Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T21:28:33.088Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 4 - The clinical setting

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2016

Robert G. Hahn
Affiliation:
Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Critchley, LA, Stuart, JC, Short, TG, Gin, T. Haemodynamic effects of subarachnoid block in elderly patients. Br J Anaesth 1994; 73: 464–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennis, AT. Transthoracic echocardiography in women with preeclampsia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2015; 28: 254–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coe, AJ, Revanas, B. Is crystalloid preloading useful in spinal anaesthesia in the elderly? Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 241–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baraka, A, Taha, S, Ghabach, M, et al. Hypertonic saline prehydration in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate under spinal anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1994; 72: 227–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kamenik, M, Paver-Erzen, V. The effects of lactated Ringer's solution infusion on cardiac output changes after spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 710–14.Google Scholar
Svensen, CH, Rodhe, PM, Prough, DS. Pharmacokinetic aspects of fluid therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 213–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hahn, RG, Svensen, C. Plasma dilution and the rate of infusion of Ringer's solution. Br J Anaesth 1997; 79: 64–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dyer, RA, Farina, Z, Joubert, IA, et al. Crystalloid preload versus rapid crystalloid administration after induction of spinal anaesthesia (coload) for elective caesarean section. Anaesth Intensive Care 2004; 32: 351–7.Google Scholar
Critchley, LA. Hypotension, subarachnoid block and the elderly patient. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 1139–43.Google Scholar
Drobin, D, Hahn, RG. Time course of increased haemodilution in hypotension induced by extradural anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77: 223–6.Google Scholar
Zorko, N, Kamenik, M, Starc, V. The effect of Trendelenburg position, lactated Ringer's solution and 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution on cardiac output after spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 655–9.Google Scholar
Levy, BF, Scott, MJ, Fawcett, WJ, Day, A, Rockall, TA. Optimizing patient outcomes in laparoscopic surgery. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13(Suppl 7): 811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, BF, Fawcett, WJ, Scott, MJ, Rockall, TA. Intra-operative oxygen delivery in infusion volume-optimized patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery within an enhanced recovery program: the effect of different analgesic modalities. Colorectal Dis 2012; 14: 887–92.Google Scholar
Moppett, IK, Rowlands, M, Mannings, A, et al. LiDCO-based fluid management in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery under spinal anaesthesia: a randomized trial and systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2015; 114: 444–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shin, BS, Kim, CS, Sim, WS, et al. A comparison of the effects of preanesthetic administration of crystalloid versus colloid on intrathecal spread of isobaric spinal anesthetics and cerebrospinal fluid movement. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 924–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rout, CC, Akoojee, SS, Rocke, DA, Gouws, E. Rapid administration of crystalloid preload does not decrease the incidence of hypotension after spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1992; 68: 394–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rout, CC, Rocke, DA, Levin, J, Gouws, E, Reddy, D. A reevaluation of the role of crystalloid preload in the prevention of hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1993; 79: 262–9.Google Scholar
Jackson, R, Reid, JA, Thorburn, J. Volume preloading is not essential to prevent spinal-induced hypotension at caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1995; 75: 262–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karinen, J, Rasanen, J, Alahuhta, S, Jouppila, R, Jouppila, P. Maternal and uteroplacental haemodynamic state in pre-eclamptic patients during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1996; 76: 616–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chanimov, M, Gershfeld, S, Cohen, ML, Sherman, D, Bahar, M. Fluid preload before spinal anaesthesia in Caesarean section: the effect on neonatal acid–base status. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2006; 23: 676–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marciniak, A, Wujtewicz, M, Owczuk, R. The impact of colloid infusion prior to spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section on the condition of a newborn – a comparison of balanced and unbalanced hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2013; 45: 1419.Google Scholar
Pouta, AM, Karinen, J, Vuolteenaho, OJ, Laatikainen, TJ. Effect of intravenous fluid preload on vasoactive peptide secretion during Caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996; 51: 128–32.Google Scholar
Pouta, A, Karinen, J, Vuolteenaho, O, Laatikainen, T. Pre-eclampsia: the effect of intravenous fluid preload on atrial natriuretic peptide secretion during caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996; 40: 1203–9.Google Scholar
Faydaci, F, Gunaydin, B. Different preloading protocols with constant ephedrine infusion in the prevention of hypotension for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2011; 62: 510.Google Scholar
Banerjee, A, Stocche, RM, Angle, P, Halpern, SH. Preload or coload for spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth 2010; 57: 2431.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Volume kinetics for infusion fluids. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 470–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siddik-Sayyid, SM, Nasr, VG, Taha, SK, et al. A randomized trial comparing colloid preload to coload during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 1219–24.Google Scholar
Ueyama, H, He, YL, Tanigami, H, Mashimo, T, Yoshiya, I. Effects of crystalloid and colloid preload on blood volume in the parturient undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean section [see comments]. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 1571–6.Google Scholar
Riley, ET, Cohen, SE, Rubenstein, AJ, Flanagan, B. Prevention of hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: six percent hetastarch versus lactated Ringer's solution. Anesth Analg 1995; 81: 838–42.Google Scholar
Buggy, D, Higgins, P, Moran, C, et al. Prevention of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in the elderly: comparison between preanesthetic administration of crystalloids, colloids, and no prehydration. Anesth Analg 1997; 84: 106–10.Google Scholar
Buggy, D, Fitzpatrick, G. Intravascular volume optimisation during repair of proximal femoral fracture. Regional anaesthesia is usually technique of choice. BMJ 1998; 316: 1090.Google ScholarPubMed
Ngan, Kee WD, Khaw, KS, Lee, BB, Ng, FF, Wong, MM. Randomized controlled study of colloid preload before spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 772–4.Google Scholar
Morgan, PJ, Halpern, SH, Tarshis, J. The effects of an increase of central blood volume before spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery: a qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg 2001; 92: 9971005.Google Scholar
Dahlgren, G, Granath, F, Pregner, K, et al. Colloid vs. crystalloid preloading to prevent maternal hypotension during spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1200–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dahlgren, G, Granath, F, Wessel, H, Irestedt, L. Prediction of hypotension during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean section and its relation to the effect of crystalloid or colloid preload. Int J Obstet Anesth 2007; 16: 128–34.Google Scholar
Davies, P, French, GW. A randomised trial comparing 5 mL/kg and 10 mL/kg of pentastarch as a volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 2006; 15: 279–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vercauteren, MP, Hoffmann, V, Coppejans, HC, Van Steenberge, AL, Adriaensen, HA. Hydroxyethylstarch compared with modified gelatin as volume preload before spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1996; 76: 731–3.Google Scholar
Cyna, AM, Andrew, M, Emmett, RS, Middleton, P, Simmons, SW. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006: CD002251.Google Scholar
McDonald, S, Fernando, R, Ashpole, K, Columb, M. Maternal cardiac output changes after crystalloid or colloid coload following spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2011; 113: 803–10.Google Scholar
Li, L, Zhang, Y, Tan, Y, Xu, S. Colloid or crystalloid solution on maternal and neonatal hemodynamics for Cesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2013; 39: 932–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mercier, FJ, Diemunsch, P, Ducloy-Bouthors, AS, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs. Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: the randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113: 459–67.Google Scholar
Mitra, JK, Roy, J, Bhattacharyya, P, Yunus, M, Lyngdoh, NM. Changing trends in the management of hypotension following spinal anesthesia in Cesarean section. J Postgrad Med 2013; 59: 121–6.Google Scholar
Sharwood-Smith, G, Drummond, GB. Hypotension in obstetric spinal anaesthesia: a lesson from pre-eclampsia. Br J Anaesth 2009; 102: 291–4.Google Scholar
Dyer, RA, Reed, AR, van Dyk, D, et al. Hemodynamic effects of ephedrine, phenylephrine, and the coadministration of phenylephrine with oxytocin during spinal anesthesia for elective Cesarean delivery. Anesthesiology 2009; 111: 753–65.Google Scholar
Ngan, Kee WD. Phenylephrine infusions for maintaining blood pressure during spinal anesthesia for Cesarean delivery: finding the shoe that fits. Anesth Analg 2014; 118: 496–8.Google Scholar

References

Jakobsson, J. Day Case Anaesthesia. Oxford, UK: Oxford Library Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Warner, MA, Shields, SE, Chute, CG. Major morbidity and mortality within 1 month of ambulatory surgery and anesthesia. JAMA 1993; 270: 1437–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mezei, G, Chung, F. Return hospital visits and hospital readmissions after ambulatory surgery. Ann Surg 1999; 230: 721–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Engbaek, J, Bartholdy, J, Hjortsø, NC. Return hospital visits and morbidity within 60 days after day surgery: a retrospective study of 18,736 day surgical procedures. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2006; 50: 911–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chung, F, Mezei, G, Tong, D. Adverse events in ambulatory surgery. A comparison between elderly and younger patients. Can J Anaesth 1999; 46: 309–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Søreide, E, Eriksson, LI, Hirlekar, G, et al. Pre-operative fasting guidelines: an update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1041–7.Google Scholar
Brady, M, Kinn, S, Stuart, P. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003: CD004423.Google ScholarPubMed
Brady, M, Kinn, S, Ness, V, et al. Preoperative fasting for preventing perioperative complications in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009: CD005285.Google Scholar
Maltby, JR, Pytka, S, Watson, NC, Cowan, RA, Fick, GH. Drinking 300 mL of clear fluid two hours before surgery has no effect on gastric fluid volume and pH in fasting and non-fasting obese patients. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51: 111–15.Google Scholar
Cook-Sather, SD, Gallagher, PR, Kruge, LE, et al. Overweight/obesity and gastric fluid characteristics in pediatric day surgery: implications for fasting guidelines and pulmonary aspiration risk. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 727–36.Google Scholar
Meisner, M, Ernhofer, U, Schmidt, J. Liberalisation of preoperative fasting guidelines: effects on patient comfort and clinical practicability during elective laparoscopic surgery of the lower abdomen. Zentralbl Chir 2008; 133: 479–85.Google Scholar
Chung, F, Yuan, H, Yin, L, Vairavanathan, S, Wong, DT. Elimination of preoperative testing in ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg 2009; 108: 467–75.Google Scholar
Nygren, J, Soop, M, Thorell, A, Sree, Nair K, Ljungqvist, O. Preoperative oral carbohydrates and postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 1999; 18: 117–20.Google Scholar
Ljungqvist, O. Modulating postoperative insulin resistance by preoperative carbohydrate loading. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 401–9.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Klarskov, B, Christensen, DS, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 892–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dagher, CF, Abboud, B, Richa, F, et al. Effect of intravenous crystalloid infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting after thyroidectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26: 188–91.Google Scholar
Apfel, CC, Meyer, A, Orhan-Sungur, M, et al. Supplemental intravenous crystalloids for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: quantitative review. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 893902.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Jensen, P, Kehlet, H. Physiologic effects of intravenous fluid administration in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1504–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Chaudhary, S, Sethi, AK, Motiani, P, Adatia, C. Pre-operative intravenous fluid therapy with crystalloids or colloids on postoperative nausea & vomiting. Indian J Med Res 2008; 127: 577–81.Google ScholarPubMed
McCaul, C, Moran, C, O'Cronin, D, et al. Intravenous fluid loading with or without supplementary dextrose does not prevent nausea, vomiting and pain after laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50: 440–4.Google Scholar
Dabu-Bondoc, S, Vadivelu, N, Shimono, C, et al. Intravenous dextrose administration reduces postoperative antiemetic rescue treatment requirements and postanesthesia care unit length of stay. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 591–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, P, Meineke, MN, Rasmussen, T, et al. The relationship of intravenous dextrose administration during emergence from anesthesia to postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 34–4.Google Scholar
Ead, H. From Aldrete to PADSS: reviewing discharge criteria after ambulatory surgery. J Perianesth Nurs 2006; 21: 259–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivasankaran, MV, Pam, T, Divino, CM. Incidence and risk factors for urinary retention following laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Am J Surg 2014; 207: 288–92.Google Scholar
Antonescu, I, Baldini, G, Watson, D, et al. Impact of a bladder scan protocol on discharge efficiency within a care pathway for ambulatory inguinal herniorraphy. Surg Endosc 2013; 27: 4711–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nossaman, VE, Richardson, WS 3rd, Wooldridge, JB Jr, Nossaman, BD. Role of intraoperative fluids on hospital length of stay in laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a retrospective study in 224 consecutive patients. Surg Endosc 2014; 29: 2960–9.Google Scholar
Matot, I, Paskaleva, R, Eid, L, et al. Effect of the volume of fluids administered on intraoperative oliguria in laparoscopic bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 2012; 147: 228–34.Google Scholar
Nelson, G, Kalogera, E, Dowdy, SC. Enhanced recovery pathways in gynecologic oncology. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135: 586–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yogendran, S, Asokumar, B, Cheng, DC, Chung, F. A prospective randomized double-blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 682–6.Google Scholar
Elhakim, M, el-Sebiae, S, Kaschef, N, Essawi, GH. Intravenous fluid and postoperative nausea and vomiting after day-case termination of pregnancy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42: 216–19.Google Scholar
Bennett, J, McDonald, T, Lieblich, S, Piecuch, J. Perioperative rehydration in ambulatory anesthesia for dentoalveolar surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1999; 88: 279–84.Google Scholar
Ali, SZ, Taguchi, A, Holtmann, B, Kurz, A. Effect of supplemental pre-operative fluid on postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia 2003; 58: 780–4.Google Scholar
Magner, JJ, McCaul, C, Carton, E, Gardiner, J, Buggy, D. Effect of intraoperative intravenous crystalloid infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy: comparison of 30 and 10 ml/kg. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 381–5.Google Scholar
Maharaj, CH, Kallam, SR, Malik, A, et al. Preoperative intravenous fluid therapy decreases postoperative nausea and pain in high risk patients. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 675–82.Google Scholar
Chohedri, AH, Matin, M, Khosravi, A. The impact of operative fluids on the prevention of postoperative anesthetic complications in ambulatory surgery – high dose vs. low dose. Middle East J Anesthesiol 2006; 18: 1147–56.Google Scholar
Goodarzi, M, Matar, MM, Shafa, M, Townsend, JE, Gonzalez, I. A prospective randomized blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on postoperative nausea and vomiting in children undergoing strabismus surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 4953.Google Scholar
Lambert, KG, Wakim, JH, Lambert, NE. Preoperative fluid bolus and reduction of postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecologic surgery. AANA J 2009; 77: 110–14.Google ScholarPubMed

