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IV.F.1 - Diabetes

from IV.F - Diet and Chronic Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Leslie Lieberman
Edited by
Kenneth F. Kiple  and
Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas
Kenneth F. Kiple
Affiliation:
Bowling Green State University, Ohio
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Summary

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous group of endocrine disorders characterized by hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels) during fasting or following a meal. Other characteristic symptoms of diabetes include excessive urination, urine containing sugar, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and weight loss. The disorder is caused by a resistance to the action of insulin, or a lack or insufficient production of insulin to transport glucose from the blood into cells where it is used as the primary energy source for cellular metabolism. Although diabetes has been a recognized disease for at least two millennia, only since the mid–1970s has there been a consensus on the classification and diagnosis of DM.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, also called juvenile diabetes or Type I diabetes, is an autoimmune disease that generally affects individuals under the age of 20 and has an acute onset. Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, Type II, or maturity onset diabetes mellitus, has a complex etiology often associated with obesity and most frequently occurs among individuals over 40 years of age. Ninety to 95 percent of diabetes worldwide is of the latter type. Gestational diabetes appears to be a subset of Type II diabetes, and there are rare genetic syndromes, such as hemochromatosis, drugs, and infections, associated with pancreatic diseases that can cause diabetes. The underlying pathophysiology of Type II diabetes involves the increasing resistance of cells, particularly muscle and adipose (fat) cells, to the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. This resistance or impaired glucose tolerance leads to the classic diagnostic criterion of abnormally high blood sugar concentrations.

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The Cambridge World History of Food , pp. 1078 - 1086
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2000

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