Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T21:05:18.092Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Scientific Exchange

from Volume I Part 2 - Thematic Histories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Michal Biran
Affiliation:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Hodong Kim
Affiliation:
Seoul National University
Get access

Summary

The Mongols facilitated a great deal of Sino-Islamic scientific exchange. Though scholars patronized by the Mongols learned a great deal about developments on the other side of the Mongol realms, science from China did not affect the theoretical foundations of science in Iran, nor vice versa. Rather, materia medica and co-operation in observational astronomy endured. The western Mongol realms also greeted scholars from Europe and from the Islamic west. The Mongols were principally interested in specific benefits accruing to them from scientific exchanges. Thus they welcomed information about medicine, mapmaking, astronomy, and astrology, and supported exchanges in these fields.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allsen, Thomas T. 1996. “Biography of a Cultural Broker.” In The Court of the Il-Khans, 1290–1340, ed. Raby, Julian and Fitzherbert, Teresa, 719. Oxford.Google Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2001. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allsen, Thomas T. 2009. “Mongols as Vectors for Cultural Transmission.” In The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chingissid Age, ed. Cosmo, Nicola Di, Frank, Allen J., and Golden, Peter B., 135–54. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. 2014. “Hülegü and His Wise Men.” In Politics, Patronage, and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz, ed. Pfeiffer, Judith, 1534. Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Anderson, Eugene, and Buell, Paul. 2000. A Soup for the Qan. London.Google Scholar
Armijo-Hussein, Jacqueline. 1997. “Sayyid ‘Ajall Shams al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, Serving the Mongols in China and Bringing Civilization.” Harvard University PhD dissertation.Google Scholar
Balodis, Franz A. 1926. “Alt-Sarai und Neu-Sarai, die Hauptstädte der Goldenen Horde.Latvijas universitātes raksti 13: 382.Google Scholar
Baṭṭūṭa/Gibb. See Abbreviations.Google Scholar
Bloom, Jonathan. 2001. Paper before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World. New Haven.Google Scholar
Bemmann, Jan, Erdenebat, Ulambayar, and Pohl, Ernst. 2010. Mongolian–German Karakorum Expedition, vol. 1. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Berlekamp, Persis. 2010. “The Limits of Artistic Exchange in Fourteenth-Century Tabriz: The Paradox of Rashid al-Din’s Book on Chinese Medicine.” Muqarnas 27: 209–50.Google Scholar
Bosworth, C. E. 2014. “K̲h̲wārazm.” In EI2, online ed.Google Scholar
Brentjes, Sonja. 1991. “On Some Theorems to Elementary Number Theory by Kamal al-Din al-Farisi.” Pakistan Archaeology 26.2: 96107.Google Scholar
Brentjes, Sonja 1998. “On the Persian Transmission of Euclid’s Elements.” In La science dans le monde iranien: À l’époque Islamique, ed. Vesel, Živa, Beikbaghan, H., and Bertrand Thierry de Crussol, 7394. Tehran.Google Scholar
Buell, Paul. 2007. “How Did Persian and Other Western Medical Knowledge Move East, and Chinese West? A Look at the Role of Rashīd al-Dīn and Others.” Asian Medicine 3: 279–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
al-Bukhārī, Mīrak. 1974. Sharḥ Ḥikmat al-ʿayn, ed. Jaʿfar Zāhidī. Mashhad.Google Scholar
Chan, Hok-lam. 1967. “Liu Ping-chung 劉秉忠 (1216–74): a Buddhist–Taoist Statesman at the Court of Khubilai Khan.” T’oung Pao 53.1–3: 98146.Google Scholar