References

Brandstrup, B, Tønnesen, H, Beier-Holgersen, R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens. A randomized assessor blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 641–8.Google Scholar
de Aguilar-Nascimento, JE, Diniz, BN, do Carmo, AV, Silveira, EA, Silva, RM. Clinical benefits after the implementation of a protocol of restricted perioperative intravenous crystalloid fluids in major abdominal operations. World J Surg 2009; 33: 925–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kulemann, B, Timme, S, Seifert, G, et al. Intraoperative crystalloid overload leads to substantial inflammatory infiltration of intestinal anastomosis – a histomorphological analysis. Surgery 2013; 154: 596603.Google Scholar
Lobo, DN, Bostock, KA, Neal, KR, et al. Effect of salt and water balance on recovery of gastrointestinal function after elective colonic resection: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 1812–18.Google Scholar
Marjanovic, G, Villain, C, Juettner, E, et al. Impact of different crystalloid volume fluid regimens on intestinal anastomotic stability. Ann Surg 2009; 249: 181–5.Google Scholar
McArdle, GT, McAuley, DF, McKinley, A, et al. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial of restrictive versus standard fluid regime in elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. Ann Surg 2009; 250: 2834.Google Scholar
Neal, JM, Wilcox, RT, Allen, HW, Low, DE. Near-total esophagectomy: the influence of standardized multimodal management and intraoperative fluid restriction. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28: 328334.Google Scholar
Nisanevich, V, Felsenstein, I, Almogy, G, et al. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intra-abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 2532.Google Scholar
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Clinical Trials Network. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2564–75.Google Scholar
Wuethrich, PY, Burchard, FC, Thalmann, GN, Stueber, F, Studer, UE. Restrictive deferred hydration combined with preemptive norepinephrine infusion during radical cystectomy reduces postoperative complications and hospitalization time: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 2014; 120: 365–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varadhan, KK, Lobo, DN. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of intravenous fluid therapy in major elective open abdominal surgery: getting the balance right. Proc Nutr Soc 2010; 69: 488–98.Google Scholar
Preoperative faste for vokse of barn; retningslinie fra European Society of Anaesthesiology. www.dasaim.dk May 23, 2014.Google Scholar
Henriksen, MG. Effects of preoperative oral carbohydrates and peptides on postoperative endocrine response, mobilization, nutrition and muscle function in abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47: 191–9.Google Scholar
Ljungqvist, O, Thorell, A, Gutniak, M, et al. Glucose infusion instead of preoperative fasting reduces postoperative insulin resistance. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178: 329–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Nygren, J, Soop, M, Thorell, A, Sree Nair, K, Ljungqvist, O. Preoperative oral carbohydrates and postoperative insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 1999; 18: 117–20.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Foss, NB, Andersen, J, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid management in fast-track colonic surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 500–8.Google Scholar
Lamke, LO, Nielsson, GE, Reithner, HL. Water loss by evaporation from the abdominal cavity during surgery. Acta Chir Scand 1977; 143: 279–84.Google Scholar
Roe, CF. Effect of bowel exposure on body temperature during surgical operations. Am J Surg 1971; 122: 1315.Google Scholar
Brandstrup, B, Svendsen, C, Engquist, A. Hemorrhage and operation cause a contraction of the extracellular space needing replacement – evidence and implications? A systematic review. Surgery 2006; 139: 419–32.Google Scholar
Chan, STF, Kapadia, CR, Johnson, AW, Radcliffe, AG, Dudley, HAF. Extracellular fluid volume expansion and third space sequestration at the site of small bowel anastomoses. Br J Surg 1983; 70: 36–9.Google Scholar
Brandstrup, B. Restricted intravenous fluid therapy in colorectal surgery, results of a clinical randomised multi centre trial. 2003. Unpublished thesis/ dissertation, University of Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Jacob, M, Chappel, D, Rehm, M. The third space – fact or fiction? Best Prac Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 145–57.Google Scholar
Kinsella, SM, Pirlet, M, Mills, MS, Tuckey, JP, Thomas, TA. Randomized study of intravenous fluid preload before epidural analgesia during labour. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 311–13.Google Scholar
Kubli, M, Shennan, AH, Seed, PT, O'Sullivan, G. A randomised controlled trial of fluid pre-loading before low dose epidural analgesia for labour. Int J Obstet Anesth 2003; 12: 256–60.Google Scholar
Nishimura, N, Kajimoto, Y, Kabe, T, Sakamoto, A. The effect of volume loading during epidural analgesia. Resuscitation 1985; 13: 31–9.Google Scholar
Navarro, LH, Bloomstone, JA, Auler, JO Jr, et al. Perioperative fluid therapy: a statement from the international Fluid Optimization Group. Perioper Med (Lond) 2015; 4: 120.Google Scholar
Perner, A, Haase, N, Guttormsen, AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.Google Scholar
Gan, TJ, Mythen, MG, Glass, PS. Intraoperative gut hypoperfusion may be a risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holte, K, Klarskov, B, Christensen, DS, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholesystectomy. A randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg 2004; 240: 892–9.Google Scholar
Tulstrup, J, Brandstrup, B. Clinical assessment of fluid balance is incomplete for colorectal surgical patients. Scand J Surg 2015; 104: 161–8.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, H, Hofland, J, Legemate, DA, Ubbink, DT. Intravenous fluid restriction after major abdominal surgery: a randomized blinded clinical trial. Trials 2009; 7: 1050.Google Scholar
MacCay, G, Fearon, K, McConnachie, A, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of postoperative intravenous fluid restriction on recovery after elective colorectal surgery. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 1469–74.Google Scholar
Conway, DH, Mayall, R, Abdul-Latif, MS, Gilligan, S, Tackaberry, C. Randomised controlled trial investigating the influence of intravenous fluid titration using oesophageal Doppler monitoring during bowel surgery. Anaesthesia 2002; 57: 845–9.Google Scholar
Gan, TJ, Soppitt, A, Maroof, M, et al. Goal-directed intraoperative fluid administration reduces length of hospital stay after major surgery. Anesthesiology 2002; 97: 820–6.Google Scholar
Wakeling, HG, McFall, MR, Jenkins, CS, et al. Intraoperative oesophageal Doppler guided fluid management shortens postoperative hospital stay after major bowel surgery. Br J Anaesth 2005; 95: 634–42.Google Scholar
Noblett, SE, Snowden, CP, Shenton, BK, Horgan, AF. Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 1069–76.Google Scholar
Lopes, MR, Oliveira, MA, Pereira, VO, et al. Goal-directed fluid management based on pulse pressure variation monitoring during high-risk surgery: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Crit Care 2007; 11: R100.Google Scholar
Buettner, M, Schummer, W, Huettemann, E, et al. Influence of systolic-pressure-variation-guided intraoperative fluid management on organ function and oxygen transport. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 194–9.Google Scholar
Forget, P, Lois, F, de Kock, M. Goal-directed fluid management based on the pulse oximeter-derived pleth variability index reduces lactate levels and improves fluid management. Anesth Analg 2010; 111: 910–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, J, Boldt, J, Mengistu, AM, Röhm, KD, Suttner, S. Goal-directed intraoperative therapy based on autocalibrated arterial pressure waveform analysis reduces hospital stay in high-risk surgical patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Crit Care 2010; 14: 19.Google Scholar
Benes, J, Chytra, I, Altmann, P, et al. Intraoperative fluid optimization using stroke volume variation in high risk surgical patients: results of prospective randomized study. Crit Care 2010; 14: 115.Google Scholar
Challand, C, Struthers, R, Sneyd, JR, et al. Randomized controlled trial of intraoperative goal-directed fluid therapy in aerobically fit and unfit patients having major colorectal surgery. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 5362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salzwedel, C, Puig, J, Carstens, A, et al. Perioperative goal-directed hemodynamic therapy based on radial arterial pulse pressure variation and continous cardiac index trending reduces postoperative complications: a multi-center, prospective, randomized study. Crit Care 2013; 17: 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, H, Guo, H, Ye, J, Chen, L, Ma, H. Goal-directed fluid therapy in gastrointestinal surgery in older coronary heart disease patients: randomized trial. World J Surg 2013; 37: 2820–9.Google Scholar
Brandstrup, B, Svendsen, PE, Rasmussen, M, et al. Which goal for fluid therapy during colorectal surgery is followed by the best outcome: near maximal stroke volume or zero fluid balance? A clinical randomized double blinded multi centre trial. Eur J Anaesth 2010; 27: 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J, Qiao, H, He, Z, et al. Intraoperative fluid management in open gastrointestinal surgery: goal-directed versus restrictive. Clinics 2012; 67: 1149–55.Google Scholar
Srinivasa, S, Taylor, MH, Singh, PP, et al. Randomized clinical trial of goal-directed fluid therapy within an enhanced recovery protocol for elective colectomy. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 6674.Google Scholar
Phan, TD, D'Sousa, B, Rattray, MJ, Johnston, MJ, Cowie, BS. A randomised controlled trial of fluid restriction compared to oesophageal Doppler-guided goal-directed fluid therapy in elective major colorectal surgery within an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery program. Anaesth Intensive Care 2014; 42: 752–60.Google Scholar
Keane, PW, Murray, PF. Intravenous fluids in minor surgery. Their effect on recovery from anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1986; 41: 635–7.Google Scholar
Spencer, EM. Intravenous fluids in minor gynaecological surgery. Their effect on postoperative morbidity. Anaesthesia 1988; 43: 1050–1.Google Scholar
Cook, R, Anderson, S, Riseborough, M, Blogg, CE. Intravenous fluid load and recovery. A double-blind comparison in gynaecological patients who had day-case laparoscopy. Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 826–30.Google Scholar
Yogendran, S, Asokumar, B, Cheng, DC, Chung, F. A prospective randomized double-blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 682–6.Google Scholar
McCaul, C, Moran, C, O'Cronin, D, et al. Intravenous fluid loading with or without supplementary dextrose does not prevent nausea, vomiting and pain after laparoscopy. Can J Anaesth 2003; 5: 440–4.Google Scholar
Magner, JJ, McCaul, C, Carton, E, Gardiner, J, Buggy, D. Effect of intraoperative intravenous crystalloid infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy: comparison of 30 and 10 ml/kg. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 381–5.Google Scholar

References

Mariscalco, G, Musumeci, F. Fluid management in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit: diuresis–diuretics and hemofiltration. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014; 27: 133–9.Google Scholar
Jakob, SM, Ruokonen, E, Takala, J. Assessment of the adequacy of systemic and regional perfusion after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2000; 84: 571–7.Google Scholar
Habicher, M, Perrino, A, Spies, CD, et al. Contemporary fluid management in cardiac anesthesia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011; 25: 1141–53.Google Scholar
Assaad, S, Popescu, W, Perrino, A. Fluid management in thoracic surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2013; 26: 31–9.Google Scholar
Grocott, MPW, Mythen, MG, Gan, TJ. Perioperative fluid management and clinical outcomes. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1093–106.Google Scholar
Jacob, M, Bruegger, D, Rehm, M, et al. Contrasting effects of colloid and crystalloid resuscitation fluids on cardiac vascular permeability. Anesthesiology 2006; 104: 1223–31.Google Scholar
Bruegger, D, Jacob, M, Rehm, M, et al. Atrial natriuretic peptide induces shedding of endothelial glycocalyx in coronary vascular bed of guinea pig hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289: H1993–9.Google Scholar
Rehm, M, Bruegger, D, Christ, F, et al. Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx in patients undergoing major vascular surgery with global and regional ischemia. Circulation 2007; 116: 1896–906.Google Scholar
Bruegger, D, Schwartz, L, Chappell, D, et al. Release of atrial natriuretic peptide precedes shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx equally in patients undergoing on- and off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106: 1111–21.Google Scholar
Chappell, D, Hofmann-Kiefer, K, Jacob, M, et al. TNF-alpha induced shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx is prevented by hydrocortisone and antithrombin. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104: 7889.Google Scholar
Berg, S, Engman, A, Hesselvik, JF Laurent, TC. Crystalloid infusion increases plasma hyaluronan. Crit Care Med 1994; 22: 1563–7.Google Scholar
Ueda, S, Nishio, K, Akai, Y, et al. Prognostic value of increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with septic shock. Shock 2006; 26: 134–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bark, BP, Persson, J, Grande, PO. Importance of the infusion rate for the plasma expanding effect of 5% albumin, 6% HES 130/0.4, 4% gelatin, and 0.9% NaCl in the septic rat. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 857–66.Google Scholar
Rehberg, S, Yamamoto, Y, Sousse, L, et al. Selective V(1a) agonism attenuates vascular dysfunction and fluid accumulation in ovine severe sepsis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303: H1245–54.Google Scholar
Woodcock, TE, Woodcock, TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 384–94.Google Scholar
Levick, JR, Michel, CC. Microvascular fluid exchange and the revised Starling principle. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87: 198210.Google Scholar
Nicholson, JP, Wolmarans, MR, Park, GR. The role of albumin in critical illness. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85: 599610.Google Scholar
Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, Boyce, N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247–56.Google Scholar
Maitland, K, Kiguli, S, Opoka, RO, et al. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2483–95.Google Scholar
Caironi, P, Tognoni, G, Masson, S, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1412–21.Google Scholar
van Rijen, EA, Ward, JJ, Little, RA. Effects of colloidal resuscitation fluids on reticuloendothelial function and resistance to infection after hemorrhage. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1998; 5: 543–9.Google Scholar
Schramko, A, Suojaranta-Ylinen, R, Kuitunen, A, et al. Hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin solutions impair blood coagulation after cardiac surgery: a prospective randomized trial. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104: 691–7.Google Scholar
Nielsen, VG. Hydroxyethyl starch enhances fibrinolysis in human plasma by diminishing alpha2-antiplasmin-plasmin interactions. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007; 18: 647–56.Google Scholar
Ertmer, C, Rehberg, S, van Aken, H, Westphal, M. Relevance of non-albumin colloids in intensive care medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2009; 23: 193212.Google Scholar
Ljungstrom, KG. Safety of dextran in relation to other colloids-ten years experience with hapten inhibition. Infusionsther Transfusionsmed 1993; 20: 206–10.Google Scholar
Guidet, B, Soni, N, Della Rocca, G, et al. A balanced view of balanced solutions. Crit Care 2010; 14: 325.Google Scholar
de Felippe, J, Timoner, J, Velasco, IT, Lopes, OU, Rocha-e-Silva, M. Treatment of refractory hypovolaemic shock by 7.5% sodium chloride injections. Lancet 1980; 2: 1002–4.Google Scholar
Strandvik, GF. Hypertonic saline in critical care: a review of the literature and guidelines for use in hypotensive states and raised intracranial pressure. Anaesthesia 2009; 64: 9901003.Google Scholar
Tisherman, SA, Schmicker, RH, Brase, KJ, et al. Detailed description of all deaths in both the shock and traumatic brain injury hypertonic saline trials of the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Ann Surg 2015; 261: 586–90.Google Scholar
Smorenberg, A, Ince, C, Groeneveld, AJ. Dose and type of crystalloid fluid therapy in adult hospitalized patients. Perioper Med (Lond) 2013; 2: 17.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.Google Scholar
Perner, A, Haase, N, Guttormsen, AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.Google Scholar
James, MF, Michell, WL, Joubert, IA, et al. Resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch improves renal function and lactate clearance in penetrating trauma in a randomized controlled study: the FIRST trial (Fluids in Resuscitation of Severe Trauma). Br J Anaesth 2011; 107: 693702.Google Scholar
Siegemend, M. BaSES trial: Basel Starch Evaluation in Sepsis. ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier. NCT00273728 2013.Google Scholar
Annane, D, Siami, S, Jaber, S, et al. Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs. crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL randomized trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 1809–17.Google Scholar
O'Malley, CM, Frumento, RJ, Hardy, MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactated Ringer's solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1518–24.Google Scholar
Waters, JH, Gottlieb, A, Schoenwald, P, et al. Normal saline versus lactated Ringer's solution for intraoperative fluid management in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm repair: an outcome study. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 817–22.Google Scholar
Meybohm, P, van Aken, H, De Gasperi, A, et al. Re-evaluating currently available data and suggestions for planning randomised controlled studies regarding the use of hydroxyethyl starch in critically ill patients – a multidisciplinary statement. Crit Care 2013; 17: R166.Google Scholar
Ghijselings, I, Rex, S. Hydroxyethyl starches in the perioperative period. A review on the efficacy and safety of starch solutions. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2014; 65: 922.Google Scholar
Teixeira, C, Garzotto, F, Piccinni, P, et al. Fluid balance and urine volume are independent predictors of mortality in acute kidney injury. Crit Care 2013; 17: R14.Google Scholar
Qureshi, SH, Rizvi, SI, Patel, NN, Murphy, GJ. Meta-analysis of colloids versus crystalloids in critically ill, trauma and surgical patients. Br J Surg 2016; 103: 1426. doi: 10.1002/bjs. 9943.Google Scholar

