Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-669899f699-b58lm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-05-05T13:23:10.666Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

33 - Hematologic supportive care

from Section 4 - Complications and supportive care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2013

By
Fariba Navid  and
Victor M. Santana
Edited by
Ching-Hon Pui
Ching-Hon Pui
Affiliation:
St Jude's Children's Research Hospital
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The great strides that have been made in curing children of acute leukemia can be attributed in part to improvements in supportive care. Such care is a major component of the total patient management strategy and includes nutritional support, prophylaxis against life-threatening infections, empiric use of antibiotics during periods of neutropenia, blood component support, adequate venous access, and the use of hematopoietic growth factors to ameliorate hematologic complications. This chapter reviews the current status of blood component support, intravenous catheter placement, and supportive therapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and other cytokines. Although the focus is on experience with childhood leukemias, some examples are drawn from experience with patients with solid tumors, particularly in situations where limited data are available from leukemia studies.

Blood component support

Since 1828, when Blundell initiated the use of blood transfusion to counteract postpartum hemorrhages, the demand for blood component products in the USA has increased exponentially. Each year, approximately 14 million units of blood are transfused in this country, with surgery, motor vehicle accidents, and complications of cancer accounting for the majority of this usage. Cancer patients receive blood component support because of deficient hemoglobin levels and platelet counts caused by the suppression of blood cell progenitors through chemotherapy or tumor cell infiltration of bone marrow, or because of alterations in the plasma coagulation proteins.

Type
Chapter
Information
Childhood Leukemias , pp. 794 - 813
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Blundell, J. Successful ease of transfusion. Lancet 1828;i:431.Google Scholar
American Association of Blood Banks. Circular of Information for the Use of Human Blood and Blood Components. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2009 (, accessed 11 October 2011).Google Scholar
Simone, JV. Use of fresh blood components during intensive combination therapy of childhood leukemia. Cancer 1971;28:562–565.3.0.CO;2-P>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skillings, JR, Sridhar, FG, Wong, C, Paddock, L. The frequency of red cell transfusion for anemia in patients receiving chemotherapy. A retrospective cohort study. Am J Clin Oncol 1993;16:22–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warkentin, P. Transfusion therapy for the pediatric oncology patient. In Kasprisin D, Luban N (eds.) Pediatric Transfusion Medicine. Vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1987:19–50.Google Scholar
Gaydas, L, Freireich, E, Mantel, N. The quantitative relation between platelet count and hemorrhage in patients with acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1963;266:905–909.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiffer, CA, Anderson, KC, Bennett, CL, et al. Platelet transfusion for patients with cancer: clinical practice guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1519–1538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckman, KD, Weiner, GJ, Davis, CS, et al. Randomized study of prophylactic platelet transfusion threshold during induction therapy for adult acute leukemia: 10 000/microL versus 20 000/microL. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1143–1149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gmur, J, Burger, J, Schanz, U, Fehr, J, Schaffner, A. Safety of stringent prophylactic platelet transfusion policy for patients with acute leukaemia. Lancet 1991;338:1223–1226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wandt, H, Frank, M, Ehninger, G, et al. Safety and cost effectiveness of a 10 × 10(9)/L trigger for prophylactic platelet transfusions compared with the traditional 20 × 10(9)/L trigger: a prospective comparative trial in 105 patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1998;91:3601–3606.Google ScholarPubMed
Rebulla, P, Finazzi, G, Marangoni, F, et al. The threshold for prophylactic platelet transfusions in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1870–1875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedmann, AM, Sengul, H, Lehmann, H, Schwartz, C, Goodman, S. Do basic laboratory tests or clinical observations predict bleeding in thrombocytopenic oncology patients? A reevaluation of prophylactic platelet transfusions. Transfus Med Rev 2002;16:34–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, SC, Gajjar, A, Ribeiro, RC, et al. Safety of lumbar puncture for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and thrombocytopenia. JAMA 2000;284:2222–2224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, SC, Gajjar, AJ, Cheng, C, et al. Risk factors for traumatic and bloody lumbar puncture in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. JAMA 2002;288:2001–2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gajjar, A, Harrison, PL, Sandlund, JT, Rivera, GK, et al. Traumatic lumbar puncture at diagnosis adversely affects outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2000;96:3381–3384.Google ScholarPubMed
Leukocyte reduction and ultraviolet B irradiation of platelets to prevent alloimmunization and refractoriness to platelet transfusions. The Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1861–1869.Google Scholar