Chemla, Karine. 1994. “Similarities between Chinese and Arabic Mathematical Writings: (I) Root Extraction.” Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 4: 207–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Bangzhan 陳邦瞻, comp. 1979. Yuan shi jishi benmo 元史紀事本末 (Record of the History of the Yuan from Beginning to End). Beijing.Google Scholar
Chen, Gaohua 陳高華. 2010. Yuan Dadu Shangdu yanjiu 元大都上都硏究 (Research on Dadu and Shangdu in Yuan Times). Beijing.Google Scholar
Ch’en, Yuan. 1966. Western and Central Asians in China under the Mongols, tr. Ch’ien Hsing-hai and L. C. Goodrich. Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Chŏng, Inji 鄭麟趾. 1909. Koryŏsa 高麗史 (History of Koryŏ). Tokyo.Google Scholar
Comes, Mercè. 2004. “The Possible Scientific Exchange between the Courts of Hulaghu of Maragha and Alphonse 10th of Castille.” In Sciences, techniques et instruments dans le monde iranien, ed. Pourjavady, Nasrallah and Vesel, Živa, 2950. Tehran.Google Scholar
Comes, Mercè 2007. “Muḥyī al‐Milla wa‐ʾl‐Dīn Yaḥyā Abū ʿAbdallāh ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī al‐Shukr al‐Maghribī al‐Andalusī.” In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, ed. Hockey, Thomas et al., 548–49. New York.Google Scholar
Dallal, Ahmad, ed., trans., and comm. 1995. An Islamic Response to Greek Astronomy. Leiden, Boston, and Cologne.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregg, De Young. 2001. “The Ashkāl al-ta’sīs of al-Samarqandī: A Translation and Study.Zeitschrift für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften 14: 57117.Google Scholar
Gregg, De Young 2006. “Quṭb al-Dīn al-Shīrāzī and His Persian Translation of Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s Taḥrīt uṣūl Uqlīdus.” Farhang 20: 1775.Google Scholar
Dreyer, J. L. E. 1906. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fazlıoğlu, İhsan. 2003. “Osmanlı felsefe-biliminin arkaplanı: Semerkand matematik-astronomi okulu.” Dîvân İlmî Arastırmalar, 14: 1–66. English translation: “The Samarqand Mathematical–Astronomical School: A Basis for Ottoman Philosophy and Science.” Journal for the History of Arabic Science 14: 368.Google Scholar
Fazlıoğlu, İhsan 2007a. “Kamāl al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muṣṭafā al‐Māridīnī al‐Turkmānī al‐Ḥanafī.” In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, ed. Hockey, Thomas et al., 609. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fazlıoğlu, İhsan 2007b. “Shams al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ashraf al‐Ḥusaynī al‐Samarqandī.” In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, ed. Hockey, Thomas et al., 1008. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foust, Clifford. 1992. Rhubarb: The Wondrous Drug. Princeton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franke, Herbert. 1970. “Additional Notes on Non-Chinese Terms in the Yuan Imperial Dietary Compendium Yin-shan Cheng-yao.” Zentralasiatische Studien 4: 716.Google Scholar
Haddad, Fuad, and Kennedy, E. S. 1971. “Geographical Tables of Medieval Islam.” al-Abḥāth 24: 87100.Google Scholar
Hasse, Dag Nikolaus. 2000. “Mosul and Frederick ii Hohenstaufen: Notes on Atīraddīn al-Abharī and Sirāğaddīn al-Urmawī.” In Occident et Proche-Orient: Contacts scientifiques au temps des croisades, ed. Draelants, Isabelle, Tihon, Anne, and Baudouin, van den Abeele, 145–63. Turnhout.Google Scholar
Ho, Peng-yoke. 1969. “The Astronomical Bureau in Ming China.” Journal of Asian History 3.2: 137–57.Google Scholar
Hymes, Robert. 1987. “Not Quite Gentlemen? Doctors in Sung and Yuan.” Chinese Science 8: 976.Google Scholar
ʿArabshāh, Ibn, ibn Muḥammad, Aḥmad, ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad ʿUmar. 1979. ʿAjā’ib al-maqdūr fī nawā’ib Tīmūr. Cairo.Google Scholar
