Polych, M. A., & Gage, W. H. (2002). Is the prioritization of postural control altered in conditions of postural threat in younger and older adults?Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A, M785–M792.Google Scholar
Buchner, D., & Larson, E. (1987). Falls and fractures in patients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 257, 1492–1495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cabeza, R. (2002). Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults: The HAROLD model. Psychology and Aging, 17, 85–100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Charness, N. (1991). Expertise in chess: The balance between knowledge and search. In Ericson, K. A. & Smith, J. (Eds.), Toward a general theory of expertise: Prospects and limits (pp. 39–63). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M., & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.). (2000). The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Crossley, M., & Hiscock, M. (1992). Age-related differences in concurrent-task performance of normal adults: Evidence for a decline in processing resources. Psychology and Aging, 7, 499–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19, 450–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobbs, A. R., & Rule, B. G. (1989). Adult age differences in working memory. Psychology and Aging, 4, 500–503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engle, R. W. (2002). Working memory capacity as executive attention. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 19–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, M. A., & Moscovitch, M. (2000). Divided attention and memory: Evidence of substantial interference effects of retrieval and encoding. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 129, 155–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2000). The orchestration of selection, optimization, and compensation: An action-theoretical conceptualization of a theory of developmental regulation. In Perrig, W. J. & Grob, A. (Eds.), Control of human behavior, mental processes, and consciousness (pp. 35–58). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Freund, A. M., Li, K. Z. H., & Baltes, P. B. (1999). Successful development and aging: The role of selection, optimization, and compensation. In Brandtstädter, J., & Lerner, R. M. (Ed.), Action and self-development: Theory and research throughout the life-span (pp. 401–434). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Glass, J. M., Schumacher, E. H., Lauber, E. J., Zurbriggen, E. L., Gmeindl, L., Kieras, D. E., & Meyer, D. E. (2000). Aging and the psychological refractory period: Task-coordination strategies in young and old adults. Psychology and Aging, 15, 571–595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grady, C. L., & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Changes in memory processing with age. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 10, 224–231.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartley, A. (1992). Attention. In Craik, F. I. M. & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 3–49). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Hartley, A. (2001). Age differences in dual-task interference are localized to response-generation processes. Psychology and Aging, 16, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartley, A. A., & Little, D. M. (1999). Age-related differences and similarities in dual-task interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 416–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R. T. (1988). Working memory, comprehension, and aging: A review and a new view. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.). The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol. 22 (pp. 193–225). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc.Google Scholar
Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1998). Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2, 389–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kemper, S., Herman, R. E., & Lian, C. H. T. (2003). The costs of doing two things at once for young and older adults: Talking while walking, finger tapping, and ignoring noise or speech. Psychology and Aging, 18, 181–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Korteling, J. E. (1991). Effects of skill integration and perceptual competition on age-related differences in dual-task performance. Human Factors, 33, 35–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kramer, A. F., & Larish, J. F. (1996). Aging and dual-task performance. In Rogers, W. A., Fisk, A. D., & Walker, N. (Eds.), Aging and skilled performance: Advances in theory and application (pp. 83–112). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Kramer, A. F., Larish, J. F., & Strayer, D. L. (1995). Training of attentional control in dual task settings: A comparison of young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 1, 50–76.Google Scholar
Krampe, R. T., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Intelligence as adaptive resource development and resource allocation: A new look through the lenses of SOC and expertise. In Sternberg, R. J. & Grigorenko, E. L. (Eds.), Perspectives on the psychology of abilities, competencies, and expertise (pp. 31–69). New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krampe, R. T., Schaefer, S., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Walking and long-term-memory retrieval: Dual-task performance in children, young, and older adults. Berlin, Germany: Max-Planck Institute for Human Development.Google Scholar