References

Friis-Hansen, B. Body water compartments in children: changes during growth and related changes in body composition. Pediatrics 1961; 28: 169–81.Google Scholar
Bissonnette, B. Pediatric Anesthesia. Shelton: People's Medical Publishing House-USA, 2011.Google Scholar
Bhananker, SM, Ramamoorthy, C, Geiduschek, JM, et al. Anesthesia-related cardiac arrest in children: update from the Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Registry. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 344–50.Google Scholar
Nichols, D, Ungerleider, R, Spevak, P. Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier, 2006.Google Scholar
Engelhardt, T, Wilson, G, Horne, L, et al. Are you hungry? Are you thirsty? Fasting times in elective outpatient pediatric patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21: 964–8.Google Scholar
Dennhardt, N, Beck, C, Huber, D, et al. Preoperative fasting times and ketone bodies in children under 36 months of age. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015; 32: 857–61.Google Scholar
Andersson, H, Zaren, B, Frykholm, P. Low incidence of pulmonary aspiration in children allowed intake of clear fluids until called to the operating suite. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25: 770–7.Google Scholar
Radke, OC, Biedler, A, Kolodzie, K, et al. The effect of postoperative fasting on vomiting in children and their assessment of pain. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 494–9.Google Scholar
Holliday, MA, Segar, WE. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics 1957; 19: 823–32.Google Scholar
Duke, T, Molyneux, EM. Intravenous fluids for seriously ill children: time to reconsider. Lancet 2003; 362: 1320–3.Google Scholar
Moritz, ML, Ayus, JC. Hospital-acquired hyponatremia: why are there still deaths? Pediatrics 2004; 113: 1395–6.Google Scholar
Fraser, CL, Arieff, AI. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of hyponatremic encephalopathy. Am J Med 1997; 102: 6777.Google Scholar
Arieff, AI. Postoperative hyponatraemic encephalopathy following elective surgery in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1998; 8: 14.Google Scholar
Ayus, JC, Achinger, SG, Arieff, A. Brain cell volume regulation in hyponatremia: role of sex, age, vasopressin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F619–24.Google Scholar
Sieber, FE, Traystman, RJ. Special issues: glucose and the brain. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 104–14.Google Scholar
Welborn, LG, McGill, WA, Hannallah, RS, et al. Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in pediatric outpatients. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: 543–7.Google Scholar
Bailey, AG, McNaull, PP, Jooste, E, et al. Perioperative crystalloid and colloid fluid management in children: where are we and how did we get here? Anesth Analg 2010; 110: 375–90.Google Scholar
Nishina, K, Mikawa, K, Maekawa, N, Asano, M, Obara, H. Effects of exogenous intravenous glucose on plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis in anesthetized infants. Anesthesiology 1995; 83: 258–63.Google Scholar
Mikawa, K, Maekawa, N, Goto, R, et al. Effects of exogenous intravenous glucose on plasma glucose and lipid homeostasis in anesthetized children. Anesthesiology 1991; 74: 1017–22.Google Scholar
Dubois, MC, Gouyet, L, Murat, I, Saint-Maurice, C. Lactated Ringer with 1% dextrose: an appropriate solution for peri-operative fluid therapy in children. Paediatr Anaesth 1992; 2: 99104.Google Scholar
Berleur, MP, Dahan, A, Murat, I, Hazebroucq, G. Perioperative infusions in paediatric patients: rationale for using Ringer-lactate solution with low dextrose concentration. J Clin Pharm Ther 2003; 28: 3140.Google Scholar
Sümpelmann, R, Becke, K, Crean, P, et al. European consensus statement for intraoperative fluid therapy in children. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28: 637–9.Google Scholar
Sümpelmann, R, Mader, T, Eich, C, et al. A novel isotonic-balanced electrolyte solution with 1% glucose for intraoperative fluid therapy in children: results of a prospective multicentre observational post-authorization safety study (PASS). Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 977–81.Google Scholar
McNab, S, Duke, T, South, M, et al. 140 mmol/L of sodium versus 77 mmol/L of sodium in maintenance intravenous fluid therapy for children in hospital (PIMS): a randomised controlled double-blind trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 1190–7.Google Scholar
Foster, BA, Tom, D, Hill, V. Hypotonic versus isotonic fluids in hospitalized children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr 2014; 165: 163–9.Google Scholar
Zander, R. Fluid Management. Melsungen: Bibliomed, 2009.Google Scholar
Witt, L, Osthaus, WA, Bunte, C, et al. A novel isotonic-balanced electrolyte solution with 1% glucose for perioperative fluid management in children – an animal experimental preauthorization study. Paediatr Anaesth 2010; 20: 734–40.Google Scholar
Disma, N, Mameli, L, Pistorio, A, et al. A novel balanced isotonic sodium solution vs. normal saline during major surgery in children up to 36 months: a multicenter RCT. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 24: 980–6.Google Scholar
Arikan, AA, Zappitelli, M, Goldstein, SL, et al. Fluid overload is associated with impaired oxygenation and morbidity in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2011; 13: 253–8.Google Scholar
Saudan, S. Is the use of colloids for fluid replacement harmless in children? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2010; 23: 363–7.Google Scholar
Northern Neonatal Nursing Initiative Trial Group. Randomised trial of prophylactic early fresh-frozen plasma or gelatin or glucose in preterm babies: outcome at 2 years. Lancet 1996; 348: 229–32.Google Scholar
Westphal, M, James, MF, Kozek-Langenecker, S, et al. Hydroxyethyl starches: different products–different effects. Anesthesiology 2009; 11: 187202.Google Scholar
Osthaus, WA, Witt, L, Johanning, K, et al. Equal effects of gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch (6% HES 130/0.42) on modified thrombelastography in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 305–10.Google Scholar
Witt, L, Osthaus, WA, Jahn, W, et al. Isovolaemic hemodilution with gelatin and hydroxyethylstarch 130/0.42: effects on hemostasis in piglets. Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22: 379–85.Google Scholar
Sümpelmann, R, Kretz, FJ, Luntzer, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42/6:1 for perioperative plasma volume replacement in 1130 children: results of an European prospective multicenter observational postauthorization safety study (PASS). Paediatr Anaesth 2012; 22: 371–8.Google Scholar
van der Linden, P, Dumoulin, M, Van Lerberghe, C, et al. Efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (Voluven) for perioperative volume replacement in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a propensity-matched analysis. Crit Care 2015; 19: 87.Google Scholar
Witt, L, Glage, S, Schulz, K, et al. Impact of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 and 4% gelatin on renal function in a pediatric animal model. Paediatr Anaesth 2014; 24: 974–9.Google Scholar
Chappell, D, Jacob, M, Hofmann-Kiefer, K, Conzen, P, Rehm, M. A rational approach to perioperative fluid management. Anesthesiology 2008; 109: 723–40.Google Scholar
Osthaus, WA, Huber, D, Beck, C, et al. Correlation of oxygen delivery with central venous oxygen saturation, mean arterial pressure and heart rate in piglets. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 944–7.Google Scholar
Sümpelmann, R, Mader, T, Dennhardt, N, et al. A novel isotonic balanced electrolyte solution with 1% glucose for intraoperative fluid therapy in neonates: results of a prospective multicentre observational postauthorisation safety study (PASS). Paediatr Anaesth 2011; 21: 1114–18.Google Scholar

References

Holte, K. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of peroperative fluid management in elective surgery. Dan Med Bull 2010; 57: B4156.Google Scholar
Doherty, M, Buggy, DJ. Intraoperative fluids: how much is too much? Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 6979.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Sharrock, NE, Kehlet, H. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 622–32.Google Scholar
Navarro, LH, Bloomstone, JA, Auler, JO Jr, et al. Perioperative fluid therapy: a statement from the perioperative fluid optimization group. Perioper Med (Lond) 2015; 4: 3.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Holte, K, Secher, NH, et al. Monitoring of peri-operative fluid administration by individualized goal-directed therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 331–40.Google Scholar
Corcoran, T, Rhodes, JE, Clarke, S, et al. Perioperative fluid management strategies in major surgery: a stratified meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2012; 104: 640–51.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Kehlet, H. Fluid therapy and surgical outcomes in elective surgery: a need for reassessment in fast-track surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2006; 202: 971–89.Google Scholar
Kehlet, H, Wilmore, DW. Evidence-based surgical care and the evolution of fast-track surgery. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 189–98.Google Scholar
Masoomi, H, Kang, CY, Chen, A, et al. Predictive factors of in-hospital mortality in colon and rectal surgery. J Am Coll Surg 2012; 215: 255–61.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Jensen, P, Kehlet, H. Physiologic effects of intravenous fluid administration in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1504–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Holte, K, Nielsen, KG, Madsen, JL, et al. Physiologic effects of bowel preparation. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47: 1397–402.Google Scholar
Moghadamyeghaneh, Z, Phelan, MJ, Carmichael, JC, et al. Preoperative dehydration increases risk of postoperative acute renal failure in colon and rectal surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18: 2178–85.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Foss, NB, Andersen, J, et al. Liberal or restrictive fluid administration in fast-track colonic surgery: a randomized, double-blind study. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99: 500–8.Google Scholar
Wenkui, Y, Ning, L, Jianfeng, G, et al. Restricted peri-operative fluid administration adjusted by serum lactate level improved outcome after major elective surgery for gastrointestinal malignancy. Surgery 2010; 147: 542–52.Google Scholar
Brandstrup, B, Tonnesen, H, Beier-Holgersen, R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 641–8.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Jans, Ø, Müller, RG, et al. Does goal-directed fluid therapy affect postoperative orthostatic intolerance? A randomized trial. Anesthesiology 2013; 119: 813–23.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Kristensen, BB, Valentiner, L, et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid management in knee arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind study. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 465–74.Google Scholar
Brammar, A, Nicholson, A, Trivella, M, et al. Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; CD003004.Google Scholar
Burdett, E, Dushianthan, A, Benett-Guerrero, , et al. Perioperative buffered versus non-buffered fluid administration for surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; CD004089.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, G, Cyna, A, Middleton, P. Prophylactic intravenous preloading for regional analgesia in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004; CD000175.Google Scholar
Cyna, AM, Andrew, M, Emmett, RS, et al. Techniques for preventing hypotension during spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD002251.Google Scholar
Mercier, FJ, Diemunsch, P, Ducloy-Bouthors, AS, et al. 6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs. Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery: The randomized, double-blind, multicentre CAESAR trial. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113: 459–67.Google Scholar
Evans, RG, Naidu, B. Does a conservative fluid management strategy in the perioperative management of lung resection patients reduce the risk of acute lung injury? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012; 15: 498504.Google Scholar
Chau, EH, Slinger, P. Perioperative fluid management for pulmonary resection surgery and esophagectomy. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 18: 3644.Google Scholar