O'Connell, B, Lee, EJ, Schiffer, CA. The value of 10-minute posttransfusion platelet counts. Transfusion 1988;28:66–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bishop, JF, McGrath, K, Wolf, MM, et al. Clinical factors influencing the efficacy of pooled platelet transfusions. Blood 1988;71:383–387.Google ScholarPubMed
Engelfriet, CP, Reesink, HW, Aster, RH, et al. Management of alloimmunized, refractory patients in need of platelet transfusions. Vox Sang 1997;73:191–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rebulla, P. Refractoriness to platelet transfusion. Curr Opin Hematol 2002;9:516–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nagasawa, T, Kim, BK, Baldini, MG. Temporary suppression of circulating antiplatelet alloantibodies by the massive infusion of fresh, stored, or lyophilized platelets. Transfusion 1978;18:429–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kickler, T, Braine, HG, Piantadosi, S, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous gammaglobulin in alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients. Blood 1990;75:313–316.Google ScholarPubMed
Kobrinsky, NL, Tulloch, H. Treatment of refractory thrombocytopenic bleeding with 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (desmopressin). J Pediatr 1988;112:993–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeigler, ZR, Shadduck, RK, Rosenfeld, CS, et al. High-dose intravenous gamma globulin improves responses to single-donor platelets in patients refractory to platelet transfusion. Blood 1987;70:1433–1436.Google ScholarPubMed
Dale, DC. The discovery, development and clinical applications of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1998;109:27–36;discussion 36–38.Google ScholarPubMed
van de Wetering, MD, Weggelaar, N, Offringa, M, Caron, HN, Kuijpers, TW. Granulocyte transfusions in neutropenic children: a systematic review of the literature. Eur J Cancer 2007;43:2082–2092.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavallaro, AM, Lilleby, K, Majolino, I, et al. Three to six year follow-up of normal donors who received recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000;25:85–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Volk, EE, Domen, RE, Smith, ML. An examination of ethical issues raised in the pretreatment of normal volunteer granulocyte donors with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1999;123:508–513.Google ScholarPubMed
Anderlini, P, Korbling, M, Dale, D, et al. Allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation: considerations for donors. Blood 1997;90:903–908.Google ScholarPubMed
Vamvakas, EC, Blajchman, MA. Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogenic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention. Blood 2009;113:3406–3417.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiebig, EW, Busch, MP. Infectious disease screening. In Roback, JD, Combs, MR, Grossman, BJ, Hillyear, CD (eds.) Technical Manual, 16th edn. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2008:242–243.Google Scholar
Dodd, R. Infectious complications of blood transfusions. Hematol Oncol Ann 1994;2:280–287.Google Scholar
Bowden, RA, Slichter, SJ, Sayers, M, et al. A comparison of filtered leukocyte-reduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant. Blood 1995;86:3598–3603.Google ScholarPubMed
Grant, PR, Busch, MP. Nucleic acid amplification technology methods used in blood donor screening. Transfus Med 2002;12:229–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American Association of Blood Banks. Transfusion transmitted diseases. In Brecher, M (ed.) Technical Manual, 14th edn [50th Anniversary Edition]. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks, 2002:1953–2003.Google Scholar
Williams, AE, Sullivan, MT. Transfusion-transmitted retrovirus infection. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1995;9:115–136.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reading, FC, Brecher, ME. Transfusion-related bacterial sepsis. Curr Opin Hematol 2001;8:380–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodnough, LT, Brecher, ME, Kanter, MH, AuBuchon, JP. Transfusion medicine. Part 1: blood transfusion. N Engl J Med 1999;340:438–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuehnert, MJ, Roth, VR, Haley, NR, et al. Transfusion-transmitted bacterial infection in the United States, 1998 through 2000. Transfusion 2001;41:1493–1499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Workshop on Safety and Efficacy of Methods in Reducing Pathogens in Cellular Products Used in Transfusion.Bethesda, MD: Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 2002.Google Scholar
Petersen, LR, Roehrig, JT, Hughes, JM. West Nile virus encephalitis. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1225–1226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pealer, LN, Marfin, AA, Petersen, LR, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1236–1245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stramer, SL, Fang, CT, Foster, GA, et al. West Nile virus among blood donors in the United States, 2003 and 2004. N Engl J Med 2005;353:451–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, P, Will, RG, Bradley, R, Asher, DM, Detwiler, L. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: background, evolution, and current concerns. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7:6–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamberland, ME, Alter, HJ, Busch, MP, Nemo, G, Ricketts, M. Emerging infectious disease issues in blood safety. Emerg Infect Dis 2001;7(Suppl): 552–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, N, Foster, J, Chong, A, et al. Transmission of prion diseases by blood transfusion. J Gen Virol 2002;83:2897–2905.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broviac, JW, Cole, JJ, Scribner, BH. A silicone rubber atrial catheter for prolonged parenteral alimentation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1973;136:602–606.Google ScholarPubMed
