Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Editors’ introduction
- Part I The changing fortunes of liberal democracy
- 1 The coming of the welfare state
- 2 Politics and markets: Keynes and his critics
- 3 The advent of the masses and the making of the modern theory of democracy
- 4 Nationalism and imperialism
- 5 Fascism and racism
- 6 Conservatism
- 7 Christian democracy
- 8 Critics of totalitarianism
- 9 The end of the welfare state?
- Part II Varieties of Marxism
- Part III Science, modernism and politics
- Part IV New social movements and the politics of difference
- Part V Beyond Western political thought
- Biographies
- Bibliography
- Subject index
- Name index
- References
2 - Politics and markets: Keynes and his critics
from Part I - The changing fortunes of liberal democracy
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 March 2008
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Editors’ introduction
- Part I The changing fortunes of liberal democracy
- 1 The coming of the welfare state
- 2 Politics and markets: Keynes and his critics
- 3 The advent of the masses and the making of the modern theory of democracy
- 4 Nationalism and imperialism
- 5 Fascism and racism
- 6 Conservatism
- 7 Christian democracy
- 8 Critics of totalitarianism
- 9 The end of the welfare state?
- Part II Varieties of Marxism
- Part III Science, modernism and politics
- Part IV New social movements and the politics of difference
- Part V Beyond Western political thought
- Biographies
- Bibliography
- Subject index
- Name index
- References
Summary
Introduction
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) is one of that small group of social scientists who may be said to have had a profound influence on the development of their subject as well as on the conduct of political argument and public policy. His work is accorded the singular accolade of having an entire branch of economics named after him, and his impact on the theory and practice of politics and public policy is such that we speak of ‘the Keynesian revolution’ and ‘the age of Keynes’. ‘Keynesianism’ came to prominence in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s as an approach to economic policy which focused on the management of the demand side of the economy so as to secure full employment. However, by the 1970s, the dominance of Keynesian economics in government and academia faded in the face of persistent high inflation and unemployment (‘stagflation’, as it became known). James Callaghan famously confessed to the annual conference of the Labour Party in September 1976 that the option of ‘spending your way out of recession’ no longer existed. By the 1980s, as Robert Skidelsky observed, ‘Keynes, who was praised for having saved the world from Marxism, had joined Marx as the God that failed’ (Skidelsky 1996, p. 107). This chapter shows that Keynes, despite becoming an ‘ism’, was not as dogmatic a thinker as those in the vanguard of the counter-revolution against ‘Keynesian’ economics chose to depict him. Rather he fashioned his theories from his philosophy and beliefs in response to events and problems of the day.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2003
References
(1983). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London.Google Scholar
(1991). ‘Advantages of Complexity: Social Insurance in France’, in (ed.) The French Welfare State, New York.Google Scholar
(1974). Il partito cristiano al potere. La DC di De Gasperi e di Dossetti 1945–1954, Florence.Google Scholar
(1989). ‘Party’, in , and (eds.) Political Innovation and Conceptual Change, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1993). ‘American Political Science in its Postwar Context’, in and (eds.) Discipline and History: Political Science in the United States, Ann Arbor, Mich.Google Scholar
and (1975). ‘The Politics and Political Ideas of Mosei Ostrogorski’, Political Studies 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). ‘Social Insurance as an Efficiency Device’, Journal of Public Policy 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981). Distorting Mirrors: Visions of the Crowd in Late Nineteenth-Century France, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
and (1991) (eds.). Keynes and Philosophy: Essays on the Origin of Keynes’s Thought, Aldershot.Google Scholar
and (1961). The Soviet Citizen: Daily Life in a Totalitarian Society, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
(1977a). ‘From Socialism toFascism: The Relation between Theory and Practice in the Work of Robert Michels. I. From Marxist Revolutionary to Political Sociologist’, Political Studies 25.Google Scholar
(1977b). ‘From Socialism to Fascism: The Relation between Theory and Practice in the Work of Robert Michels. II. The Fascist Ideologue’, Political Studies 25.Google Scholar
(1987). ‘Mosca, Pareto and Weber: A Historical Comparison’, in and (eds.) Max Weber and his Contemporaries, London.Google Scholar
(1987). Modern Italian Social Theory: Ideology and Politics from Pareto to the Present, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1990). ‘From Ethical to Economic Liberalism: The Sociology of Pareto’s Politics’, Economy and Society 19.Google Scholar