References

Mueller, AR, Platz, KP, Krause, P, et al. Perioperative factors influencing patient outcome after liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2013; 13 Suppl 1: S158–61.Google Scholar
Gruenberger, T, Steininger, R, Sautner, T, et al. Influence of donor criteria on postoperative graft function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Int 1994; 7 Suppl 1: S672–4.Google Scholar
Blok, JJ, Putter, H, Rogiers, X, et al. Eurotransplant Liver Intestine Advisory Committee (ELIAC). Combined effect of donor and recipient risk on outcome after liver transplantation: Research of the Eurotransplant database. Liver Transpl 2015; 21: 1486–93. doi:10.1002/lt.24308.Google Scholar
Schiefer, J, Lebherz-Eichinger, D, Erdoes, G, et al. Alterations of endothelial glycocalyx during orthotopic liver transplantation in patients with end-stage liver disease. Transplantation 2015; 99: 2118–23.Google Scholar
Bukowicka, B, Akar, RA, Olszewska, A, et al. The occurrence of postreperfusion syndrome in orthotopic liver transplantation and its significance in terms of complications and short-term survival. Ann Transplant 2011; 16: 2630.Google Scholar
Paugam-Burtz, C, Kavafyan, J, Merckx, P, et al. Postreperfusion syndrome during liver transplantation for cirrhosis: outcome and predictors. Liver Transpl 2009; 15: 522–9.Google Scholar
Sabate, A, Dalmau, A, Koo, M, et al. Coagulopathy management in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2012; 44: 1523–5.Google Scholar
Porte, RJ. Coagulation and fibrinolysis in orthotopic liver transplantation: current views and insights. Semin Thromb Hemost 1993; 19: 191–6.Google Scholar
Massicotte, L, Lenis, S, Thibeault, L, et al. Effect of low central venous pressure and phlebotomy on blood product transfusion requirements during liver transplantations. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 117–23.Google Scholar
Sirivatanauksorn, Y, Parakonthun, T, Premasathian, N, et al. Renal dysfunction after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2014; 46: 818–21.Google Scholar
Yalavarthy, R, Edelstein, CL, Teitelbaum, I. Acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease following liver transplantation. Hemodial Int 2007; 11 Suppl 3: S712.Google Scholar
Tinti, F, Umbro, I, Giannelli, V, et al. Acute renal failure in liver transplant recipients: role of pretransplantation renal function and 1-year follow-up. Transplant Proc 2011; 43: 1136–8.Google Scholar
Scheingraber, S, Rehm, M, Sehmisch, C, Finsterer, U. Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1265–70.Google Scholar
Waters, JH, Miller, LR, Clack, S, Kim, JV. Cause of metabolic acidosis in prolonged surgery. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 2142–6.Google Scholar
Prough, DS, Bidani, A. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis is a predictable consequence of intraoperative infusion of 0.9% saline. Anesthesiology 1999; 90: 1247–9.Google Scholar
Morgan, TJ. The ideal crystalloid – what is ‘balanced’? Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 4: 299307.Google Scholar
Morgan, TJ, Venkatesh, B. Designing ‘balanced’ crystalloids. Crit Care Resusc 2003; 5: 284–91.Google Scholar
Omron, EM. Omron RM. A physicochemical model of crystalloid infusion on acid–base status. J Intensive Care Med 2010; 25: 271–80.Google Scholar
Zander, R. Fluid Management. 2nd edn. http://www.bbraun.com/documents/Knowledge/Fluid_Management_0110.pdf (accessed 14 April 2015).Google Scholar
Watanabe, I, Mayumi, T, Arishima, T, et al. Hyperlactaemia can predict the prognosis after liver resection. Shock 2007; 28: 35–8.Google Scholar
Jansen, TC, van Bommel, J, Bakker, J. Blood lactate monitoring in critically ill patients: a systematic health technology assessment. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2827–39.Google Scholar
Kveim, M, Nesbakken, R, Bakker, J, et al. Serial blood lactate levels can predict the development of multiple organ failure following septic shock. Am J Surg 1996; 171: 221–6.Google Scholar
Nakatani, T. Utilization of exogenous acetate during canine haemorrhagic shock. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979; 39: 653–8.Google Scholar
Mudge, GH, Manning, JA, Gilman, A. Sodium acetate as a source of fixed base. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1949; 71: 136–8.Google Scholar
Hamada, T, Yamamoto, M, Nakamura, K, et al. The pharmacokinetics of D-lactate, L-lactate and acetate in humans. Masui 1997; 46: 229–36.Google Scholar
McCague, A, Dermendjieva, M, Hutchinson, R, Wong, DT, Dao, N. Sodium acetate infusion in critically ill trauma patients for hyperchloremic acidosis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2011; 19: 24.Google Scholar
Skutches, CL, Holroyde, CP, Myers, RN, et al. Plasma acetate turnover and oxidation. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 708–13.Google Scholar
Akanji, AO, Bruce, MA, Frayn, KN. Effect of acetate infusion on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr 1989; 43: 107–15.Google Scholar
Akanji, AO, Hockaday, TDR. Acetate tolerance and the kinetics of acetate utilization in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51: 112–18.Google Scholar
Thomas, DJ, Alberti, KG. Hyperglycaemic effects of Hartmann's solution during surgery in patients with maturity onset diabetes. Br J Anaesth 1978; 50: 185–8.Google Scholar
Arai, K, Mukaida, K, Fujioka, Y, et al. A comparative study of acetated Ringer's solution and lactated Ringer's solution as intraoperative fluids. Hiroshima J Anesth 1989; 25: 357–63.Google Scholar
Naylor, JM, Forsyth, GW. The alkalinizing effects of metabolizable bases in the healthy calf. Can J Vet Res 1986; 50: 509–16.Google Scholar
Kirkendol, PL, Starrs, J, Gonzalez, FM. The effect of acetate, lactate, succinate and gluconate on plasma pH and electrolytes in dogs. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1980; 26: 323–7.Google Scholar
Coll, E, Perez-Garcia, R, Rodriguez-Benitez, P, et al. Clinical and analytical changes in hemodialysis without acetate. Nefrologia 2007; 27: 742–8.Google Scholar
Bottger, I, Deuticke, U, Evertz-Prusse, E, Ross, BD, Wieland, O. On the behavior of the free acetate in the miniature pig. Acetate metabolism in the miniature pig. Z Gesamte Exp Med 1968; 145: 346–52.Google Scholar
Fournier, G, Potier, J, Thebaud, HE, et al. Substitution of acetic acid for hydrochloric acid in the bicarbonate buffered dialysate. Artif Organs 1998; 22: 608–13.Google Scholar
Kirkendol, NW, Gonzalez, FM, Devia, CJ. Cardiac and vascular effects of infused sodium acetate in dogs. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1978; 24: 714–18.Google Scholar
Thaha, M, Yogiantoro, M, Soewanto, P. Correlation between intradialytic hypotension in patients undergoing routine hemodialysis and use of acetate compared in bicarbonate dialysate. Acta Med Indones 2005; 37: 145–8.Google Scholar
Veech, RL, Gitomer, WL. The medical and metabolic consequences of administration of sodium acetate. Adv Enzyme Regul 1988; 27: 313–43.Google Scholar
Quebbeman, EJ, Maierhofer, WJ, Piering, WF. Mechanisms producing hypoxemia during hemodialysis. Crit Care Med 1984; 12: 359–63.Google Scholar
Selby, NM, Fluck, RJ, Taal, MW, McIntyre, CW. Effects of acetate-free double-chamber hemodiafiltration and standard dialysis on systemic hemodynamics and troponin T levels. ASAIO J 2006; 52: 62–9.Google Scholar
Jacob, AD, Elkins, N, Reiss, OK, Chan, L, Shapiro, JI. Effects of acetate on energy metabolism and function in the isolated perfused rat heart. Kidney Int 1997; 52: 755–60.Google Scholar
Nitenberg, A, Huyghebaert, MF, Blanchet, F, Amiel, C. Analysis of increased myocardial contractility during sodium acetate infusion in humans. Kidney Int 1984; 26: 744–51.Google Scholar
McCluskey, SA, Karkouti, K, Wijeysundera, D, et al. Hyperchloremia after noncardiac surgery is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality: a propensity-matched cohort study. Anesth Analg 2013; 117: 412–21.Google Scholar
Yunos, NM, Bellomo, R, Hegarty, C, et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs. chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012; 308: 1566–72.Google Scholar
Krajewski, ML, Raghunathan, K, Paluszkiewicz, SM, Schermer, CR, Shaw, AD. Meta-analysis of high- versus low-chloride content in perioperative and critical care fluid resuscitation. Br J Surg 2015; 102: 2436.Google Scholar
Wilcox, CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 726–35.Google Scholar
Salomonsson, M, Gonzalez, E, Kornfeld, M, Persson, AE. The cytosolic chloride concentration in macula densa and cortical thick ascending limb cells. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 147: 305–13.Google Scholar
Hashimoto, S, Kawata, T, Schnermann, J, Koike, T. Chloride channel blockade attenuates the effect of angiotensin II on tubuloglomerular feedback in WKY but not spontaneously hypertensive rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2004; 27: 3542.Google Scholar
Bullivant, EM, Wilcox, CS, Welch, WJ. Intrarenal vasoconstriction during hyperchloremia: role of thromboxane. Am J Physiol 1989; 256: F152–7.Google Scholar
Zhou, F, Peng, ZY, Bishop, JV, et al. Effects of fluid resuscitation with 0.9% saline versus a balanced electrolyte solution on acute kidney injury in a rat model of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: e270–8.Google Scholar
Guidet, B, Soni, N, Della Rocca, G, et al. A balanced view of balanced solutions. Crit Care 2010; 14: 325.Google Scholar
McCloughlin, PD, Bell, DA. Hartmann's Solution – osmolality and lactate. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38: 1135–6.Google Scholar
Schumann, R, Mandell, S, Michaels, MD, Klinck, J, Walia, A. Intraoperative fluid and pharmacologic management and the anesthesiologist's supervisory role for nontraditional technologies during liver transplantation: a survey of US academic centers. Transplant Proc 2013; 45: 2258–62.Google Scholar
Mukhtar, A, Aboulfetouh, F, Obayah, G, et al. The safety of modern hydroxyethyl starch in living donor liver transplantation: a comparison with human albumin. Anesth Analg 2009; 109: 924–30.Google Scholar
Zhou, ZB, Shao, XX, Yang, XY, et al. Influence of hydroxyethyl starch on renal function after orthotopic liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2015; 47: 1616–19.Google Scholar
Hand, WR, Whiteley, JR, Epperson, TI, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch and acute kidney injury in orthotopic liver transplantation: a single-center retrospective review. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 619–26.Google Scholar
Bagshaw, SM, Chawla, LS. Hydroxyethyl starch for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Can J Anaesth 2013; 60: 709–13.Google Scholar
Haase, N, Perner, A. Hydroxyethyl starch for resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 19: 321–5.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.Google Scholar
Perner, A, Haase, N, Guttormsen, AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.Google Scholar
Haase, N, Perner, A, Hennings, LI, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38–0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 2013; 346: 839.Google Scholar
Zarychanski, R, Abou-Setta, AM, Turgeon, AF, et al. Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013; 309: 678–88.Google Scholar
Perel, P, Roberts, I, Ker, K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 28: CD000567.Google Scholar
Ma, PL, Peng, XX, Du, B, et al. Sources of heterogeneity in trials reporting hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or 0.42 associated excess mortality in septic patients: a systematic review and meta-regression. Chin Med J 2015; 128: 2374–82.Google Scholar
Dart, AB, Mutter, TC, Ruth, CA, Taback, SP. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 20: CD007594.Google Scholar
Mutter, TC, Ruth, CA, Dart, AB. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 7: CD007594.Google Scholar
Niemi, TT, Suojaranta-Ylinen, RT, Kukkonen, SI, Kuitunen, AH. Gelatin and hydroxyethyl starch, but not albumin, impair hemostasis after cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 9981006.Google Scholar
Konrad, C, Markl, T, Schuepfer, G, Gerber, H, Tschopp, M. The effects of in vitro hemodilution with gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and lactated Ringer's solution on markers of coagulation: an analysis using SONOCLOT. Anesth Analg 1999; 88: 483–8.Google Scholar
Hartog, CS, Reuter, D, Loesche, W, Hofmann, M, Reinhart, K. Influence of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 on hemostasis as measured by viscoelastic device analysis: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37: 1725–37.Google Scholar
Casutt, M, Kristoffy, A, Schuepfer, G, Spahn, DR, Konrad, C. Effects on coagulation of balanced (130/0.42) and non-balanced (130/0.4) hydroxyethyl starch or gelatin compared with balanced Ringer's solution: an in vitro study using two different viscoelastic coagulation tests ROTEM™ and SONOCLOT™. Br J Anaesth 2010; 105: 273–81.Google Scholar
Demir, A, Aydınlı, B, Toprak, HI, et al. Impact of 6% starch 130/0.4 and 4% gelatin infusion on kidney function in living-donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2015; 47: 1883–9.Google Scholar
Thomas-Rueddel, DO, Vlasakov, V, Reinhart, K, et al. Safety of gelatin for volume resuscitation – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38: 1134–42.Google Scholar
Victorian Consultative Council on Anaesthetic Mortality and Morbidity. 10th Report of the Victorian Consultative Council on Anaesthetic Mortality and Morbidity, May 2011, Melbourne, Victoria: Department of Health. http://www.health.vic.gov.au/vccamm/vccamm-reports.htm (accessed 21 June 2015).Google Scholar
Jacob, M, Paul, O, Mehringer, L, et al. Albumin augmentation improves condition of guinea pig hearts after 4 hr of cold ischemia. Transplantation 2009; 87: 956–65.Google Scholar
Kozar, RA, Peng, Z, Zhang, R, et al. Plasma restoration of endothelial glycocalyx in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 1289–95.Google Scholar
Dawidson, IJ, Sandor, ZF, Coorpender, J, et al. Intraoperative albumin administration affects the outcome of cadaver renal transplantation. Transplantation 1992; 53: 774–82.Google Scholar
Pockaj, BA, Yang, JC, Lotze, MT, et al. A prospective randomized trial evaluating colloid versus crystalloid resuscitation in the treatment of the vascular leak syndrome associated with interleukin-2 therapy. J Immunother Tumor Immunol 1994; 15: 22–8.Google Scholar
Stevens, AP, Hlady, V, Dull, RO. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy can probe albumin dynamics inside lung endothelial glycocalyx. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293: L328–35.Google Scholar
Wiedermann, CJ, Joannidis, M. Nephroprotective potential of human albumin infusion: a narrative review. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015; 2015: 912839.Google Scholar
Finfer, S. Reappraising the role of albumin for resuscitation. Curr Opin Crit Care 2013; 19: 315–20.Google Scholar
The SAFE Study Investigators. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 874–84.Google Scholar
Caironi, P, Tognoni, G, Masson, S, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1412–21.Google Scholar
Patel, A, Laffan, MA, Waheed, U, Brett, SJ. Randomised trials of human albumin for adults with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of all-cause mortality. BMJ 2014; 349: g4561.Google Scholar
Raghunathan, K, Shaw, A, Nathanson, B, et al. Association between the choice of IV crystalloid and in-hospital mortality among critically ill adults with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2014; 42: 1585–91.Google Scholar
Shaw, AD, Perner, SM, Goldstein, SL, et al. Major complications, mortality, and resource utilization after open abdominal surgery: 0.9% saline compared to Plasma-Lyte. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 821–9.Google Scholar
Orbegozo Cortés, D, Rayo Bonor, A, Vincent, JL. Isotonic crystalloid solutions: a structured review of the literature. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 968–81.Google Scholar
O'Malley, CM, Frumento, RJ, Hardy, MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactated Ringer's solution and 0.9% NaCl during renal transplantation. Anesth Analg 2005; 100: 1518–24.Google Scholar
Hadimioglu, N, Saadawy, I, Saglam, T, Ertug, Z, Dinckan, A. The effect of different crystalloid solutions on acid–base balance and early kidney function after kidney transplantation. Anesth Analg 2008; 107: 264–9.Google Scholar
Khajavi, MR, Etezadi, F, Moharari, RS, et al. Effects of normal saline vs. lactated Ringer's during renal transplantation. Ren Fail 2008; 30: 535–9.Google Scholar
Kim, SY, Huh, KH, Lee, JR, et al. Comparison of the effects of normal saline versus Plasmalyte on acid–base balance during living donor kidney transplantation using the Stewart and base excess methods. Transplant Proc 2013; 45: 2191–6.Google Scholar
Potura, E, Lindner, G, Biesenbach, P, et al. An acetate-buffered balanced crystalloid versus 0.9% saline in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing cadaveric renal transplantation: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2015; 120: 123–9.Google Scholar
Schnuelle, P, Johannes van der Woude, F. Perioperative fluid management in renal transplantation: a narrative review of the literature. Transpl Int 2006; 19: 947–59.Google Scholar
Legendre, C, Thervet, E, Page, B, et al. Hydroxyethylstarch and osmotic-nephrosis-like lesions in kidney transplantation. Lancet 1993; 342: 248–9.Google Scholar
Cittanova, ML, Leblanc, I, Legendre, C, et al. Effect of hydroxyethylstarch in brain-dead kidney donors on renal function in kidney-transplant recipients. Lancet 1996; 348: 1620.Google Scholar
Bernard, C, Alain, M, Simone, C, Xavier, M, Jean-Francois, M. Hydroxyethylstarch and osmotic nephrosis-like lesions in kidney transplants. Lancet 1996; 348: 1595.Google Scholar
Baron, JF. Adverse effects of colloids on renal function. In: Vincent, JL, ed. Yearbook of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine. Berlin: Springer, 2000: 486–93.Google Scholar
Patel, MS, Niemann, CU, Sally, MB, et al. The impact of hydroxyethyl starch use in deceased organ donors on the development of delayed graft function in kidney transplant recipients: a propensity-adjusted analysis. Am J Transplant 2015; 15: 2152–8.Google Scholar