Hickman, RO, Buckner, CD, Clift, RA, et al. A modified right atrial catheter for access to the venous system in marrow transplant recipients. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1979;148:871–875.Google ScholarPubMed
Lokich, JJ, Bothe, A, Jr., Benotti, P, Moore, C.Complications and management of implanted venous access catheters. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:710–717.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chesler, L, Feusner, JH. Use of tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in young children with cancer and dysfunctional central venous catheters. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;24:653–656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, M, Massicotte, MP, Marzinotto, V, et al. The use of alteplase to restore patency of central venous lines in pediatric patients: a cohort study. J Pediatr 2001;139:152–156.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, BR, Haygood, M, Hingl, J. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in the treatment of central venous catheter occlusion in children. J Pediatr 2001;139:593–596.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baskin, J, Pui, CH, Reiss, U, et al. Management of occlusion and thrombosis associated with long-term indwelling central venous catheters. Lancet 2009;374:159–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duffy, LF, Kerzner, B, Gebus, V, Dice, J. Treatment of central venous catheter occlusions with hydrochloric acid. J Pediatr 1989;114:1002–1004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wurzel, CL, Halom, K, Feldman, JG, Rubin, LG. Infection rates of Broviac–Hickman catheters and implantable venous devices. Am J Dis Child 1988;142:536–540.Google ScholarPubMed
Clarke, DE, Raffin, TA. Infectious complications of indwelling long-term central venous catheters. Chest 1990;97:966–972.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaillard, JL, Merlino, R, Pajot, N, et al. Conventional and nonconventional modes of vancomycin administration to decontaminate the internal surface of catheters colonized with coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990;14:593–597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maki, DG, Cobb, L, Garman, JK, et al. An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Am J Med 1988;85:307–314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rudolph, R, Larson, DL. Etiology and treatment of chemotherapeutic agent extravasation injuries: a review. J Clin Oncol 1987;5:1116–1126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lord, BI, Bronchud, MH, Owens, S, et al. The kinetics of human granulopoiesis following treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:9499–9503.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morstyn, G, Campbell, L, Souza, LM, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony stimulating factor on neutropenia induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy. Lancet 1988;i:667–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, J, Amylon, M, Desai, S, et al. Randomized trial of r-metHu granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in an intensive treatment for T-cell leukemia and advanced-stage lymphoblastic lymphoma of childhood: a Pediatric Oncology Group pilot study. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:522–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, G, Landman-Parker, J, Auclerc, MF, et al. Use of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to increase chemotherapy dose-intensity: a randomized trial in very high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1517–1524.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pui, CH, Boyett, JM, Hughes, WT, et al. Human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after induction chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1781–1787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welte, K, Reiter, A, Mempel, K, et al. A randomized phase-III study of the efficacy of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Berlin–Frankfurt–Münster Study Group. Blood 1996;87:3143–3150.Google ScholarPubMed
Negrin, RS, Haeuber, DH, Nagler, A, et al. Treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. A phase I–II trial. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:976–984.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannistra, SA, DiCarlo, J, Groshek, P, et al. Simultaneous administration of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor and cytosine arabinoside for the treatment of relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 1991;5:230–238.Google ScholarPubMed
Relling, MV, Boyett, JM, Blanco, JG, et al. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor and the risk of secondary myeloid malignancy after etoposide. Blood 2003;101:3862–3867.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stute, N, Santana, VM, Rodman, JH, et al. Pharmacokinetics of subcutaneous recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in children. Blood 1992;79:2849–2854.Google ScholarPubMed
Meropol, NJ, Miller, LL, Korn, EL, et al. Severe myelosuppression resulting from concurrent administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and cytotoxic chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84:1201–1203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rowinsky, E, Satorius, S, Grochow, L. Phase I and pharmacologic study of topotecan, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I, with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF): toxicological differences between concurrent and post-treatment G-CSF administration. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1992;11:116.Google Scholar