(1979). ‘Nationalism: A Neglected Concept’, in Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas,London.Google Scholar
(1980). Stalin’s Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change in the Soviet Union, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1970). Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau, New York.Google Scholar
(1995). Hitler as Philosophe: Remnants of the Enlightenment in National Socialism, Westport, Conn.Google Scholar
(1983). ‘The Keynesian Revolution in Economic Policy-Making’, Economic History Review, 36 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985). ‘The Keynesian Revolution and Economic Policy-Making – A Reply, Economic History Review 38 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981). ‘The Disputed Concept of Totalitarianism’, in Ernest (ed.) Totalitarianism Reconsidered, New York.Google Scholar
(1993). ‘Reassessing Soviet Nationalities Policy’, in and (eds.) Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1961). ‘The Welfare State in Historical Perspective’, Archives Europ´ennes de Sociologie 2.Google Scholar
(1979). ‘The Language of “Mass” and “Masses” in Nineteenth-Century England’, in and (eds.) Ideology and the Labour Movement, London.Google Scholar
(2001). ‘The Conditions for High and Stable Growth and Employment’, Economic Journal 111, May).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1956). The Permanent Purge: Politics in Soviet Totalitarianism, Cambridge, Mass.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991). Secession: The Morality of Political Divorce from Fort Sumter to Lithuania and Quebec, Oxford.Google Scholar
, and (1980) (eds.). To wards a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society, College Station, Tex.Google Scholar
(1986) (ed.). Keynes’s General Theory Fifty Years On: Its Relevance and Irrelevance to Modern Times, London.Google Scholar
(1991). ‘The Methodology of the Critique of the Classical Theory: Keynes on Organic Interdependence’, in and (eds.) Keynes and Philosophy: Essays on the Origin of Keynes’s Thought, Aldershot.Google Scholar
(1985). The Working Class and the Welfare State: Welfare in Australia and New Zealand, Sydney.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘John Maynard (1st Baron) Keynes’, in and (eds.) A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists, Aldershot.Google Scholar
(1983). ‘The Politics of Keynesian Economics 1924–1931’, in and (eds.) High and Low Politics in Modern Britain, Oxford.Google Scholar
and (1997). Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies: Interest Groups Tr ansformed, Boulder, Colo.Google Scholar
(1986). Raymond Aron, vol. I: The Philosopher in History, 1905–1955, Beverly Hills, Calif.Google Scholar
(1978). ‘A Nation is a Nation, is a State, is an Ethnic Group, is a…’, Ethnic and Racial Studies 1(4).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984). The National Question in Marxist and Leninist Theory and Strategy, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
and (1980) (eds.). Keynes and the Bloomsbury Group: The Fourth Keynes Seminar held at the University of Kent at Canterbury, 1978, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1978). ‘Keynes: His Political Ideas and their Influence’, in (ed.) Keynes and Laissez-Faire: The Third Keynes Seminar held at the University of Kent at Canterbury, 1976, London.Google Scholar
, and (1975). The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission, New York.Google Scholar
(1969). ‘Retreat from Totalitarianism’, in , and , Totalitarianism in Perspective: Three Views, New York.Google Scholar
(1965). ‘Political Structure, Economic Development and National Social Security Programs’, American Journal of Sociology 70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Citizen Politics: Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies, Chatham, N.J.Google Scholar
(1999). ‘Political Support in Advanced Industrial Democracies’, in (ed.) Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford.Google Scholar
and (1990) (eds.). Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies, Cambridge.Google Scholar
, and (1981). ‘How Income Transfer Programs Affect Work, Savings and Income Distribution’, Journal of Economic Literature 19.Google Scholar
(1981). ‘Post-Keynesian Economics’, in and (eds.) The Crisis in Economic Theory, New York.Google Scholar
(1997). ‘Two Conceptions of Welfare: Voluntarism and Incorporationism’, Social Philosophy and Policy 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). ‘The Dilemmas of Welfare: Titmuss, Murray and Mead’, in and (eds.) The Boundaries of the State in Modern Britain, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1960). ‘Why the Government Budget is too Small in a Democracy’, World Politics 12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1988). ‘Welfare Dependence Within and Across Generations’, Science 239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1986). ‘Adam Smith, Alexander Hamilton, Friederich List: The Economic Foundations of Military Power’, in (ed.) Makers of Modern Strategy, from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, Oxford.Google Scholar