Isahaya, Yoichi. 2020. “Fu Mengzhi: ‘The Sage of Cathay’ in Mongol Iran and Astral Sciences along the Silk Roads.” In Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals, ed. Michal Biran, Jonathan Brack, and Francesca Fiaschetti, 238–54. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Jackson, Peter. 2005. The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. Harlow.Google Scholar
Kauz, Ralph. 2013. “Some Notes on the Geographical and Cartographical Impacts from Persia to China.” In Eurasian Influences on Yuan China, ed. Rossabi, Morris, 159–67. Singapore.Google Scholar
Ke, Shaomin 柯劭忞. 1962–1969. Xin Yuan shi 新元史 (New Yuan History). In Ershi wushi 二十五史 (Twenty-Five Dynastic Histories). Taipei.Google Scholar
Kennedy, E. S. 1964. “The Chinese–Uighur Calendar as Described in the Islamic Sources.” Isis 55: 435–43.Google Scholar
King, David, and Julio, Samsó with Goldstein, Bernard R 2001. “Astronomical Handbooks and Tables from the Islamic World (750–1900): An Interim Report.” Suhayl 2: 9105.Google Scholar
Klein-Franke, Felix. 1998. “Rashīd al-Dīn and the Tansūqnāma.Muséon 111: 427–45.Google Scholar
Lambton, Ann. 1999. “The Āthār wa-Aḥyā’ of Rashīd al-Dīn.” In The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy, ed. Amitai-Preiss, Reuven and Morgan, David, 126–54. Leiden.Google Scholar
Langermann, Y. Tzvi. 2011. “Science in the Jewish Communities of the Byzantine Cultural Orbit: New Perspectives.” In Science in the Medieval Jewish Communities, ed. Freudenthal, Gad, 438–53. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Lévy, Tony. 1992. “Gersonide, commentateur d’Euclide.” In Studies on Gersonides, a Fourteenth-Century Jewish Philosopher–Scientist, ed. Freudenthal, Gad, 83147. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lo, Vivienne, and Wang, Yidan. 2013. “A comparative study of Rashīd al-Dīn’s Tanksūqnāma and Its Chinese sources.” In Rashīd Al-Dīn: Agent and Mediator of Cultural Exchanges in Ilkhanid Iran, ed. Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim, Charles Burnett, Anna Akasoy, and Warburg Institute, 127–72. London and Turin.Google Scholar
Mimura, Taro. 2013. “Quṭb al-Dīn Shīrāzī’s Medical Work, al-Tuḥfa al-Saʿdiyya (Commentary on vol. 1 of Ibn Sīnā’s al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb) and Its Sources.” Tarikh-e Elm 10.2: 113.Google Scholar
Minorsky, V., and Minovi, M.. 1940. “Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī on Finance.” BSOAS 20: 755–89.Google Scholar
Morgan, D. O. 2014. “Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn Ṭabīb.” In EI2, online ed.Google Scholar
Morrison, Robert G. 2007. Islam and Science: The Intellectual Career of Niẓām al-Dīn al-Nīsābūrī. London and New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, Robert G. 2014. “A Scholarly Intermediary between the Ottoman Empire and Renaissance Europe.” Isis 105: 3257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mozaffari, S. Mohammad. 2013. “Wābkanawī’s Prediction and Calculations of the Annular Solar Eclipse of 30 January 1283.” Historia Mathematica 40: 235–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozaffari, S. Mohammad 2014. “Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Maghribī’s Lunar Measurements at the Maragha Observatory.” Archive for History of the Exact Sciences 68: 67120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mozaffari, S. Mohammad, and Zotti, Georg. 2012. “Ghazan Khan’s Astronomical Innovations at Marāgha Observatory.” JAOS 132: 395425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Needham, Joseph. 1961. Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 1. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Neubauer, E. 2012. “Ṣafī al-Dīn al-Urmawī”, EI2 online ed.Google Scholar