Hofmann, WK, Seipelt, G, Langenhan, S, et al. Prospective randomized trial to evaluate two delayed granulocyte colony stimulating factor administration schedules after high-dose cytarabine therapy in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2002;81:570–574.Google ScholarPubMed
Lefrere, F, Audat, F, Hermine, O, et al. The timing of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor administration after chemotherapy does not affect stem and progenitor cell apheresis yield: a retrospective study of 65 cases. Transfusion 1999;39:561–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rahiala, J, Perkkio, M, Riikonen, P. Prospective and randomized comparison of early versus delayed prophylactic administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) in children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 1999;32:326–330.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soda, H, Oka, M, Fukuda, M, et al. Optimal schedule for administering granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996;38:9–12.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wright, DG, Meierovics, AI, Foxley, JM. Assessing the delivery of neutrophils to tissues in neutropenia. Blood 1986;67:1023–1030.Google ScholarPubMed
American Society of Clinical Oncology. Recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2471–2508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Society of Clinical Oncology. Update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony- stimulating factors: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:1957–1960.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ozer, H, Armitage, JO, Bennett, CL, et al. 2000 update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. American Society of Clinical Oncology Growth Factors Expert Panel. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:3558–3585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaison, G, Eden, OB, Henze, G, et al. Recommendations on the use of colony-stimulating factors in children: conclusions of a European panel. Eur J Pediatr 1998;157:955–966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morstyn, G, Foote, MA, Walker, T, Molineux, G. Filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF) in the 21st century: SD/01. Acta Haematol 2001;105:151–155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Staber, PB, Holub, R, Linkesch, W, Schmidt, H, Neumeister, P. Fixed-dose single administration of pegfilgrastim vs daily filgrastim in patients with haematological malignancies undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005;35:889–893.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martino, M, Pratico, G, Messina, G, et al. Pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim after high-dose melphalan and autologous hematopoietic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients. Eur J Haematol 2006;77:410–415.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanstraelen, G, Frere, P, Ngirabacu, MC, et al. Pegfilgrastim compared with filgrastim after autologous hematopoietic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Exp Hematol 2006;34:382–388.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sierra, J, Szer, J, Kassis, J, et al. A single dose of pegfilgrastim compared with daily filgrastim for supporting neutrophil recovery in patients treated for low-to-intermediate risk acute myeloid leukemia: results from a randomized, double-blind, phase 2 trial. BMC Cancer 2008;8:195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, MD, Koelbl, H, Baselga, J, et al. A randomized double-blind multicenter phase III study of fixed-dose single-administration pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Ann Oncol 2003;14:29–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, FA, O'Shaughnessy, JA, Vukelja, S, et al. Blinded, randomized, multicenter study to evaluate single administration pegfilgrastim once per cycle versus daily filgrastim as an adjunct to chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage II or stage III/IV breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:727–731.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vose, JM, Crump, M, Lazarus, H, et al. Randomized, multicenter, open-label study of pegfilgrastim compared with daily filgrastim after chemotherapy for lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:514–519.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milano-Bausset, E, Gaudart, J, Rome, A, et al. Retrospective comparison of neutropenia in children with Ewing sarcoma treated with chemotherapy and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or pegylated G-CSF. Clin Ther 2009;31:2388–2395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Borinstein, SC, Pollard, J, Winter, L, Hawkins, DS. Pegfilgrastim for prevention of chemotherapy-associated neutropenia in pediatric patients with solid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:375–378.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snyder, RL, Stringham, DJ. Pegfilgrastim-induced hyperleukocytosis. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41:1524–1530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andre, N, Kababri, ME, Bertrand, P, et al. Safety and efficacy of pegfilgrastim in children with cancer receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Anticancer Drugs 2007;18:277–281.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