References

Shenkin, HA, Bezier, HS, Bouzarth, WF. Restricted fluid intake. Rational management of the neurosurgical patient. J Neurosurg 1976; 45: 432–6.Google Scholar
Perel, P, Roberts, I, Ker, K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2: CD000567.Google Scholar
Tommasino, C. Fluids in the neurosurgical patient. Anesthesiology Clin N Am 2002; 20: 32946.Google Scholar
Perel, A, Pizov, R, Cotev, S. Respiratory variations in the arterial pressure during mechanical ventilation reflect volume status and fluid responsiveness. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40: 798807.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, M, Feibicke, T, Keyl, C, et al. Accuracy of stroke volume variation compared with pleth variability index to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients undergoing major surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27: 555–61.Google Scholar
Prabhakar, H, Singh, GP, Anand, V, Kalaivani, M. Mannitol versus hypertonic saline for brain relaxation in patients undergoing craniotomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 7: CD010026.Google Scholar
Xia, J, He, Z, Cao, X, et al. The brain relaxation and cerebral metabolism in stroke-volume variation-directed fluid therapy during supratentorial tumor resection: crystalloid solution versus colloid solution. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2014; 26: 3207.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, GM, Macdonald, RL. The effects of fluid balance and colloid administration on outcomes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a propensity score-matched analysis. Neurocrit Care 2013; 19: 1409.Google Scholar
Dankbaar, JW, Slooter, AJ, Rinkel, GJ, Schaaf, IC. Effect of different components of triple-H therapy on cerebral perfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic review. Crit Care 2010; 14: R23.Google Scholar
Roquilly, A, Loutrel, O, Cinotti, R, et al. Balanced versus chloride-rich solutions for fluid resuscitation in brain-injured patients: a randomised double-blind pilot study. Crit Care 2013; 17: R77.Google Scholar
Lehmann, L, Bendel, S, Uehlinger, DE, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of the effect of fluid composition on electrolyte, acid–base, and fluid homeostasis in patients early after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2013; 18: 512.Google Scholar
Verbalis, JG. Management of disorders of water metabolism in patients with pituitary tumors. Pituitary 2002; 5: 119–32.Google Scholar
SAFE Study Investigators. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 87484.Google Scholar
Simma, B, Burger, R, Falk, M, Sacher, P, Fanconi, S. A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated Ringer's solution versus hypertonic saline. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1265–70.Google Scholar
Van Aken, HK, Kampmeier, TG, Ertmer, C, Westphal, M. Fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury: what is a SAFE approach? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012; 25: 5635.Google Scholar
Tan, PG, Cincotta, M, Clavisi, O, et al. Prehospital fluid management in traumatic brain injury. Emerg Med Australas 2011; 23: 66576.Google Scholar
Zheng, F, Cammisa, FP, Sandhu, HS, Girardi, FP, Khan, SN. Factors predicting hospital stay, operative time, blood loss and transfusion in patients undergoing revision posterior lumbar spine decompression, fusion, and segmental instrumentation. Spine 2002; 15: 81824.Google Scholar
Siemionow, K, Cywinski, J, Kusza, K, Lieberman, I. Intraoperative fluid therapy and pulmonary complications. Orthopedics 2012; 35: e18491.Google Scholar

References

Perel, P, Roberts, I, Ker, K. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2: CD000567.Google Scholar
Reinhart, K, Perner, A, Sprung, CL, et al. Consensus statement of the ESICM task force on colloid volume therapy in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38: 368–83.Google Scholar
Finfer, S, Bette, L, Colman, T, et al. Resuscitation fluid use in critically ill adults: an international cross sectional study in 391 intensive care units. Crit Care 2010; 14: R185.Google Scholar
Singer, M. Management of fluid balance: a European perspective. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012; 25: 96101.Google Scholar
Vincent, JL, De Backer, D. Circulatory shock. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1726–34.Google Scholar
Michard, F, Teboul, JL. Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence. Chest 2002; 121: 2000–8.Google Scholar
Weil, MH, Shubin, H. Proposed reclassification of shock states with special reference to distributive defects. Adv Exp Med Biol 1971; 23: 1323.Google Scholar
Schlichtig, R, Kramer, D, Pinsky, MR. Flow redistribution during progressive hemorrhage is a determinant of critical O2 delivery. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 169–78.Google Scholar
Asfar, P, Meziani, F, Hamel, JF, et al. High versus low blood pressure target in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1583–93.Google Scholar
Vallet, B, Pinsky, MR, Cecconi, M. Resuscitation of patients with septic shock: please “Mind the Gap”! Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 1653–5.Google Scholar
Woodcock, TE, Woodcock, TM. Revised Starling equation and the glycocalyx model of transvascular fluid exchange: an improved paradigm for prescribing intravenous fluid therapy. Br J Anaesth 2012; 108: 384–94.Google Scholar
Clough, G. Relationship between microvascular permeability and ultrastructure. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1991; 55: 4769.Google Scholar
Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, Boyce, N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247–56.Google Scholar
Cecconi, M, De Backer, D, Antonelli, M, et al. Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring, Task Force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 2014; 49: 1795–815.Google Scholar
Severs, D, Hoorn, EJ, Rookmaaker, MB. A critical appraisal of intravenous fluids: from the physiological basis to clinical evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 10: 110.Google Scholar
Gillies, MA, Habicher, M, Jhanji, S, et al. Incidence of postoperative death and acute kidney injury associated with i.v. 6% hydroxyethyl starch use: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 2013; 112: 2534.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Mythen, MG. Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1243–51.Google Scholar
Chowdhury, AH, Cox, EF, Francis, ST, et al. A randomized, controlled, double-blind crossover study on the effects of 2-L infusion of 0.9% saline and Plasma-Lyte(R) 148 on renal blood flow velocity and renal cortical tissue perfusion in healthy volunteers. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 1824.Google Scholar
Yunos, NM, Bellomo, R, Hegarty, C, et al. Association between a chloride liberal versus chloride restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA 2012; 308: 1566–72.Google Scholar
Wiedermann, CJ, Joannidis, M. Accumulation of hydroxyethyl starch in human and animal tissues: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med 2014; 40: 160–70.Google Scholar
Christidis, C, Mal, F, Ramos, J, et al. Worsening of hepatic dysfunction as a consequence of repeated hydroxyethyl starch infusion. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 726–32.Google Scholar
Bork, K. Pruritus precipitated by hydroxyethyl starch: a review. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152: 312.Google Scholar
Perner, A, Haase, N, Guttormsen, AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 124–34.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.Google Scholar
Bagshaw, SM, Chawla, LS. Hydroxyethyl starch for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Can J Anaesth 2013; 60: 709–13.Google Scholar
Mutter, TC, Ruth, CA, Dart, AB. Hydroxyethyl starch versus other fluid therapies: effect on kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 7: CD007594.Google Scholar
Zarychanski, R, Abou-Setta, AM, Turgeon, AF, et al. Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013; 309: 678–88.Google Scholar
Serpa, Neto A, Veelo, D, Peireira, VG, et al. Fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starches in patients with sepsis associated with an increased incidence of acute kidney injury and use of renal replacement therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Crit Care 2014; 29: 185e1–7.Google Scholar
Thomas-Rueddel, DO, Vlasakov, V, Reinhart, K, et al. Safety of gelatin for volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2012; 38: 1134–42.Google Scholar
Rochwerg, B, Alhazzani, W, Sindi, A, et al. Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014; 161: 347–55.Google Scholar
Gattas, JD, Dan, A, Myburgh, J, et al. Fluid resuscitation with 6% hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4 and 130/0.42) in acutely ill patients: systematic review of effects on mortality and treatment with renal replacement therapy. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 558–68.Google Scholar
Haase, N, Perner, A, Hennings, LI, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.38–0.45 versus crystalloid or albumin in patients with sepsis: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. BMJ 2013; 346: f839.Google Scholar
Caironi, P, Tognoni, G, Masson, S, et al. Albumin replacement in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1412–21.Google Scholar
SAFE Study Investigators. Impact of albumin compared to saline on organ function and mortality of patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2011; 37: 8696.Google Scholar
Annane, D, Siami, S, Jaber, S, et al. Effects of fluid resuscitation with colloids vs. crystalloids on mortality in critically ill patients presenting with hypovolemic shock: the CRISTAL trial. JAMA 2013; 310: 1809–17.Google Scholar
Boyd, JH, Forbes, J, Nakada, T, et al. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 2011; 39: 259–65.Google Scholar
Hamilton, MA, Cecconi, M, Rhodes, A. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of preemptive hemodynamic intervention to improve postoperative outcomes in moderate and high-risk surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2011; 112: 1392–402.Google Scholar
The ARISE Investigators and the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1496–506.Google Scholar
Marik, PE, Cavalazzi, R, Vasu, T. Stroke volume variations and fluid responsiveness. A systematic review of literature. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2642–7.Google Scholar
Dellinger, RP, Levy, MM, Rhodes, A, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med 2013; 39: 165228.Google Scholar
Yealy, DM, Kellum, JA, Huang, DT, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 1683–93.Google Scholar
Mouncey, PR, Osborn, TM, Power, GS, et al. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1301–11.Google Scholar
Marik, PE, Lemson, J. Fluid responsiveness: an evolution of our understanding. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112: 617–20.Google Scholar
Bartels, K, Thiele, RH, Gan, TJ. Rational fluid management in today's ICU. Crit Care 2013; 17: S6.Google Scholar
Cecconi, M, Corredor, C, Arulkumaran, N, et al. Clinical review: goal-directed therapy-what is the evidence in surgical patients? The effect on different risk groups. Crit Care 2013; 17: 209.Google Scholar
Marik, PE, Monnet, X, Teboul, JL. Hemodynamic parameters to guide fluid therapy. Ann Intensive Care 2011; 1: 1.Google Scholar
Noblett, SE, Snowden, CP, Shenton, BK, et al. Randomized clinical trial assessing the effect of Doppler-optimized fluid management on outcome after elective colorectal resection. Br J Surg 2006; 93: 1069–76.Google Scholar
Feldheiser, A, Pavlova, V, Bonomo, T, et al. Balanced crystalloid compared with balanced colloid solution using a goal-directed haemodynamic algorithm. Br J Anaesth 2013; 110: 231–40.Google Scholar

References

Rivers, E, Nguyen, B, Havstad, S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1368–77.Google Scholar
Levy, MM, Fink, MP, Marshall, JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 1250–6.Google Scholar
Brandstrup, B, Tonnesen, H, Beier-Holgersen, R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 641–8.Google Scholar
Joshi, GP. Intraoperative fluid restriction improves outcome after major elective gastrointestinal surgery. Anesth Analg 2005; 101: 601–5.Google Scholar
Strom, T, Martinussen, T, Toft, P. A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial. Lancet 2010; 375: 475–80.Google Scholar
Cuthbertson, DP. Post-shock metabolic response. Lancet 1942; i: 433–47.Google Scholar
Mouncey, PR, Osborn, TM, Power, S, et al. Trial of early goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1301–11.Google Scholar
Kern, JW, Shoemaker, WC. Meta-analysis of hemodynamic optimization in high-risk patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30: 1686–92.Google Scholar
Hiltebrand, LB, Krejci, V, tenHoevel, ME, Banic, A, Sigurdsson, GH. Redistribution of microcirculatory blood flow within the intestinal wall during sepsis and general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 2003; 98: 658–69.Google Scholar
Trzeciak, S, McCoy, JV, Phillip, DR, et al. Early increases in microcirculatory perfusion during protocol-directed resuscitation are associated with reduced multi-organ failure at 24 hours in patients with sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 2210–17.Google Scholar
Rivers, EP, Kruse, JA, Jacobsen, G, et al. The influence of early hemodynamic optimization on biomarker patterns of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 2016–24.Google Scholar
Durairaj, L, Schmidt, GA. Fluid therapy in resuscitated sepsis: less is more. Chest 2008; 133: 252–63.Google Scholar
Wiedemann, HP, Wheeler, AP, Bernard, GR, et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2564–75.Google Scholar
Dellinger, RP, Levy, MM, Rhodes, , et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including The Pediatric Subgroup. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013; 41: 580637.Google Scholar
Velanovich, V. Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation: a meta-analysis of mortality. Surgery 1989; 105: 6571.Google Scholar
Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, Boyce, N, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2247–56.Google Scholar
Trof, RJ, Sukul, SP, Twisk, JW, Girbes, AR, Groeneveld, AB. Greater cardiac response of colloid than saline fluid loading in septic and non-septic critically ill patients with clinical hypovolaemia. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 697701.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, et al. CHEST Investigators; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.Google Scholar
Rao, SV, Jollis, JG, Harrington, RA, et al. Relationship of blood transfusion and clinical outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2004; 292: 1555–62.Google Scholar
Hebert, PC, Wells, G, Blajchman, MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 409–17.Google Scholar
Vincent, JL, Baron, JF, Reinhart, K, et al. Anemia and blood transfusion in critically ill patients. JAMA 2002; 288: 1499–507.Google Scholar
Holst, LB, Haase, N, Wetterslev, J, et al. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 381–91.Google Scholar
Michard, F, Teboul, JL. Predicting fluid responsiveness in ICU patients: a critical analysis of the evidence. Chest 2002; 121: 2000–8.Google Scholar
Antonelli, M, Levy, M, Andrews, PJ, et al. Hemodynamic monitoring in shock and implications for management. International Consensus Conference, Paris, France, 27–28 April 2006. Intensive Care Med 2007; 33: 575–90.Google Scholar
De Backer, D, Biston, P, Devriendt, J, et al. Comparison of dopamine and norepinephrine in the treatment of shock. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 779–89.Google Scholar
Hinder, F, Stubbe, HD, Van, AH, et al. Early multiple organ failure after recurrent endotoxemia in the presence of vasoconstrictor-masked hypovolemia. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 903–9.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Higgins, A, Jovanovska, A, et al. A comparison of epinephrine and norepinephrine in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 2226–34.Google Scholar

