The effects of age on language and cognitive control development are examined in monolingual and bilingual speakers, in typically developing children, in early, and late talkers. Individual differences in language acquisition are linked to the development of other nonlinguistic cognitive abilities, brain maturation, and environmental factors. Particularly for the early years, developmental trends and converging and diverging cognitive-linguistic processes are identified. Developmental changes in error patterns, learning styles, and strategy use are analyzed between early and late bilingual speakers and between typically developing children and late talkers. Challenges related to the variability in both first language acquisition and second language learning are discussed and links between early language development and later academic performance are identified. Age-related changes in cognitive control functions and their interactions with language are discussed for speakers with different language abilities and proficiencies.