te Poele, EM, Kamps, WA, Tamminga, RY, et al. Pegfilgrastim in pediatric cancer patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005;27:627–629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wendelin, G, Lackner, H, Schwinger, W, Sovinz, P, Urban, C. Once-per-cycle pegfilgrastim versus daily filgrastim in pediatric patients with Ewing sarcoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005;27:449–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spunt, SL, Irving, H, Frost, J, et al. Phase II, randomized, open-label study of pegfilgrastim-supported VDC/IE chemotherapy in pediatric sarcoma patients. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1329–1336.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, E, Widemann, BC, Hawkins, DS, et al. Randomized trial and pharmacokinetic study of pegfilgrastim versus filgrastim after dose-intensive chemotherapy in young adults and children with sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:7361–7367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abels, R. Erythropoietin for anaemia in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 1993;29A(Suppl 2):S2–S8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Demetri, GD, Kris, M, Wade, J, Degos, L, Cella, D. Quality-of-life benefit in chemotherapy patients treated with epoetin alfa is independent of disease response or tumor type: results from a prospective community oncology study. Procrit Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3412–3425.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glaspy, J, Bukowski, R, Steinberg, D, et al. Impact of therapy with epoetin alfa on clinical outcomes in patients with nonmyeloid malignancies during cancer chemotherapy in community oncology practice. Procrit Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:1218–1234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Littlewood, TJ, Bajetta, E, Nortier, JW, Vercammen, E, Rapoport, B. Effects of epoetin alfa on hematologic parameters and quality of life in cancer patients receiving nonplatinum chemotherapy: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2865–2874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hadland, BK, Longmore, GD. Erythroid-stimulating agents in cancer therapy: potential dangers and biologic mechanisms. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4217–4226.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizzo, JD, Somerfield, MR, Hagerty, KL, et al. Use of epoetin and darbepoetin in patients with cancer: 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Society of Hematology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:132–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdelrazik, N, Fouda, M. Once weekly recombinant human erythropoietin treatment for cancer-induced anemia in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving maintenance chemotherapy: a randomized case-controlled study. Hematology 2007;12:533–541.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, MN, Beck, D. Recombinant erythropoietin in acute chemotherapy-induced anemia of children with cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol 1995;25:17–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bolonaki, I, Stiakaki, E, Lydaki, E, et al. Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin in children with malignancies. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1996;13:111–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buyukpamukcu, M, Varan, A, Kutluk, T, Akyuz, C. Is epoetin alfa a treatment option for chemotherapy-related anemia in children? Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:455–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kronberger, M, Fischmeister, G, Poetschger, U, Gadner, H, Zoubek, A. Reduction in transfusion requirements with early epoetin alfa treatment in pediatric patients with solid tumors: a case–control study. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2002;19:95–105.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Leon, P, Jimenez, M, Barona, P, Sierrasesumaga, L. Recombinant human erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia in children with solid malignant tumors. Med Pediatr Oncol 1998;30:110–116.3.0.CO;2-L>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Porter, JC, Leahey, A, Polise, K, Bunin, G, Manno, CS. Recombinant human erythropoietin reduces the need for erythrocyte and platelet transfusions in pediatric patients with sarcoma: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Pediatr 1996;129:656–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Razzouk, BI, Hord, JD, Hockenberry, M, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quality of life, hematologic end points, and safety of weekly epoetin alfa in children with cancer receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3583–3589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Varan, A, Buyukpamukcu, M, Kutluk, T, Akyuz, C. Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment for chemotherapy-related anemia in children. Pediatrics 1999;103:E16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wagner, LM, Billups, CA, Furman, WL, Rao, BN, Santana, VM. Combined use of erythropoietin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor does not decrease blood transfusion requirements during induction therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:1886–1893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinds, PS, Hockenberry, M, Feusner, J, et al. Hemoglobin response and improvements in quality of life in anemic children with cancer receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy. J Support Oncol 2005;3:10–11.Google ScholarPubMed
Corazza, F, Beguin, Y, Bergmann, P, et al. Anemia in children with cancer is associated with decreased erythropoietic activity and not with inadequate erythropoietin production. Blood 1998;92:1793–1798.Google Scholar
Kuter, DJ, Begley, CG. Recombinant human thrombopoietin: basic biology and evaluation of clinical studies. Blood 2002;100:3457–3469.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×