Kray, J., Li, K. Z. H., & Lindenberger, U. (2002). Age-specific changes in task-switching components: The role of task uncertainty. Brain and Cognition, 49, 363–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroes, M., Kessels, A. G. H., Kalff, A. C., Feron, F. F. M., Vissers, Y. L. J., Jolles, J., & Vles, J. S. H. (2002). Quality of movement as predictor of ADHD: results from a prospective population study in 5- and 6-year-old children. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 44, 753–760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lajoie, Y., Teasdale, N., Bard, C., & Fleury, M. (1996). Attentional demands for walking: Age-related changes. In Ferrandez, A.-M. & Teasdale, N. (Eds.), Changes in sensory motor behavior in aging (pp. 235–256). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Li, K. Z. H., & Lindenberger, U. (2002). Relations between aging sensory/sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 777–783.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, K. Z. H., Lindenberger, U., Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2001). Walking while memorizing: Age-related differences in compensatory behavior. Psychological Science, 12, 230–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, S.-C., Lindenberger, U., Hommel, B., Aschersleben, G., Prinz, W., & Baltes, P. B. (2004). Transformations in the couplings among intellectual abilities and constituent cognitive processes across the life span. Psychological Science, 15, 155–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: A strong connection. Psychology and Aging, 9, 339–355.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). Intellectual functioning in old and very old age: Cross-sectional results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 12, 410–432.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindenberger, U., Marsiske, M., & Baltes, P. B. (2000). Memorizing while walking: Increase in dual-task costs from young adulthood to old age. Psychology and Aging, 3, 417–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logan, G. D. (2003). Executive control of thought and action: In search of the wild homunculus. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12, 45–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorsbach, T. C., & Simpson, G. B. (1988). Dual-task performance as a function of adult age and task complexity. Psychology and Aging, 3, 210–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maylor, E. A., Allison, S., & Wing, A. M. (2001). Effects of spatial and nonspatial cognitive activity on postural stability. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 319–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maylor, E. A., & Wing, A. M. (1996). Age differences in postural stability are increased by additional cognitive demands. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 51B, P143–P154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, U. (2001). Age differences in the selection of mental sets: The role of inhibition, stimulus ambiguity, and response-set overlap. Psychology and Aging, 16, 96–109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDowd, J. M. (1986). The effects of age and extended practice on divided attention performance. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 764–769.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDowd, J. M., & Craik, F. I. M. (1988). Effects of aging and task difficulty on divided attention performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 14, 267–280.Google ScholarPubMed
McDowd, J. M., & Shaw, R. J. (2000). Attention and aging: A functional perspective. In Craik, F. I. M. & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 221–292). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
McDowd, J., Vercruyssen, M., & Birren, J. E. (1991). Aging, divided attention, and dual task performance. In Damos, D. L. (Ed.), Multiple-task performance (pp. 387–414). London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
McGhie, A., Chapman, J., & Lawson, J. S. (1965). The effect of distraction on schizophrenic performance: I. Perception and immediate memory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 383–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Means, K. M., Rodell, D. E., O'Sullivan, P. S., & Winger, R. M. (1998). Comparison of a functional obstacle course with an index of clinical gait and balance and postural sway. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 53A, M331–M335.Google Scholar
Meiran, N., Gotler, A., & Perlman, A. (2001). Old age is associated with a pattern of relatively intact and relatively impaired task-set switching abilities. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 56B, P88–P102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, D. E., & Kieras, D. E. (1997). A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple-task performance: I. Basic mechanisms. Psychological Review, 104, 3–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001). How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 621–640.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Monsell, S., & Driver, J. (Eds.). (2000). Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Nakamura, T., Meguro, K., Yamazaki, H., Okuzumi, H., Tanaka, A., Horikawa, A., Yamaguchi, K., Katsuyama, N., Nakano, M., Arai, H., & Sasaki, H. (1997). Postural and gait disturbance correlated with decreased frontal cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 11, 132–139.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nicolson, R. I., & Fawcett, A. J. (1993). Children with dyslexia automatize temporal skills more slowly. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 682, 390–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, D. C., Smith, A., Dudley, W. N., & Lafronza, V. N. (1989). Effects of age and a divided attention task presented during encoding and retrieval on memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 15, 1185–1191.Google Scholar
Pashler, H. (1994). Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 220–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pichora-Fuller, M. K., Schneider, B. A., Daneman, M. (1995). How young and old adults listen to and remember speech in noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, 593–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ponds, R. W., Brouwer, W. H., & Wolffelaar, P. C. (1988). Age differences in divided attention in a simulated driving task. Journal of Gerontology, 43, 151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabbitt, P., Lowe, C., & Shilling, V. (2001). Frontal tests and models for cognitive ageing. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 13, 5–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapp, M., Krampe, R. T., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Selective resource allocation to postural control is preserved in Alzheimer's Disease. Berlin: Max Planck Institute for Human Development.Google Scholar