(1988). ‘Leo Strauss and the American Conservatism’, in (ed.) Modern Age: The First Twenty-Five Years, Indianapolis.Google Scholar
and (1987). Eastern Left, Western Left: Totalitarianism, Freedom and Democracy, Atlantic Highlands, N.J.Google Scholar
and (1990). From Yalta to Glasnost: The Dismantling of Stalin’s Empire, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
and (1979). ‘Social Security and Household Wealth Accumulation: New Micro Econometric Evidence’, Review of Economics and Statistics 61.Google Scholar
(2001). Against the Masses: Varieties of Anti-Democratic Thought since the French Revolution, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981). Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, New York.Google Scholar
(1956). Laissez-Faire and the General Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865–1901, Ann Arbor, Mich.Google Scholar
and (1981) (eds.). The Development of Welfare States in Europe and America, New Brunswick, N.J.Google Scholar
(1892). Essai sur la psychologie des foules: considérations médico-judiciaires sur les responsibilités collectives, Lyon.Google Scholar
(1994). ‘After the Family Wage: Gender Equity and the Welfare State’, Political Theory 22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1994). ‘“Dependency” Demystified: Inscriptions of Power in a Keyword of the Welfare State’, Social Politics 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1979). ‘Eugenics and Progressive Thought: A Study in Ideological Affinity’, Historical Journal 22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1986). Liberalism Divided: A Study in British Political Thought 1914–1939, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990). ‘Rights, Needs and Community: The Emergence of British Welfare Thought’, in and (eds.) Needs and Welfare, London.Google Scholar
(1953–1974 [1921]). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, the standard edition of The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. , London.Google Scholar
(1978). ‘Keynes’s Political Legacy’, in , and , The Consequences of Mr Keynes, London.Google Scholar
(1955). ‘The Political Thought of Neo-Liberalism’, American Political Science Review 69.Google Scholar
(1975). ‘How Keynes Came to America’, in (ed.) Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1980 [1956]). Sterling-Dollar Diplomacy, republished with a new introduction, New York.Google Scholar
(1995). ‘Prague: Intellectuals and Politicians’, New York Review of Books, 12 January.Google Scholar
(1977). ‘Democracy and the Crowd: The Social History of an Idea in France and Italy, 1890–1914’, Societas 7.Google Scholar
(1982). ‘Rational Politicians and Rational Bureaucrats in Washington and Whitehall’, Public Administration 60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1986). ‘Risk-Sharing and Social Justice: the Motiva tional Foundations of the Post-War Welfare State’, British Journal of Political Science 16.Google Scholar
(1990). ‘Stabilizing Expectations: The Role of Earnings-Related Benefits in Social Welfare Policy’, Ethics 100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997). ‘Social Welfare as a Collective Social Responsibility’, in and , Social Welfare and Individual Responsibility: For and Against, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1984). ‘Breaking with Orthodoxy: The Politics of Economic Responses to the Depression of the 1930s’, International Organization 38, Winter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981). ‘The Concept of Totalitarianism in Political Theory’, in (ed.) Totalitarianism Reconsidered, New York.Google Scholar
(1965). Decolonisation: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires 1919 to 1963, London.Google Scholar
(1989a). ‘Conclusions: The Politics of Ideas’, in (ed.) The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
(1989b) (ed.). The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
(1961–1979 [1791]). ‘Report on Manufactures’, in vol. IV of The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, ed. and , 26 vols., New York.Google Scholar
(1981). ‘Some Aspects of Social Policy in Britain During the Second World War’, in (ed.) The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany 1850–1950, London.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Political Thought and the Welfare State 1870–1940: An Intellectual Framework for British Social Policy’, Past and Present 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990). ‘Gladstonianism, the Provinces and Popular Political Culture 1860–1906’, in (ed.) Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth Century Political Thought and Practice, London.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘The Power of the Powerless’, in Open Letters: Selected Writings, 1965–1990, New York.Google Scholar
(1981). ‘The British Business Community, Social Insurance and the German Example’, in (ed.) The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany 1850–1950, London.Google Scholar
(1956). ‘In Honour of Professor Mises’, reprinted in Hayek (1992).