References

Barcroft, H, Edholm, OG, McMichael, J, Sharpey-Schafer, EF. Posthaemorrhagic fainting; study by cardiac output and forearm flow. Lancet 1944; 1: 489–91.Google Scholar
Gordh, T. Postural circulatory and respiratory changes during ether and intravenous anesthesia. Acta Chir Scand 1945; Suppl. 92.Google Scholar
Jenstrup, M, Ejlersen, E, Mogensen, T, Secher, NH. A maximal central venous oxygen saturation (SvO2max) for the surgical patient. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39 (Suppl. 107): 2932.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Jørgensen, CC, Secher, NH, Kehlet, H. Functional intravascular volume deficit in patients before surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 464–9.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Secher, NH, Kehlet, H. “Liberal” vs. “restrictive” perioperative fluid therapy – a critical assessment of the evidence. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 843–51.Google Scholar
Cushing, HW. On routine determination of arterial tension in operating room and clinic. Boston Med Surg J 1903; 148: 250–6.Google Scholar
Schadt, JC, Ludbrook, J. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral responses to acute hypovolaemia in conscious animals. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: H305–18.Google Scholar
Krantz, T, Laurizen, T, Cai, Y, Warberg, J, Secher, NH. Accurate monitoring of a blood loss: thoracic electrical impedance during haemorrhage in the pig. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 598604.Google Scholar
Perko, M, Jarnvig, IL, Højgaard-Rasmussen, N, Eliasen, K, Arendrup, H. Electric impedance for evaluation of body fluid balance in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2001; 15: 44–8.Google Scholar
Beecher, HK. Resuscitation and Anesthesia for Wounded Men. The Management of Traumatic Shock. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1949.Google Scholar
Wiggers, CJ. Physiology of Shock. New York: The Commonwealth Fund, 1950.Google Scholar
Secher, NH, Pawelczyk, JA, Ludbrook, J (eds.) Blood Loss and Shock. London: Edward Arnold, 1994.Google Scholar
Secher, NH, Jacobsen, J, Friedman, DB, Matzen, S. Bradycardia during reversible hypovolaemic shock: associated neural reflex mechanisms and clinical implications. Clin Exp Pharm Physiol 1992; 19: 733–43.Google Scholar
Brøndum, E, Hasenkam, JM, Secher, NH, et al. Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetised giraffe. Am J Physiol 2009; 297: R1058–65.Google Scholar
Pedersen, M, Madsen, P, Klokker, M, Olesen, HL, Secher, NH. Sympathetic influence on cardiovascular responses to sustained head-up tilt in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 155: 435–44.Google Scholar
Murrell, C, Cotter, JD, George, K, et al. Influence of age on syncope following prolonged exercise: differential responses but similar orthostatic intolerance. J Physiol 2009; 587: 5959–69.Google Scholar
Murray, RH, Thomson, LJ, Bowers, JA, Albreight, CD. Hemodynamic effects of graded vasodepressor syncope induced by lower body negative pressure. Am Heart J 1968; 76: 799811.Google Scholar
Sander-Jensen, K, Secher, NH, Astrup, A, et al. Hypotension induced by passive head-up tilt: endocrine and circulatory mechanisms. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: R742–8.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, TN, Jost, CMT, Converse, RL, Victor, RG. Cardiovascular sensors: the bradycardic phase in hypovolaemic shock. In: Secher, NH, Pawelczyk, JA, Ludbrook, J. Blood Loss and Shock, eds. London: Edward Arnold, 1994: 310.Google Scholar
Matzen, S, Secher, NH, Knigge, U, Bach, FW, Warberg, J. Pituitary-adrenal responses to head-up tilt in humans: effect of H1- and H2- receptor blockade. Am J Physiol 1992; 263: R156–63.Google Scholar
Sander-Jensen, K, Secher, NH, Bie, P, Warberg, J, Schwartz, TW. Vagal slowing of the heart during haemorrhage: observations from 20 consecutive hypotensive patients. Br Med J 1986; 292: 364–6.Google Scholar
Mair, RV. Hypovolemic shock. In: Fauci, AS, Braunwald, E, Kasper, DL, et al., eds. Harrison's Online. 17th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.Google Scholar
Secher, NH, Bie, P. Bradycardia during reversible haemorrhagic shock – a forgotten observation? Clin Physiol 1985; 5: 315–23.Google Scholar
Guarini, S, Cainazzo, MM, Giuliani, D, et al. Adrenocorticotropin reverses hemorrhagic shock in anesthetized rats through the rapid activation of a vagal anti-inflammatory pathway. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 63: 357–65.Google Scholar
Sawdon, M, Ohnishi, M, Little, RA, Kirkman, E. Naloxone does not inhibit the injury-induced attenuation of the response to severe haemorrhage in the anaesthetized rat. Exp Physiol 2009; 94: 641–7.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, J, Hansen, OB, Sztuk, F, Warberg, J, Secher, NH. Enhanced heart rate response to haemorrhage by ileus in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 149: 293301.Google Scholar
Ogoh, S, Volianitis, S, Raven, PB, Secher, NH. Carotid baroreflex function ceases during vasovagal syncope. Clin Auton Res 2004; 14: 30–3.Google Scholar
Bie, P, Secher, NH, Astrup, A, Warberg, J. Cardiovascular and endocrine responses to head-up tilt and vasopressin infusion in man. Am J Physiol 1986; 251: R735–41.Google Scholar
Sander-Jensen, K, Secher, NH, Astrup, A, et al. Angiotensin II attenuates reflex decrease in heart rate and sympathetic activity in man. Clin Physiol 1988; 8: 3140.Google Scholar
Abrahamsson, H, Thorén, P. Vomiting and reflex vagal relaxation of the stomach elicited from heart receptors in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1973; 88: 822.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Holte, K, Secher, NH, Kehlet, H. Monitoring of perioperative fluid administration by individualized goal-directed therapy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2007; 51: 331–40.Google Scholar
Öberg, B, White, S. The role of vagal cardiac nerves and arterial baroreceptors in the circulatory adjustments to hemorrhage in the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1970; 80: 395403.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, J, Søfelt, S, Fernandes, A, et al. Reduced left ventricular size at onset of bradycardia during epidural anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992; 36: 831–6.Google Scholar
Morita, H, Vatner, SF. Effects of hemorrhage on renal nerve activity in conscious dogs. Circ Res 1985; 57: 788–93.Google Scholar
Jacobsen, J, Secher, NH. Heart rate during haemorrhagic shock. Clin Physiol 1992; 12: 659–66.Google Scholar
Matzen, S, Perko, GE, Groth, S, Friedman, DB, Secher, NH. Blood volume distribution during head-up tilt induced central hypovolaemia in man. Clin Physiol 1991; 11: 411–22.Google Scholar
van Lieshout, JJ, Harms, MPM, Pott, F, Jenstrup, M, Secher, NH. Stroke volume and central vascular pressures during tilt in humans. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1287–92.Google Scholar
Marik, PE, Baram, M, Vahid, B. Does central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? A systemic review of the literature and the tale of seven mares. Chest 2008; 134: 172–8.Google Scholar
Thys, DM, Hillel, Z, Goldman, ME, Mindich, BP, Kapland, JA. A comparison of hemodynamic indices derived by invasive monitoring and two-dimensional echocardiography. Anesthesiology 1987; 67: 630–4.Google Scholar
van Lieshout, JJ, Wieling, W, Karemaker, JM, Secher, NH. Syncope, cerebral perfusion and oxygenation. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 833–48.Google Scholar
Jans, Ø, Tollund, C, Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, et al. Goal-directed fluid therapy: stroke volume optimization and cardiac dimensions in healthy humans. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52: 536–40.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Sørensen, H, Dalsgaard, M, Rasmussen, P, Secher, NH. Relationship between stroke volume, cardiac output and filling of the heart during tilt. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53: 1324–8.Google Scholar
Bundgaard-Nielsen, M, Jørgensen, CC, Kehlet, H, Secher, NH. Normovolaemia defined according to cardiac stroke volume in healthy supine humans. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 30: 318–22.Google Scholar
Secher, NH, Volianitis, S. Are the arms and legs in competition for cardiac output? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1797–803.Google Scholar
Nissen, P, Pacino, H, Frederiksen, HJ, Novovic, S, Secher, NH. Near-infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of cerebral autoregulation during orthotopic liver transplantation. Neurocrit Care 2009; 11: 235–41.Google Scholar
Murkin, JM, Adams, SJ, Novick, RJ, et al. Monitoring brain oxygen saturation during coronary bypass surgery: a randomized, prospective study. Anesth Analg 2007; 104: 51–8.Google Scholar
Murkin, JM, Arango, M. Near-infrared spectroscopy as index of brain and tissue oxygenation. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103 (Suppl. 1): 313.Google Scholar
Snyder, EM, Beck, HC, Diez, NM, et al. Arg 16 Gly polymorphism of the β2-adrenergic receptor is associated with differences in cardiovascular function at rest and during exercise in humans. J Physiol 2006; 571: 121–30.Google Scholar
Krantz, T, Warberg, J, Secher, NH. Venous oxygen saturation during normovolaemic haemodilution in the pig. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2005; 49: 1149–56.Google Scholar
González-Alonso, J, Mortensen, S, Dawson, EA, et al. Erythrocyte and the regulation of human skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen delivery: role of erythrocyte count and oxygenation state of haemoglobin. J Physiol 2006; 572: 295305.Google Scholar
Zaar, M, Secher, NH, Johansson, PI, et al. Effects of a recombinant FVIIa analogue, NN1731, on blood loss and survival after liver trauma in the pig. Br J Anaesth 2009; 103: 840–7.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, KC, Johansson, PI, Højskov, M, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch reduces coagulation competence and increases blood loss during major surgery: results from a randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg 2014; 259: 249–54.Google Scholar
Johansson, PI, Ostrowski, SR, Secher, NH. Management of major blood loss: an update. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2010; 54: 1039–49.Google Scholar

References

Bickell, WH, Bruttig, SP, Wade, CE. Hemodynamic response to abdominal aortotomy in the anesthetized swine. Circ Shock 1989; 28: 321–32.Google Scholar
Bickell, WH, Bruttig, SP, Millnamow, GA, O´Benar, J, Wade, CE. The detrimental effects of intravenous crystalloid after aortotomy in swine. Surgery 1991; 110: 529–36.Google Scholar
Kowalenko, T, Stern, S, Dronen, S, Wang, X. Improved outcome with hypotensive resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock in a swine model. J Trauma 1992; 33: 349–53.Google Scholar
Stern, SA, Dronen, SC, Birrer, P, Wang, X. Effect of blood pressure on hemorrhage volume and survival in a near-fatal hemorrhage model incorporating a vascular injury. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 155–63.Google Scholar
Sondeen, JL, Coppes, VG, Holcomb, JB. Blood pressure at which rebleeding occurs after resuscitation in swine with aortic injury. J Trauma 2003; 54: S110–17.Google Scholar
Riddez, L, Johnson, L, Hahn, RG. Early hemodynamic changes during uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding. Eur Surg Res 1999; 31: 1925.Google Scholar
Riddez, L, Johnson, L, Hahn, RG. Central and regional hemodynamics during fluid therapy after uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding. J Trauma 1998; 44: 433–9.Google Scholar
Riddez, L, Hjelmqvist, H, Suneson, A, Hahn, RG. Short-term crystalloid fluid resuscitation in uncontrolled intra-abdominal bleeding in swine. Prehosp Disaster Med 1999; 14: 8792.Google Scholar
Riddez, L, Hahn, RG, Suneson, A, Hjelmqvist, H. Central and regional hemodynamics during uncontrolled bleeding using hypertonic saline dextran for resuscitation. Shock 1998; 10: 176–81.Google Scholar
Riddez, L, Drobin, D, Sjöstrand, F, Svensén, C, Hahn, RG. Lower dose of hypertonic-saline dextran reduces the risk of lethal rebleeding in uncontrolled hemorrhage. Shock 2002; 17: 377–82.Google Scholar
Li, T, Zhu, Y, Hu, Y, et al. Ideal permissive hypotension to resuscitate uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock and the tolerance time in rats. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 111–19.Google Scholar
Li, T, Zhu, Y, Fang, Y, Liu, L. Determination of the optimal mean arterial pressure for postbleeding resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Anesthesiology 2012; 116: 103–12.Google Scholar
Letourneau, PA, McManus, M, Sowards, K, et al. Aged plasma transfusion increases mortality in a rat model of uncontrolled hemorrhage. J Trauma 2011; 71: 1115–19.Google Scholar
Heinius, G, Hahn, RG, Sondén, A. Hypothermia increases re-bleeding during uncontrolled hemorrhage in the rat. Shock 2011; 36: 60–6.Google Scholar
Heinius, G, Sondén, A, Hahn, RG. Effects of different fluid regimes and desmopressin on uncontrolled hemorhage during hypothermia in the rat. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2012; 2: 5369.Google Scholar
Kehirabadi, BS, Crissey, JM, Deguzman, R, et al. Effects of synthetic versus natural colloid resuscitation on inducing dilutional coagulopathy and increasing hemorrhage in rabbits. J Trauma 2008; 64: 1218–28.Google Scholar
Sollevi, A. Hypotensive anesthesia and blood loss. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1988; 89: 3943.Google Scholar
Dutton, RP, Mackenzie, CF, Scalea, TM. Hypotensive resuscitation during active hemorrhage: impact on in hospital mortality. J Trauma 2002; 52: 1141–6.Google Scholar
Lechleuter, A, Lefering, R, Bouillon, B, et al. Prehospital detection of uncontrolled haemorrhage in blunt trauma. Eur J Emerg Med 1994; 1: 113.Google Scholar
Bickell, WH, Wall, MJ, Pepe, PE, et al. Immediate versus delayed resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1105–9.Google Scholar
Kramer, GC, Wade, CE, Prough, DS. Hypertonic saline dextran: efficacy and regulatory approval. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1998; 42: 141–4.Google Scholar
Bulger, EM, May, S, Brasel, KJ, et al. Out-of-hospital hypertonic resuscitation following severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010; 304: 1455–64.Google Scholar
James, MF. Place of the colloids in fluid resuscitation of the traumatized patient. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012; 25: 248–52.Google Scholar
Duchesne, JC, Hunt, JP, Wahl, G, et al. Review of current blood transfusions strategies in a mature level I trauma center: were we wrong for the last 60 years? J Trauma 2008; 65: 272–6.Google Scholar
Borgman, MA, Spinella, PC, Perkins, JG, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007; 63: 805–13.Google Scholar
Dutton, RP, Shih, D, Edelman, BB, Hess, JR, Scalea, TM. Safety of uncrossmatched Type-O red cells for resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma 2005; 59: 1445–9.Google Scholar