North, John. 2008. Cosmos: An Illustrated History of Astronomy and Cosmology. Chicago and London.Google Scholar
Olschki, Leonardo. 1946. Guillaume Boucher: A French Artist at the Court of the Khans. Baltimore.Google Scholar
Park, Hyunhee. 2012. Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-cultural Exchange in Pre-modern Asia. Cambridge and New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Park, Hyunhee 2013. “Cross-cultural Exchange and Geographic Knowledge of the World in Yuan China.” In Eurasian Influences on Yuan China, ed. Morris Rossabi, 125–58. Singapore.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, Judith. 2006. “Reflections on a ‘Double Rapprochement’: Conversion to Islam among the Mongol Elite during the Early Ilkhanate.” In Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan, ed. Komaroff, Linda, 369–89. Leiden.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. Jamil (with Hans Daiber). 1993. Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī’s Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadhkira fī ʿilm al-hayʾa), edition, translation, commentary and introduction, 2 vols. New York.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. Jamil 2000. “Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī.” In EI 2, 10: 750–52.Google Scholar
Ragep, F. Jamil 2005. “ʿAlī Qushjī and Regiomontanus: Eccentric Transformations and Copernican Revolutions.Journal for the History of Astronomy 36.4: 359–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ragep, F. Jamil 2014. “New Light on Shams: The Islamic Side of ΣᾺΜΨ ΠΟΥΧΆΡΗΣ.” In Politics, Patronage, and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz, ed. Pfeiffer, Judith, 231–47. Leiden and Boston.Google Scholar
Ragep, Sally. 2007. “Sharaf al‐Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Jaghmīnī al‐Khwārizmī.” In The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, ed. Hockey, Thomas et al., 584–85. New York.Google Scholar
Rashed, Roshdi. 2008. “Kamāl Al-Dīn Abu’l Ḥasan Muḥammad Ibn al-Ḥasan Al-Fārisī.” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 7, 212–19. Detroit.Google Scholar
Rashīd al-Dīn, Faḍlallāh. 1971. Die Chinageschichte des Rašid ad-Din: Übersetzung, Kommentar, Facsimiletafeln 3, tr. Karl Jahn. Vienna.Google Scholar
Rossabi, Morris. 1981. “The Muslims in the Early Yuan Dynasty.” In China under Mongol Rule, ed. John Langlois, 257–95. Princeton.Google Scholar
Rossabi, Morris 1988. Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Sabra, A. I. 2007. “The Commentary That Saved the Text.” Early Science and Medicine 12: 117–33.Google Scholar
Saliba, George. 1983. “An Observational Notebook of a Thirteenth‐Century Astronomer.” Isis 74: 388401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saliba, George 1984. “Arabic Astronomy and Copernicus.” Zeitschrift für Geschichte der arabisch-islamisch Wissenschaften 1: 7387.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 1994. A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories during the Golden Age of Islam. New York.Google Scholar
Saliba, George 2007. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance. Cambridge, MA.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayılı, Aydin. 1960. The Observatory in Islam. Ankara.Google Scholar
Sayılı, Aydin 1981. The Observatory in Islam. New York.Google Scholar
Schamiloglu, Uli. 1993. “Preliminary Remarks on the Role of Disease in the History of the Golden Horde.” Central Asian Survey 12.4: 447–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schottenhammer, Angela. 2013. “Huihui Medicine and Medicinal Drugs.” In Eurasian Influences on Yuan China, ed. Rossabi, Morris, 75102. Singapore.Google Scholar
Sen, Tansen. 2006. “The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-cultural Diplomacy in the 13th and 14th Centuries.” Asia Major, ser. 3 19.1–2: 299326.Google Scholar