(1977). ‘The Road from Serfdom’, interview with , Reason Online: www.reasonmag.cpm/hayekint.html.Google Scholar
(1978). New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas, Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992). The Fortunes of Liberalism, ed. , The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, vol. IV, Chicago.Google Scholar
(1961). ‘The Official Social Philosophy of the French Third Republic: Léon Bourgeois and Solidarism’, International Review of Social History 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1963). ‘“Solidarity” and the Reformist Sociology of Alfred Fouillée, I’, American Journal of Economics and Sociology 22.Google Scholar
(1997). ‘A Jacobin, Liberal, Socialist, and Republican Synthesis: The Original Political Thought of Charles Dupont-White (1807–1878)’, History of European Ideas 23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1991). ‘Burke and Keynes’, in and (eds.) Keynes and Philosophy: Essays on the Origin of Keynes’s Thought, Aldershot.Google Scholar
(1984). John Maynard Keynes: A Personal Biography of the Man who Revolutionized Capitalism and the Way we Live, New York.Google Scholar
and (1989) (eds.). Lydia and Maynard: The Letters of John Maynard Keynes and Lydia Lopokova, New York.Google Scholar
(1994). The De-Moralization of Society: From Victorian Values to Modern Values, New York.Google Scholar
(1989). ‘How the Keynesian Revolution was Exported from the United States, and Other Comments’, in (ed.) The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
(1988). ‘Liberal Guilt: Some Theoretical Origins of the Welfare State’, in (ed.) Responsibility, Rights, and Welfare: The Theory of the Welfare State, Boulder, Colo. and London.Google Scholar
(1967). ‘“Welfare State” – A Debate that Isn’t’, in (ed.) The Welfare State, New York.Google Scholar
(1978 [1940]). ‘The Authoritarian State’, reprinted in and (eds.) The Essential Frankfurt School Reader, New York.Google Scholar
(1972). ‘The Soviet System: Petrification or Pluralism?’, Problems of Communism (March–April).Google Scholar
(1958). Consciousness and Society: The Reorientation of European Social Thought, New York.Google Scholar
(1987). If I Had a Hammer: The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New, New York.Google Scholar
(1995). ‘The New Right in France’, in et al. (eds.) The Far Right in Western and Eastern Europe, London.Google Scholar
(1978). ‘The Keynesian Revolution and the Monetarist Counter-Revolution’, in and (eds.) In the Shadow of Keynes, Oxford.Google Scholar
(1974). ‘On Re-Reading Keynes’, Fourth Keynes Lecture in Economics, in Proceedings of the British Academy, vol. LX, Oxford.Google Scholar
(1996). From Pulpit to Party. The Rise of Christian Democracy in Europe, Ithaca and London.Google Scholar
(1964). ‘The Administered Society: Totalitarianism Without Terror’, World Politics (July).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1981). The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany. 1860–1914, Chapel Hill, N.C.Google Scholar
(1996). ‘The State and Moral Progress: The Webbs’ Case for Social Reform, c. 1905 to 1940’, Twentieth Century British History 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1993). ‘Institutional Choices and Labor Market Policy: A British–Swedish Comparison’, Comparative Political Studies 26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1995). Actively Seeking Work? The Politics of Unemployment and Welfare Policy in the United States and Great Britain, Chicago.Google Scholar
(1982). Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and Reason in Politics, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
(1993). ‘O’Goffe’s Tale: Or What Can We Learn from the Successes of the Capitalist Welfare States?’, in (ed.) New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe, London.Google Scholar
(1935). ‘Communist and Fascist Dictatorship: A Comparative Study’, in (ed.) Dictatorship in the Modern World, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
(1995). The Melancholy of Rebirth: Essays from Post-Communist Central Europe, 1989–1994, New York.Google Scholar
(1995). ‘The Position of the Elderly in the Welfare State: Comparative Perspectives on Old-Age Care in Sweden’, Social Service Review 69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1970). ‘When Virtue Loses all her Loveliness – Some Reflections on Capitalism and “The Free Society”’, The Public Interest, Fall.Google Scholar
(1994). ‘The Demise of the Male Breadwinner – In Practice but not in Theory: A Challenge for Social Security Systems’, in and (eds.) Social Security and Social Change, New York.Google Scholar