Rogers, R. D., & Monsell, S. (1995). The cost of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124, 207–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, W. A., Bertus, E. L., & Gilbert, D. K. (1994). Dual-task assessment of age differences in automatic process development. Psychology and Aging, 9, 398–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rokke, P. D., Arnell., K. M., Koch, M. D., & Andrews, J. T. (2002). Dual-task attention deficits in dysphoric mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 370–379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403–428.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salthouse, T. A., & Craik, F. I. M. (2000). Closing comments. In Craik, F. I. M. & Salthouse, T. A. (Eds.), The handbook of aging and cognition (2nd ed., pp. 689–703). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A., Fristoe, N. M., Lineweaver, T. T., & Coon, V. E. (1995). Aging of attention: Does the ability to divide decline?Memory & Cognition, 23, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salthouse, T. A., Rogan, J. D., & Prill, K. A. (1984). Division of attention: Age differences on a visually presented memory task. Memory & Cognition, 12, 613–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sattin, R. W. (1992). Falls among older persons: A public health perspective. Annual Reviews in Public Health, 13, 489–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sedek, G., & Hecker, U. (2004). Effects of subclinical depression and aging on generative reasoning about linear orders: Same or different processing limitations?Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 237–260.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheppard, D. M., Bradshaw, J. L., Georgiou, N., Bradshaw, J. A., & Lee, P. (2000). Movement sequencing in children with Tourette's syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Movement Disorder, 15, 1184–1193.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shumway-Cook, A., Woollacott, M., Kerns, K. A., & Baldwin, M. (1997). The effects of two types of cognitive tasks on postural stability in older adults with and without a history of falls. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 52A, M232–M240.Google Scholar
Simoneau, G. G., & Leibowitz, H. W. (1996). Posture, gait, and falls. In Birren, J. E. & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 204–217). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Smiley-Oyen, A. L., Subbot, M. D., & Gallagher, J. D. (2001). Bimanual control and timing precision in children with developmental dyslexia. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 23, S57–S57.Google Scholar
Somberg, B. L., & Salthouse, T. A. (1982). Divided attention abilities in young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 8, 651–663.Google ScholarPubMed
Speranza, F., Daneman, M., & Schneider, B. A. (2000). How aging affects the reading of words in noisy backgrounds. Psychology and Aging, 15, 253–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stelmach, G. E., Zelaznik, H. N., & Lowe, D. (1990). The influence of aging and attentional demands on recovery from postural instability. Aging, 2, 155–161.Google ScholarPubMed
Strayer, D. L., & Johnston, W. A. (2001). Driven to distraction: Dual-task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a cellular telephone. Psychological Science, 12, 462–466.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talland, G. A. (1962). The effect of age on speed of simple manual skill. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 100, 69–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teasdale, N., Bard, C., Dadouchi, F., Fleury, M., LaRue, J., & Stelmach, G. E. (1992). Posture and elderly persons: Evidence for deficits in the central integrative mechanisms. In Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J. (Eds.), Tutorials in motor behavior II (pp. 917–931). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.Google Scholar
Teasdale, N., Bard, C., LaRue, J., & Fleury, M. (1993). On the cognitive penetrability of posture control. Experimental Aging Research, 19, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thapa, P. B., Gideon, P., Brockman, K. G., Fought, R. L., & Ray, W. A. (1996). Clinical and biomechanical measures of balance as fall predictors in ambulatory nursing home residents. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 51A, M239–M246.Google Scholar
Tinetti, M. E. (1995). Falls. In Hazzard, W. R., Bierman, E. L., Blass, J. P., Ettinger, W. H., & Halter, J. B. (Eds.), Principles of geriatric medicine and gerontology (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Tinetti, M. E., Speechley, M., & Ginter, S. F. (1988). Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. The New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1701–1707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsang, P. A., & Shaner, T. L. (1998). Age, attention, expertise, and time-sharing performance. Psychology and Aging, 13, 323–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tun, P. A., & Wingfield, A. (1995). Does dividing attention become harder with age? Findings from the divided attention questionnaire. Aging and Cognition, 2, 39–66.Google Scholar
Waters, G. S., & Caplan, D. (1986). The measurement of verbal working memory capacity and its relation to reading comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49A, 51–79.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R manual. New York: Psychological Corp.Google Scholar
Wickens, C. D., Braune, R., & Stokes, A. (1987). Age differences in the speed and capacity of information processing: 1. A dual-task approach. Psychology and Aging, 2, 70–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wingfield, A., Tun, P. A., Koh, C. K., & Rosen, M. J. (1999). Regaining lost time: Adult aging and the effect of time restoration on recall of time-compressed speech. Psychology and Aging, 14, 380–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolfson, L. (1991). Falls and gait. In Katzman, R. & Rowe, J. W. (Eds.), Principles of geriatric neurology (pp. 281–299). Philadelphia: F. A. Davies.Google Scholar
Woollacott, M. H., & Shumway-Cook, A. (2002). Attention and the control of posture and gait: a review of an emerging area of research. Gait and Posture, 16, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, R. E. (1981). Aging, divided attention, and processing capacity. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 605–614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×