Book contents
- A Clinician’s Guide to Statistics in Mental Health
- A Clinician’s Guide to Statistics in Mental Health
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1 Why Data Never Speak for Themselves
- Chapter 2 Why You Cannot Believe Your Eyes
- Chapter 3 Levels of Evidence
- Chapter 4 Bias
- Chapter 5 Randomization
- Chapter 6 Clinical Trials: Improving on Clinical Experience
- Chapter 7 P-Values: Uses and Misuses
- Chapter 8 Forget P-Values: The Importance of Effect Sizes
- Chapter 9 Understanding Placebo Effects
- Chapter 10 Understanding Confidence Intervals
- Chapter 11 Observational Studies
- Chapter 12 The Alchemy of Meta-Analysis
- Chapter 13 Bayesian Statistics: Why Your Opinion Counts
- Chapter 14 Causation
- Chapter 15 A Philosophy of Statistics
- Chapter 16 Evidence-Based Medicine: Defense and Criticism
- Chapter 17 Social and Economic Factors: Peer Review, Funding, and the Conventional Wisdom
- Chapter 18 The New Canon of Psychopharmacology (STAR*D, STEP-BD, CATIE): How Clinical Trials Are Misinterpreted
- Chapter 19 How to Analyze a Study
- Chapter 20 False Positive Maintenance Clinical Trials in Psychiatry
- Appendix Understanding Regression
- References
- Index
Chapter 2 - Why You Cannot Believe Your Eyes
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 January 2023
- A Clinician’s Guide to Statistics in Mental Health
- A Clinician’s Guide to Statistics in Mental Health
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1 Why Data Never Speak for Themselves
- Chapter 2 Why You Cannot Believe Your Eyes
- Chapter 3 Levels of Evidence
- Chapter 4 Bias
- Chapter 5 Randomization
- Chapter 6 Clinical Trials: Improving on Clinical Experience
- Chapter 7 P-Values: Uses and Misuses
- Chapter 8 Forget P-Values: The Importance of Effect Sizes
- Chapter 9 Understanding Placebo Effects
- Chapter 10 Understanding Confidence Intervals
- Chapter 11 Observational Studies
- Chapter 12 The Alchemy of Meta-Analysis
- Chapter 13 Bayesian Statistics: Why Your Opinion Counts
- Chapter 14 Causation
- Chapter 15 A Philosophy of Statistics
- Chapter 16 Evidence-Based Medicine: Defense and Criticism
- Chapter 17 Social and Economic Factors: Peer Review, Funding, and the Conventional Wisdom
- Chapter 18 The New Canon of Psychopharmacology (STAR*D, STEP-BD, CATIE): How Clinical Trials Are Misinterpreted
- Chapter 19 How to Analyze a Study
- Chapter 20 False Positive Maintenance Clinical Trials in Psychiatry
- Appendix Understanding Regression
- References
- Index
Summary
The two major sources of error are chance (random error) and confounding bias (systematic error). After correcting for these two kinds of error, one can then assess or assert causation. These are the “Three Cs.”
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- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2023