(1990). ‘German Liberalism in the Second Empire, 1871–1914’ in and (eds.) In Search of a Liberal Germany, New York, Oxford and Munich.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Gender and the Development of Welfare Regimes’, Journal of European Social Policy 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). ‘Marxism and Totalitarianism: Rudolf Hilferding and the Menshe-viks’, Dissent (Spring).Google Scholar
(1975). ‘Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes’, in and (eds.) Handbook of Political Science: Macropolitical Theory, vol. III, Reading, Mass.Google Scholar
(1964). ‘Ostrogorski and the Analytical Approach to the Comparative Study of Political Parties’, in , Democracy and the Organisation of Political Parties, ed. and abridged , Chicago, vol. I.Google Scholar
(1983). From Philosophy to Sociology: The Evolution of French Liberalism, 1890–1914, DeKalb, Ill.Google Scholar
(1996). To wards a New Liberal Internationalism: The International Theory of J. A. Hobson, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1973). Revolution und Kirche. Studien zur Frühgeschichte der Christlichen Demokratie (1789–1901), Freiburg.Google Scholar
(1968 [1934]). ‘The Struggle Against Liberalism in the Totalitarian View of the State’, reprinted in Negations, Boston.Google Scholar
(1999). ‘Sovereignty, Nationalism and Self-Determination’, in (ed.) Sovereignty at the Millennium, Oxford.Google Scholar
(1997). ‘Citizenship and Social Policy: T. H. Marshall and Poverty’, Social Philosophy and Policy 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1922). Weltbürgertum und Nationaalstaat. Studien zur Genesis des deutschen Nationalstaates, Munich.Google Scholar
(1959 [1911]). Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy, New York.Google Scholar
(1977 [1836]). ‘Civilization’, in Essays on Politics and Society, ed. , Toronto and Buffalo.Google Scholar
and (1986). A History of German Social Democracy from 1848 to the Present, Leamington Spa.Google Scholar
(1994). John Maynard Keynes: A Study in the Psychology of Original Work, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983 [1919]). Nation, State and Economy: Contributions to the History of our Time, trans. , New York.Google Scholar
(1944). Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War, New Haven, Conn.Google Scholar
(1991). The Divided Path: The German Influence on Social Reform in France after 1870, Chapel Hill, N.C.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Incentive Effects of the US Welfare System: A Review’, Journal of Economic Literature 30.Google Scholar
(1981). ‘The Concept of Totalitarian Dictatorship vs. the Comparative Theory of Fascism: The Case of National Socialism’, in (ed.) Totalitarianism Reconsidered, New York.Google Scholar
(1981) (ed.). The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany 1850–1950, London.Google Scholar
(1977). ‘Bischof Ketteler und der politischer Katholizismus’, in Jahres- und Tagungsbericht der Görres-Gesellschaft, Cologne.Google Scholar
(1939 [1896 and 1923]). The Ruling Class (Elementi di scienza politica), ed. , trans. , New York.Google Scholar
(1958 [1884]). Sulla teorica dei governi e sul governo rappresentativo, in Còi che la storia possa insegnare: scritti di scienza politica, Milan.Google Scholar
(1964). The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich, New York.Google Scholar
and (1941). Nation and Family: The Swedish Experiment in Democratic Family and Population Policy, New York.Google Scholar
(1990). ‘The Origins of the Two-Channel Welfare State: Workmen’s Compensation and Mothers’ Aid’, in Women, the State and Welfare, ed. , Madison, Wis..Google Scholar
(1975). The Origins of Crowd Psychology: Gustave Le Bon and the Crisis of Mass Democracy in the Third Republic, London.Google Scholar
, and (1999). States, Markets, Families: Gender and Social Policy in Australia, Canada, Great Britain and the United States, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Keynes: Philosophy, Economics and Politics: The Philosophical Foundations of Keynes’s Thought and their Influence on his Economics and Politics, London.Google Scholar
(1987). ‘Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics: Social Movements since the 1960s’, in (ed.) Changing the Boundaries of the Political, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘A Non-Productivist Design for Social Policies’, in (ed.) Arguing for Basic Income, London.Google Scholar
(1981). The Welfare State in Crisis, Paris.
