Adding this code of conduct, in 1457, to a blank leaf in a copy of the revised Wycliffite translation of St Paul’s Epistles, an otherwise unknown man named Austin Fishmonger firmly set women’s reading in the context of a programme of virtuous activities designed to occupy body and mind. His perception of the value of directed reading is commonplace in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, reiterated, for example, by Geoffrey de la Tour-Landry and his English translators, and in Richard Hyrd’s version of Vives’s Instruction of a Christian Woman.

Most fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century books which explicitly recommend themselves to women are directed to those who claim or aspire to ‘gentility’. They are rarely gentry-exclusive, however, in the sense that they might seek specifically to address those of a precisely definable ‘gentry’ class: those whose families ranked just below the peerage, according to one definition, or whose annual incomes from land were assessed at between £10 and £40. In terms of cultural interests, distinctions between gentry and nobility are hard to draw, and would assume a fixity of class distribution which is not borne out by the evidence of social mobility.