References

Herndon, D. Total Burn Care. 4th edn. Saunders, Elsevier; 2012.Google Scholar
Akerlund, E, Huss, FR, Sjoberg, F. Burns in Sweden: an analysis of 24,538 cases during the period 1987–2004. Burns 2007; 33(1): 31–6.Google Scholar
Engrav, LH, Heimbach, DM, Rivara, FP, et al. Harborview burns–1974 to 2009. PLoS One 2012; 7(7): e40086.Google Scholar
Galeiras, R. Critical care of the burn patient. Crit Care Med 2010; 38(4): 1225; author reply 1225–6.Google Scholar
Galeiras, R, Lorente, JA, Pertega, S, et al. A model for predicting mortality among critically ill burn victims. Burns 2009; 35(2): 201–9.Google Scholar
Baxter, CR. Sixth National Burn Seminar. Fluid therapy of burns. J Trauma 1967; 7(1): 6973.Google Scholar
Baxter, CR. Fluid volume and electrolyte changes of the early postburn period. Clin Plast Surg 1974; 1(4): 693703.Google Scholar
Lund, T, Wiig, H, Reed, RK. Acute postburn edema: role of strongly negative interstitial fluid pressure. Am J Physiol 1988; 255(5 Pt 2): H1069–74.Google Scholar
Lund, T, Wiig, H, Reed, RK, Aukland, K. A ‘new’ mechanism for oedema generation: strongly negative interstitial fluid pressure causes rapid fluid flow into thermally injured skin. Acta Physiol Scand 1987; 129(3): 433–5.Google Scholar
Vlachou, E, Gosling, P, Moiemen, NS. Microalbuminuria: a marker of endothelial dysfunction in thermal injury. Burns 2006; 32(8): 1009–16.Google Scholar
Vlachou, E, Gosling, P, Moiemen, NS. Microalbuminuria: a marker of systemic endothelial dysfunction during burn excision. Burns 2008; 34(2): 241–6.Google Scholar
Arturson, G. Pathophysiological aspects of the burn syndrome with special reference to liver injury and alterations of capillary permeability. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1961; Suppl 274: 1–135.Google Scholar
Ferrara, JJ, Franklin, EW, Choe, EU, et al. Serotonin receptors regulate canine regional vasodilator responses to burn. Crit Care Med 1995; 23(6): 1112–16.Google Scholar
Holliman, CJ, Meuleman, TR, Larsen, KR, et al. The effect of ketanserin, a specific serotonin antagonist, on burn shock hemodynamic parameters in a porcine burn model. J Trauma 1983; 23(10): 867–71.Google Scholar
Samuelsson, A, Abdiu, A, Wackenfors, A, Sjoberg, F. Serotonin kinetics in patients with burn injuries: a comparison between the local and systemic responses measured by microdialysis – a pilot study. Burns 2008; 34(5): 617–22.Google Scholar
Johansson, J, Backryd, E, Granerus, G, Sjoberg, F. Urinary excretion of histamine and methylhistamine after burns. Burns 2012; 38(7): 1005–9.Google Scholar
O'Mara, MS, Slater, H, Goldfarb, IW, Caushaj, PF. A prospective, randomized evaluation of intra-abdominal pressures with crystalloid and colloid resuscitation in burn patients. J Trauma 2005; 58(5): 1011–18.Google Scholar
Bak, Z, Sjoberg, F, Eriksson, O, Steinvall, I, Janerot-Sjoberg, B. Hemodynamic changes during resuscitation after burns using the Parkland formula. J Trauma 2009; 66(2): 329–36.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, F. The ‘Parkland protocol’ for early fluid resuscitation of burns: too little, too much, or…even…too late…? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2008; 52(6): 725–6.Google Scholar
Jeschke, MG, Kamolz, LP, Sjöberg, F, Wolf, SE (eds.) Handbook of Burns. 1st edn. Wien: Springer; 2012.Google Scholar
Matsuda, T, Tanaka, H, Hanumadass, M, et al. Effects of high-dose vitamin C administration on postburn microvascular fluid and protein flux. J Burn Care Rehabil 1992; 13(5): 560–6.Google Scholar
Matsuda, T, Tanaka, H, Yuasa, H, et al. The effects of high-dose vitamin C therapy on postburn lipid peroxidation. J Burn Care Rehabil 1993; 14(6): 624–9.Google Scholar
Tanaka, H, Lund, T, Wiig, H, et al. High dose vitamin C counteracts the negative interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and early edema generation in thermally injured rats. Burns 1999; 25(7): 569–74.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, DG. Burn resuscitation: the results of the ISBI/ABA survey. Burns 2010; 36(2): 176–82.Google Scholar
Saffle, JI. The phenomenon of “fluid creep” in acute burn resuscitation. J Burn Care Res 2007; 28(3): 382–95.Google Scholar
Oda, J, Yamashita, K, Inoue, T, et al. Resuscitation fluid volume and abdominal compartment syndrome in patients with major burns. Burns 2006; 32(2): 151–4.Google Scholar
Mackie, DP, Spoelder, EJ, Paauw, RJ, Knape, P, Boer, C. Mechanical ventilation and fluid retention in burn patients. J Trauma 2009; 67(6): 1233–8; discussion 1238.Google Scholar
Holm, C, Mayr, M, Tegeler, J, et al. A clinical randomized study on the effects of invasive monitoring on burn shock resuscitation. Burns 2004; 30(8): 798807.Google Scholar
Holm, C, Melcer, B, Horbrand, F, et al. Arterial thermodilution: an alternative to pulmonary artery catheter for cardiac output assessment in burn patients. Burns 2001; 27(2): 161–6.Google Scholar
Bak, Z, Sjoberg, F, Eriksson, O, Steinvall, I, Janerot-Sjoberg, B. Cardiac dysfunction after burns. Burns 2008; 34(5): 603–9.Google Scholar
Kjellman, BM, Fredrikson, M, Glad-Mattsson, G, Sjoberg, F, Huss, FR. Comparing ambient, air-convection, and fluid-convection heating techniques in treating hypothermic burn patients, a clinical RCT. Ann Surg Innov Res 2011; 5(1): 4.Google Scholar
Bechir, M, Puhan, MA, Fasshauer, M, et al. Early fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (6%) in severe burn injury: a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Crit Care 2013; 17(6): R299.Google Scholar

References

Stansbury, LG, Hess, JR. Putting the pieces together: Roger I. Lee and modern transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2005; 19: 81–4.Google Scholar
Cotton, BA, Guy, JS, JrMorris, JA, et al. The cellular, metabolic, and systemic consequences of aggressive fluid resuscitation strategies. Shock 2006; 26: 115–21.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Sharrock, NE, Kehlet, H. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of preoperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89: 622–32.Google Scholar
Gutelius, JR, Shizgal, HM, Lopez, G. The effect of trauma on extracellular water volume. Arch Surg 1968; 97: 206–14.Google Scholar
Nielsen, OM, Engell, HC. Extracellular fluid volume and distribution in relation to changes in plasma colloid osmotic pressure after major surgery. A randomized study. Acta Chir Scand 1985; 151: 221–5.Google Scholar
Virtue, RW, LeVine, DS, Aikawa, JK. Fluid shifts during the surgical period: RISA and S35 determinations following glucose, saline or lactate infusion. Ann Surg 1966; 63: 523–8.Google Scholar
Nielsen, OM, Engell, HC. The importance of plasma colloid osmotic pressure for interstitial fluid volume and fluid balance after elective abdominal vascular surgery. Ann Surg 1986; 203: 25–9.Google Scholar
Powers, KA, Zurawska, J, Szaszi, K, et al. Hypertonic resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock prevents alveolar macrophage activation by preventing systemic oxidative stress due to gut ischemia reperfusion. Surgery 2005; 137: 6674.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, G, Reines, HD, Wulf-Gutierrez, ME. Clinical review: hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care 2004; 8: 373–81.Google Scholar
Eastridge, BJ, Salinas, J, McManus, JG, et al. Hypotension begins at 110 mm Hg: redefining “hypotension” with data. J Trauma 2007; 63: 291–7.Google Scholar
Davis, JW, Kaups, KL, Parks, SN. Base deficit is superior to pH in evaluating clearance of acidosis after traumatic shock. J Trauma 1998; 44: 114–18.Google Scholar
Davis, JW. The relationship of base deficit to lactate in porcine hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation. J Trauma 1994; 36: 168–72.Google Scholar
Bannon, MP, O'Neill, CM, Martin, M, et al. Central venous oxygen saturation, arterial base deficit, and lactate concentration in trauma patients. Am Surg 1995; 61: 738–45.Google Scholar
Sauaia, A, Moore, FA, Moore, EE, et al. Early predictors of postinjury multiple organ failure. Arch Surg 1994; 129: 3945.Google Scholar
Rutherford, EJ, Morris, JA, Reed, GW, et al. Base deficit stratifies mortality and determines therapy. J Trauma 1992; 33: 417–23.Google Scholar
McNelis, J, Marini, CP, Jurkiewicz, A, et al. Prolonged lactate clearance is associated with increased mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Am J Surg 2001; 182: 481–5.Google Scholar
Weil, MH, Afifi, AA. Experimental and clinical studies on lactate and pyruvate as indicators of the severity of acute circulatory failure (shock). Circulation 1970; 41: 9891001.Google Scholar
Abramson, D, Scalea, TM, Hitchcock, R, et al. Lactate clearance and survival following injury. J Trauma 1993; 35: 584–8.Google Scholar
Manikis, P, Jankowski, S, Zhang, H, et al. Correlation of serial blood lactate levels to organ failure and mortality after trauma. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 619–22.Google Scholar
Jeng, JC, Jablonski, K, Bridgeman, A, Jordan, MH. Serum lactate, not base deficit, rapidly predicts survival after major burns. Burns 2002; 28: 161–6.Google Scholar
Savage, SA, Zarzaur, BL, Croce, MA, Fabian, TC. Redefining massive transfusion when every second counts. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2013; 74: 396400.Google Scholar
Wudel, JH, Morris, JA, Yates, K, et al. Massive transfusion: outcome in blunt trauma patients. J Trauma 1991; 31: 17.Google Scholar
Como, JJ, Dutton, RP, Scalea, TM, et al. Blood transfusion rates in the care of acute trauma. Transfusion 2004; 44: 809–13.Google Scholar
Malone, DL, Dunne, J, Tracy, JK, et al. Blood transfusion, independent of shock severity, is associated with worse outcomes in trauma. J Trauma 2003; 54: 898905.Google Scholar
Huber-Wagner, S, Qvick, M, Mussack, T, et al. Massive blood transfusion and outcome in 1062 polytrauma patients: a prospective study based on the trauma registry of the German trauma society. Vox Sang 2007; 92: 6978.Google Scholar
Sauaia, A, Moore, FA, Moore, EE, et al. Epidemiology of trauma deaths: a reassessment. J Trauma 1995; 38: 185–93.Google Scholar
Cosgriff, N, Moore, EE, Sauaia, A, et al. Predicting life-threatening coagulopathy in the massively transfused trauma patient: hypothermia and acidosis revisited. J Trauma 1997; 42: 857–61.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Pati, S. Optimal trauma resuscitation with plasma as the primary resuscitative fluid: the surgeon's perspective. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2013; 2013: 656–9.Google Scholar
Pati, S, Matijevic, N, Doursout, MF, et al. Protective effects of fresh frozen plasma on vascular endothelial permeability, coagulation, and resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock are time dependent and diminish between days 0 and 5 after thaw. J Trauma 2010; 69: S5563.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Jenkins, D, Rhee, P, et al. Damage control resuscitation: directly addressing the early coagulopathy of trauma. J Trauma 2007; 62: 307–10.Google Scholar
Borgman, MA, Spinella, PC, Perkins, JG, et al. The ratio of blood products transfused affects mortality in patients receiving massive transfusions at a combat support hospital. J Trauma 2007; 63: 805–13.Google Scholar
Johansson, PI, Stensballe, J, Rosenberg, I, et al. Proactive administration of platelets and plasma for patients with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm: evaluating a change in transfusion practice. Transfusion 2007; 47: 593–8.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Wade, CE, Michalek, JE, et al. Increased plasma and platelet to red blood cell ratios improves outcome in 466 massively transfused civilian trauma patients. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 447–58.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, del Junco, DJ, Fox, EE, et al. The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study; comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks. JAMA Surg 2013; 148: 127–36.Google Scholar
Cotton, BA, Reddy, N, Hatch, QM, et al. Damage control resuscitation is associated with a reduction in resuscitation volumes and improvement in survival in 390 damage control laparotomy patients. Ann Surg 2011; 254: 598605.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Tilley, BC, Baraniuk, S, et al. Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs. a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma. The PROPPR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313: 471–82.Google Scholar
Hoffman, M, Cichon, LJ. Practical coagulation for the blood banker. Transfusion 2013; 53: 1594–602.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Minei, KM, Scerbo, ML, et al. Admission rapid thromboelastography can replace conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department. Experience with 1974 consecutive trauma patients. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 476–86.Google Scholar
Cotton, BA, Minei, KM, Radwan, ZA, et al. Admission rapid thrombelastography predicts development of pulmonary embolism in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72: 1470–5.Google Scholar
Bickell, WH, JrWall, MJ, Pepe, PE, et al. Immediate versus delayed fluid resuscitation for hypotensive patients with penetrating torso injuries. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1105–9.Google Scholar
Rago, AP, Larentzakis, A, Marini, J, et al. Efficacy of a prehospital self-expanding polyurethane foam for noncompressible hemorrhage under extreme operational conditions. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78: 324–9.Google Scholar
Holcomb, JB, Fox, EE, Scalea, TM, et al. Current opinion on catheter-based hemorrhage control in trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76: 888–93.Google Scholar
Holcomb, J, Donathan, D, Cotton, B, et al. Prehospital transfusion of plasma and red blood cells in trauma patients. Prehosp Emerg Care 2015; 19: 19.Google Scholar
Brown, J, Sperry, J, Fombona, A, et al. Pre-trauma center red blood cell transfusion is associated with improved early outcomes in air medical trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg 2015; 5: 797808.Google Scholar
Brown, J, Cohen, M, Minei, J, et al. Pretrauma center red blood cell transfusion is associated with reduced mortality and coagulopathy in severely injured patients with blunt trauma. Ann Surg 2015; 5: 9971005.Google Scholar
Nunez, TC, Voskresensky, IV, Dossett, LA, et al. Early prediction of massive transfusion in trauma: simple as ABC (assessment of blood consumption)? J Trauma 2009; 66: 346–52.Google Scholar
Pommerening, MJ, Goodman, MD, Holcomb, JB, et al. Clinical gestalt and the prediction of massive transfusion after trauma. Injury 2015; 46: 807–13.Google Scholar
Cotton, BA, Harvin, JA, Kostousouv, V, et al. Hyperfibrinolysis at admission is an uncommon but highly lethal event associated with shock and prehospital fluid administration. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 73: 365–70.Google Scholar
Johansson, PI, Stensballe, J, Oliveri, R, et al. How I treat patients with massive hemorrhage. Blood 2014; 124: 3052–8.Google Scholar
CRASH-2 Trial collaborators. Shakur, H, Roberts, I, et al. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 2332.Google Scholar
Harvin, JA, Peirce, CA, Mims, MM, et al. The impact of tranexamic acid on mortality in injured patients with hyperfibrinolysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2015; 78: 905–9.Google Scholar