(1994). New Orientations for Social Policy, Paris.
(1993). ‘Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Compar ative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States’, American Sociological Review 58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1968a). ‘Review: Russia Under Soviet Rule, by N. de Basily’, in The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell, vol. I: An Age Like This, 1920–1940, ed. and , New York.Google Scholar
(1968b). The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George Orwell, vol. II: My Country Right or Left, 1940–1943, ed. and , New York.Google Scholar
(1902). Democracy and the Organisation of Political Parties, 2 vols., trans. with a preface by James Bryce, London.Google Scholar
(1999). ‘Critics of Empire in Britain’, in and (eds.) The Oxford History of the British Empire, vol. IV, Oxford.Google Scholar
(1992). The Ennoblement of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age, Baltimore, Md.Google Scholar
(1991). ‘The Three Cards Game: An Interview with Adam Michnik’, Telos (Summer).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1966 [1893]). ‘Introduction’, to , Le capital, extraits faits par in Marxisme et économie pure, Lausanne.Google Scholar
(1974 [1891]). ‘Socialismo e libertà’, Il Pensiero Italiano, Feb.:, in Ecrits politiques, ed. , 2 vols., Geneva, vol. I.Google Scholar
(1975 [1922]). Letter to Lello Gangemi, 13 Nov. 1922, in Correspondence 1890–1923, ed. , 2 vols., Geneva.Google Scholar
(1980 [1921]). ‘La trasformazione della democrazia’, in Ecrits sociologiques mineurs, ed. , Geneva.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998). Citizenship, Work and Welfare: Searching for the Good Society, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985). ‘Was Keynes Kuhnian?: Keynes and the Idea of Theoretical Revolutions’, British Journal of Political Science 15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). ‘Keynes, the Treasury and Unemployment in the Later Nineteen- Thirties’, Oxford Economic Papers 32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1983). ‘Sir Richard Hopkins and the “Keynesian Revolution” in Employment Policy, 1929–1945’, Economic History Review 36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Dismantling the Welfare State: Reagan, Thatcher and the Politics of Retrenchment, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). ‘Needs, Agency, and Welfare Rights’, in (ed.) Responsibility, Rights and Welfare, Boulder, Colo..Google Scholar
(1957 [1944]). The Great Transformation: the Political and Economic Origins of our Time, Boston.Google Scholar
(1941). ‘State Capitalism: Its Possibilities and Limitations’, Studies in Philosophy and Social Science 9 (2).Google Scholar
(1994b). ‘Starting in Reason, Ending in Passion. Bryce, Lowell, Ostrogorski and the Problem of Democracy’, Historical Journal 37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1996). Politics Without Parties: Moisei Ostrogorski and the Debate on Political Parties on the Eve of the Twentieth Century, Aldershot.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Wohlfahrt, Wohltat, Wohltätigkeit, Caritas’, in , and (eds.) Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, Stuttgart, vol. VII.Google Scholar
(1985). The Economist’s View of the World: Government, Markets and Public Policy, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1956). Die Katholisch-Soziale Bewegung Deutschlands im XIX Jahrhundert und der Volksverein, Cologne.Google Scholar
(1975). ‘What has Become of the Keynesian Revolution?’, in (ed.) Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1985). ‘The Keynesian Revolution in Economic Policy-Making: A Comment’, Economic History Review 36 (1).Google Scholar
(1994). Between the Norm and the Exception: The Frankfurt School and the Rule of Law, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
(1972). ‘La democrazia nel pensiero cattolico del novecento’, in (ed.) Storia delle idee politiche economiche e sociali, vol. VI: Il secolo ventesimo, Turin.Google Scholar
(1986). ‘Chiesa e società negli anni della modernizzazione’, in (ed.) Le chiese di Pio XII, Rome and Bari.Google Scholar
(1990). ‘In Defence of the Nation’, in (ed.) Ideas and Politics in Modern Britain, London.Google Scholar
(1997). ‘Can Old-Age Social Insurance be Justified?’, Social Philosophy and Policy 14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1975). ‘The Reception of the Keynesian Revolution’, in (ed.) Essays on John Maynard Keynes, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1989). Samizdat and an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1991) (eds.). Civic Freedom in Central Europe: Voices from Czechoslovakia, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1992). Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
and (1970). ‘Counter-Ideological Uses of “Totalitarianism”’, Politics and Society I(1) (November).Google Scholar
(1973). ‘The Nation’, in The Essential Stalin: Major Theoretical Writings 1905–1952, ed. , London.Google Scholar
(1978). La droite r´volutionnaire. 1885–1914: les origines françaises du fascisme, Paris.Google Scholar
(1970). ‘Director’s Law of Public Income Redistribution’, Journal of Law and Economics 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1985). The Search for Social Peace: Reform Legislation in France 1890–1914, Albany, N.Y.Google Scholar
and (1954). ‘Public Assistance and Social Insurance –A Normative Evaluation’, UCLA Law Review 1.Google Scholar
(2001). ‘A Stimulating Debate’, 27 October.