SH. See Abbreviations.Google Scholar
Shi, Yunli. 2003. “The Korean Adaptation of the Chinese–Islamic Astronomical Tables.” Archive for the History of the Exact Sciences, 57: 2560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shinno, Reiko. 2007. “Medical Schools and the Temples of the Three Progenitors in Yuan China: A Case of Cross-cultural Interactions.” HJAS 67.1: 89133.Google Scholar
Shinno, Reiko 2016. The Politics of Chinese Medicine under Mongol Rule. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivin, Nathan. 2009. Granting the Seasons: The Chinese Astronomical Reform of 1280. New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, John Masson. 2000. “Dietary Decadence and Dynastic Decline in the Mongol Empire.” Journal of Asian History 34.1: 3552.Google Scholar
Spuler, Bertold. 1943. Die goldene horde: Die Mongolen in Russland: 1223–1502. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Steinhardt, Nancy. 1983. “The Plan of Khubilai Khan’s Imperial City.” Artibus Asiae 44.2–3: 137–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinhardt, Nancy 1988. “Imperial Architecture along the Mongolian Road to Dadu.” Ars Orientalis 18: 5993.Google Scholar
Steinhardt, Nancy 2013. “Eurasian Impacts on the Yuan Observatory in Haocheng.” In Eurasian Influences on Yuan China, ed. Rossabi, Morris, 103–24. Singapore.Google Scholar
Tihon, Ann. 2008. “Chioniades, George (or Gregory).” In Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 20, 120–22. Detroit.Google Scholar
Benno, van Dalen. 1999. “Tables of Planetary Latitude in the Huihui Li (ii).” In Current Perspectives in the History of Science in East Asia, ed. Yung Sik Kim and Francesca Bray, 316–29. Seoul.Google Scholar
Benno, van Dalen 2000. “A Non-Ptolemaic Islamic Star Table in Chinese.” In Sic Itur ad Astra, ed. Folkerts, Menso and Lorch, Richard, 147–76. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Benno, van Dalen 2002. “Islamic and Chinese Astronomy under the Mongols: A Little-Known Case of Transmission.” In From China to Paris: 2000 Years Transmission of Mathematical Ideas, ed. Yvonne Dold-Samplonius, Joseph W. Dauben, Menso Folkerts, and Benno, van Dalen, 327–56. Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Benno, van Dalen 2004. “The Activities of Iranian Astronomers in Mongol China.” In Sciences, techniques, et instruments dans le monde Iranien; X–XIX siècle, ed. Pourjavady, Nasrallah and Vesel, Živa, 1728. Tehran.Google Scholar
Benno, van Dalen 2007. “Zhamaluding: Jamāl al‐Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ṭāhir ibn Muḥammad al‐Zaydī al‐Bukhārī.” In Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers, ed. Hockey, Thomas et al., 1262–63. New York.Google Scholar
Benno, van Dalen, Kennedy, E. S., and Saiyid, Mustafa K. 1997. “The Chinese–Uighur Calendar in Ṭūsī’s Zīj-i Īlkhānī.” Zeitschrift fūr arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften 11: 111–52.Google Scholar
Josef, van Ess. 1981. Der Wesir und seine Gelehrten. Wiesbaden.Google Scholar
Joseph, von Hammer-Purgstall. 1840. Der Goldenen Horde in Kiptschak, das ist: Der Mongolen in Russland. Pesth.Google Scholar
Waley, Arthur. 1931. The Travels of an Alchemist. London.Google Scholar
Yabuuti, K. 1987. “The Influence of Islamic Astronomy in China.” In From Deferent to Equant, ed. King, David and Saliba, George, 547–59. New York.Google Scholar
Yang, Qiao. 2017. “From the West to the East, from the Sky to the Earth: A Biography of Jamāl al-Dīn.” Asiatische Studien/Études asiatiques 71.4: 1231–45.Google Scholar
Yano, Michio, ed. and trans. 1997. Kūšyar ibn Labbān: Introduction to Astrology. Tokyo.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×