References

Hahn, RG. Fluid absorption in endoscopic surgery (review). Br J Anaesth 2006; 96 : 820.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Ekengren, J. Patterns of irrigating fluid absorption during transurethral resection of the prostate as indicated by ethanol. J Urol 1993; 149 : 502–6.Google Scholar
Gehring, H, Nahm, W, Zimmermann, K, et al. Irrigating fluid absorption during percutaneous nephrolithotripsy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1999; 43 : 316–21.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Smoking increases the risk of large-scale fluid absorption during transurethral prostatic resection. J Urol 2001; 166 : 162–5.Google Scholar
Istre, O. Transcervical resection of the endometrium and fibroids: the outcome of 412 operations performed over 5 years. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75 : 567–74.Google Scholar
Olsson, J, Berglund, L, Hahn, RG. Irrigating fluid absorption from the intact uterus. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1996; 103 : 558–61.Google Scholar
Olsson, J, Nilsson, A, Hahn, RG. Symptoms of the transurethral resection syndrome using glycine as the irrigant. J Urol 1995; 154 : 123–8.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Sandfeldt, L, Nyman, CR. Double-blind randomized study of symptoms associated with absorption of glycine 1.5% or mannitol 3% during transurethral resection of the prostate. J Urol 1998; 160 : 397401.Google Scholar
Olsson, J, Hahn, RG. Ethanol monitoring of irrigating fluid absorption in transcervical resection of the endometrium. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1995; 39 : 252–8.Google Scholar
Istre, O. Transcervical resection of the endometrium and fibroids: the outcome of 412 operations performed over 5 years. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75 : 567–74.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Shemais, H, Essén, P. Glycine 1.0% versus glycine 1.5% as irrigating fluid during transurethral resection of the prostate. Br J Urol 1997; 79 : 394400.Google Scholar
Nilsson, A, Hahn, RG. Mental status after transurethral resection of the prostate. Eur Urol 1994: 26 : 15.Google Scholar
Tuzin-Fin, P, Guenard, Y, Maurette, P. Atypical signs of glycine absorption following transurethral resection of the prostate: two case reports. Eur J Anaesth 1997; 14 : 471–4.Google Scholar
Henderson, DJ, Middleton, RG. Coma from hyponatraemia following transurethral resection of the prostate. Urology 1980; 15: 267–71.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Transurethral resection syndrome from extravascular absorption of irrigating fluid. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1993; 27 : 387–94.Google Scholar
Radal, M, Jonville Bera, AP, Leisner, C, Haillot, O, Autret-Leca, E. Effets indésirables des solutions d'irrigation glycollées. Thérapie 1999; 54 : 233–6.Google Scholar
Fagerström, T, Nyman, CR, Hahn, RG. Complications and clinical outcome 18 months after bipolar and monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate. J Endourol 2011; 25 : 1043–9.Google Scholar
Hermanns, T, Fankhauser, CD, Hefermehl, LJ, et al. Prospective evaluation of irrigating fluid absorption during pure transurethral bipolar plasma vaporisation of the prostate using expired-breath ethanol measurements. BJU Int 2013; 112: 647–54.Google Scholar
Hermanns, T, Grossman, NC, Wettstein, MS, et al. Absorption of irrigating fluid occurs frequently during high power 532 nm laser vaporization of the prostate. J Urol 2015; 193: 211–16.Google Scholar
Ran, L, He, W, Zhu, Z, Zhou, Q, Gou, X. Comparison of fluid absorption between transurethral enucleation and transurethral resection for benign prostate hyperplasia. Urol Int 2013; 91 : 2630.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Early detection of the TUR syndrome by marking the irrigating fluid with 1% ethanol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1989; 33 : 146–51.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Dose-dependent half-life of glycine. Urol Res 1993; 21 : 289–91.Google Scholar
Hoekstra, PT, Kahnoski, R, McCamish, MA, Bergen, W, Heetderks, DR. Transurethral prostatic resection syndrome – a new perspective: encephalopathy with associated hyperammonaemia. J Urol 1983; 130 : 704–7.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Sandfeldt, L. Blood ammonia levels after intravenous infusion of glycine with and without ethanol. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1999; 33 : 222–7.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Glycine 1.5% for irrigation should be abandoned. Urol Int 2013; 91 : 249–55.Google Scholar
Treparier, CA, Lessard, MR, Brochu, J, Turcotte, G. Another feature of TURP syndrome: hyperglycaemia and lactic acidosis caused by massive absorption of sorbitol. Br J Anaesth 2001; 87 : 316–19.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Drobin, D, Ståhle, L. Volume kinetics of Ringer´s solution in female volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 144–8.Google Scholar
Williams, EL, Hildebrand, KL, McCormick, SA, Bedel, MJ. The effect of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution versus 0.9% sodium chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers. Anesth Analg 1999; 88 : 9991003.Google Scholar
Scheingraber, S, Rehm, M, Sehmisch, C, Finsterer, U. Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology 1999; 90 : 1265–70.Google Scholar
Yousef, AA, Suliman, GA. Elashry, OM, et al. A randomized comparison between three types of irrigating fluids during transurethral resection in benign prostatic hyperplasia. BMC Anesthesiol 2010; 10 : 7.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Gebäck, T. Fluid volume kinetics of dilutional hyponatremia; a shock syndrome revisited. Clinics 2014; 69 : 120–7.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Nennesmo, I, Rajs, J, et al. Morphological and X-ray microanalytical changes in mammalian tissue after overhydration with irrigating fluids. Eur Urol 1996; 29: 355–61.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Zhang, W, Rajs, J. Pathology of the heart after overhydration with glycine solution in the mouse. APMIS 1996; 104 : 915–20.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Olsson, J, Sótonyi, P, Rajs, J. Rupture of the myocardial histoskeleton and its relation to sudden death after infusion of glycine 1.5% in the mouse. APMIS 2000; 108 : 487–95.Google Scholar
Olsson, J, Hahn, RG. Survival after high-dose intravenous infusion of irrigating fluids in the mouse. Urology 1996; 47 : 689–92.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Stalberg, HP, Gustafsson, SA. Intravenous infusion of irrigating fluids containing glycine or mannitol with and without ethanol. J Urol 1989; 142 : 1102–5.Google Scholar
Olsson, J, Hahn, RG. Glycine toxicity after high-dose i.v. infusion of glycine 1.5% in the mouse. Br J Anaesth 1999; 82 : 250–4.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Ethanol monitoring of irrigating fluid absorption (review). Eur J Anaesth 1996; 13 : 102–15.Google Scholar
Piros, D, Fagerström, T, Collins, JW, Hahn, RG. Glucose as a marker of fluid absorption in bipolar transurethral surgery. Anesth Analg 2009; 109 : 1850–5.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Ekengren, J. Absorption of irrigating fluid and height of the fluid bag during transurethral resection of the prostate. Br J Urol 1993; 72 : 80–3.Google Scholar
Ekengren, J, Zhang, W, Hahn, RG. Effects of bladder capacity and height of fluid bag on the intravesical pressure during transurethral resection of the prostate. Eur Urol 1995; 27 : 2630.Google Scholar
Bernstein, GT, Loughlin, KR, Gittes, RF. The physiologic basis of the TUR syndrome. J Surg Res 1989; 46 : 135–41.Google Scholar
Ayus, JC, Krothapalli, RK, Arieff, AI. Treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia and its relation to brain damage. N Engl J Med 1987; 317 : 1190–5.Google Scholar
Ayus, JC, Arieff, AI. Glycine-induced hypo-osmolar hyponatremia. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157 : 223–6.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Total fluid balance during transurethral resection of the prostate. Int Urol Nephrol 1996; 28 : 665–71.Google Scholar
Crowley, K, Clarkson, K, Hannon, V, McShane, A, Kelly, DG. Diuretics after transurethral prostatectomy: a double-blind controlled trial comparing frusemide and mannitol. Br J Anaesth 1990; 65 : 337–41.Google Scholar
Olsson, J, Hahn, RG. Simulated intraperitoneal absorption of irrigating fluid. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74 : 707–13.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Fluid absorption and the ethanol monitoring method. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59 : 1081–93.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Calculation of irrigant absorption by measurement of breath alcohol level during transurethral resection of the prostate. Br J Urol 1991; 68: 390–3.Google Scholar

References

Tølløfsrud, S, Bjerkelund, CE, Kongsgaard, U, et al. Cold and warm infusion of Ringer's acetate in healthy volunteers: the effects on haemodynamic parameters, transcapillary fluid balance, diuresis and atrial peptides. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993; 37 : 768–73.Google Scholar
Morrison, RC. Hypothermia in the elderly. Int Anesthesiol Clinics 1988; 26: 124–33.Google Scholar
Doufas, AG. Unintentional perioperative hypothermia. In: Lobato, EB, Gravenstein, N, Kirby, RR, eds. Complications in Anesthesiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2008, 636–46.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG. Cooling effect from absorption of pre-warmed irrigating fluid in transurethral prostatic resection. Int Urol Nephrol 1993; 25 : 265–70.Google Scholar
Bergqvist, D. Dextran and haemostasis. Acta Chir Scand 1982; 148 : 633–40.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Jensen, P, Kehlet, H. Physiologic effects of intravenous fluid administration in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 2003; 96: 1504–9.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Drobin, D, Ståhle, L. Volume kinetics of Ringer's solution in female volunteers. Br J Anaesth 1997; 78: 144–8.Google Scholar
Li, Y, He, R, Ying, X, Hahn, RG. Ringer's lactate, but not hydroxyethyl starch, prolongs the food intolerance time after major abdominal surgery; an open-labelled clinical trial. BMC Anesthesiol 2015; 15: 72.Google Scholar
Varadhan, KK, Lobo, DN. Symposium 3: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of intravenous fluid therapy in major elective open abdominal surgery: getting the balance right. Proc Nutr Soc 2010; 69 : 488–98.Google Scholar
Wuethrich, PY, Burkhard, FC, Thalmann, GN, Stueber, F, Studer, UE. Restrictive deferred hydration combined with preemptive norepinephrine infusion during radical cystectomy reduces postoperative complications and hospitalization time. Anesthesiology 2014; 120 : 365–77.Google Scholar
Nisanevich, V, Felsenstein, I, Almogy, G, et al. Effect of intraoperative fluid management on outcome after intraabdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 2005; 103: 2532.Google Scholar
Arieff, AI. Fatal postoperative pulmonary edema. Pathogenesis and literature review. Chest 1999; 115: 1371–7.Google Scholar
Brandstrup, B, Tonnesen, H, Beier-Holgersen, R, et al. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens. A randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg 2003; 238 : 641–8.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, H, Hofland, J, Legemate, DA, Ubbink, DT. Intravenous fluid restriction after major abdominal surgery: a randomized blinded clinical trial. Trials 2009; 10 : 50.Google Scholar
Holte, K, Hahn, RG, Ravn, L, et al. Influence of liberal vs. restrictive fluid management on the elimination of a postoperative intravenous fluid load. Anesthesiology 2007; 106 : 75–9.Google Scholar
Stenvinkel, P, Saggar-Malik, AK, Alvestrand, A. Renal haemodynamics and tubular sodium handling following volume expansion with sodium chloride (NaCl) and glucose in healthy humans. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992; 52: 837–46.Google Scholar
Wilkes, NJ, Woolf, R, Mutch, M, et al. The effects of balanced versus saline-based hetastarch and crystalloid solutions on acid–base and electrolyte status and gastric mucosal perfusion in elderly surgical patients. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 811–16.Google Scholar
Laxenaire, MC, Charpentier, C, Feldman, L. Anaphylactoid reactions to colloid plasma substitutes: incidence risk factor mechanisms. A French multicenter prospective study. Ann Fr Anesth Reanimat 1994; 13: 301–10.Google Scholar
Moran, M, Kapsner, C. Acute renal failure associated with elevated plasma oncotic pressure. N Engl J Med 1987; 317 : 150–3.Google Scholar
Haskell, LP, Tannenberg, AM. Elevated urinary specific gravity in acute oliguric renal failure due to hetastarch administration. NY State J Med 1988; 88 : 387–8.Google Scholar
The SAFE Study Investigators. Saline or albumin for fluid resuscitation in patients with traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 874–84.Google Scholar
Bork, K. Pruritus precipitated by hydroxyethyl starch: a review. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152 : 312.Google Scholar
Hayes, I, Rathore, R, Enohumah, K, et al. The effect of crystalloid versus medium molecular weight colloid solution on post-operative nausea and vomiting after ambulatory gynecological surgery – a prospective randomized trail. BMC Anesthesiol 2012; 12 : 15.Google Scholar
Schortgen, F, Lacherade, LC, Bruneel, F, et al. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch and gelatine on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet 2001; 357: 911–16.Google Scholar
Brunkhorst, FM, Engel, C, Bloos, F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 125–38.Google Scholar
Perner, A, Haase, N, Guttormsen, AB, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.42 versus Ringer's acetate in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367 : 124–34.Google Scholar
Myburgh, JA, Finfer, S, Bellomo, R, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid on intraoperative oliguria resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1901–11.Google Scholar
Mahmood, A, Gosling, P, Vohra, RK. Randomized clinical trial comparing the effects on renal function of hydroxyethyl starch or gelatine during aortic aneurysm surgery. Br J Surg 2007; 94 : 427–33.Google Scholar
Clagett, GP, Reisch, JS. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients. Ann Surg 1988; 208 : 227–40.Google Scholar
Brodin, B, Hesselvik, F, von Schenck, H. Decrease of plasma fibronectin concentration following infusion of gelatin-based plasma substitute in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1984; 44 : 529–33.Google Scholar
Russell, WJ, Fenwick, DB. Anaphylaxis to Haemaccel and cross reactivity to Gelofusin. Anaesth Intensive Care 2002; 30 : 481–3.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Bergek, C, Gebäck, T, Zdolsek, J. Interactions between the volume effects of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and Ringer's acetate. Crit Care 2013; 17 : R104.Google Scholar
Zdolsek, J, Li, Y, Hahn, RG. Detection of dehydration by using volume kinetics. Anesth Analg 2012; 115 : 814–22.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Drobin, D, Zdolsek, J. Distribution of crystalloid fluid changes with the rate of infusion: a population-based study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2016; Jan 13: doi: 10.1111/aas.12686.Google Scholar
Guyton, AC. Interstitial fluid pressure. II. Pressure-volume curves of interstitial space. Circ Res 1965; 16 : 452–60.Google Scholar
Guyton, AC, Granger, HJ, Taylor, AE. Interstitial fluid pressure. Physiol Rev 1971; 51 : 527–63.Google Scholar
Lai-Fook, SJ, Toporoff, B. Pressure–volume behavior of perivascular interstitium measured in isolated dog lung. J Appl Physiol 1980; 48 : 939–46.Google Scholar
Goldberg, HS. Pulmonary interstitial compliance and microvascular filtration coefficient. Am J Physiol 1980; 235 : H189–98.Google Scholar
Parker, JC, Falgout, HJ, Oarker, RE, Granger, N, Taylor, AE. The effect of fluid volume loading on exclusion of interstitial albumin and lymph flow in the dog lung. Circ Res 1979; 45 : 440–50.Google Scholar
Ewaldsson, CA, Vane, LA, Kramer, GC, Hahn, RG. Adrenergic drugs alter both the fluid kinetics and the hemodynamic responses to volume expansion in sheep. J Surg Res 2006; 131 : 714.Google Scholar
Li, Y, Zhu, HB, Zheng, X, et al. Low doses of esmolol and phenylephrine act as diuretics during intravenous anesthesia. Crit Care 2012; 16 : R18.Google Scholar
Hahn, RG, Olsson, J, Sótonyi, P, Rajs, J. Rupture of the myocardial histoskeleton and its relation to sudden death after infusion of glycine 1.5% in the mouse. APMIS 2000; 108 : 487–95.Google Scholar
Sandfeldt, L, Riddez, L, Rajs, J, et al. High-dose intravenous infusion of irrigating fluids containing glycine and mannitol in the pig. J Surg Res 2001; 95 : 114–25.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • The clinical setting
  • Edited by Robert G. Hahn, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
  • Book: Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting
  • Online publication: 05 June 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316401972.021
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • The clinical setting
  • Edited by Robert G. Hahn, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
  • Book: Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting
  • Online publication: 05 June 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316401972.021
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The clinical setting
  • Edited by Robert G. Hahn, Linköpings Universitet, Sweden
  • Book: Clinical Fluid Therapy in the Perioperative Setting
  • Online publication: 05 June 2016
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316401972.021
Available formats
×