(1971). ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present 50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1979). ‘Collective Violence in European Perspective’, in and (eds.) Violence in America: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, London.Google Scholar
(1950). Problems of Social Policy, Official Civil History of the Second World War, London.Google Scholar
(1955). ‘The Social Division of Welfare: Some Reflections on the Search for Equity’, reprinted in Titmuss (1987).Google Scholar
(1987). The Philosophy of Welfare: Selected Writings of Richard M. Titmuss, ed. and , London.Google Scholar
(1981). ‘Why Was There Never a “Keynesian Revolution” in Economic Pol-icy?’, Economy and Society 10 (1).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976). The Vote Motive: An Essay in the Economics of Politics with Applications to the British Economy, London.Google Scholar
(1991). ‘Why Surfers Should be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income’, Philosophy and Public Affairs 20.Google Scholar
(1987). The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s, Chapel Hill, N.C.Google Scholar
(1985). ‘The Moral Standing of States: A Response to Four Critics’, in , , and (eds.) International Ethics, A Philosophy and Public Affairs Reader, Princeton, N.J.Google Scholar
(1988). The Company of Critics: Social Criticism and Political Commitment in the Twentieth Century, New York.Google Scholar
and (1909a) (eds.). The Break-up of the Poor Law: Being Part One of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission, London.Google Scholar
and (1909b) (eds.). The Public Organisation of the Labour Market: Being Part Two of the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission, London.Google Scholar
(1948). ‘The Nation’, in From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, trans. and ed. and , London.Google Scholar
(1949 [1917]). ‘The Meaning of “Ethical Neutrality” in Sociology and Economics’, in and (eds.) Max Weber on the Methodology of the Social Sciences, New York.Google Scholar
(1978b [1918]). ‘Parliament and Government in a Reconstructed Germany’, in Economy and Society, ed. and , 2 vols., Berkeley, appendix 2, vol. II.Google Scholar
(1994a [1917]). ‘Suffrage and Democracy in Germany’, in Political Writings, ed. and , trans. , Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1994c [1919]). ‘The Profession and Vocation of Politics’, in Political Writings, ed. and , trans. , Cambridge.Google Scholar
and (1985). ‘State Structures and the Possibilities for “Keynesian” Responses to the Great Depression in Sweden, Britain, and the United States’, in , and (eds.) Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge.Google Scholar
(1981). ‘The Crisis of German Unemployment Insurance in 1928/1929 and its Political Repercussions’, in , The Emergence of the Welfare State in Britain and Germany 1850–1950, London.Google Scholar
(1983). ‘Origins of the French Welfare State: Poor Relief in the Third Republic, 1871–1914’, French Historical Studies 13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2000). ‘Social Rights and the Social Contract – Political Theory and the New Welfare Politics’, British Journal of Political Science 30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988). Merleau-Ponty and the Foundations of an Existential Politics, Princeton, N.J.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1961). ‘The Durability of Soviet Totalitarianism’, in and (eds.) Soviet Society, Boston.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Schmitt – The Conservative Revolutionary: Habitus and Aesthetics of Horror’, Political Theory 20(3).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994). Averting the Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth, New York.
(1996). Reconsidering American Liberalism: The Troubled Odyssey of the Liberal Idea, Boulder, Colo.Google Scholar
(1992). ‘Success and Collapse: Traditional Soviet Nationality Policy’, in and , Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States, Cambridge.Google Scholar
- 4
- Cited by