Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T19:59:00.609Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

21 - Plasmas and Solid-State Science

from Part IV - Atomic and Molecular Sciences in the Twentieth Century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Mary Jo Nye
Affiliation:
Oregon State University
Get access

Summary

There is a common trait in reviews by plasma- and solid-state physicists of their specialties: an emphasis on the ubiquity of the subject matter with which they are concerned. “As we now know, planet Earth is but a small non-plasma island in a vast sea of plasma. Though tenuous in outer space, plasma is dense and omnipresent in the stars and in their coronas. In fact this ‘fourth state of matter’ – plasma – is seen as the dominant form of matter in the Universe,” a pioneer of plasma physics writes in a review about his discipline. With the same zeal but a slightly different emphasis, a German solid-state protagonist has created a link between the omnipresent solid matter and human culture: “Solid substances have given their names to the great historical epochs of mankind. Stone, bronze, and iron have caused epochal changes,” he begins in a book on the history of solid-state electronics. Now, at the end of the iron age, we are entering a new era. “Probably this epoch will be given the name of the crystal.… This new epoch perhaps will be called silicon age.”

What is the message behind such a “ubiquity” rhetoric? Beyond the pleading for recognition, funds, and other means of furthering plasma and solid-state physics, are we supposed to consider research in those omnipresent substances as a cultural obligation? In contrast to specialties like elementary particle physics, which appear to the public as more fundamental, the study of plasmas is regarded as a corollary to the quest for controlled thermonuclear fusion. Similarly, solid-state physics seems to derive its importance more from technological applications than from intellectual curiosity.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

, Wilbert F. and Bragaw, Charles L., eds., Achievement in Radio: Seventy Years of Radio Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the National Bureau of Standards (Boulder, Colo.: National Bureau of Standards, 1986), at p.Google Scholar
Bacon, G. E., ed., Fifty Years of Neutron Diffraction: The Advent of Neutron Scattering (Bristol, England: Adam Hilger, 1986)Google Scholar
Braun, Ernest and MacDonald, E., Revolution in Miniature, 2d. ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982)Google Scholar
Bromberg, Joan Lisa, Fusion: Science, Politics, and the Invention of a New Energy Source (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press 1982)Google Scholar
Brush, Stephen G., “Prediction and Theory Evaluation: Alfvén on Space Plasma Phenomena,” Eos, 71, no. 2 (1990)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Michael et al., “The Roots of Solid-State Physics before Quantum Mechanics,” in Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from the History of Solid-State Physics, ed. Hoddeson, Lillian et al. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992)Google Scholar
Eckert, Michael and Schubert, Helmut, Kristalle, Elektronen, Transistoren: Von der Gelehrtenstube zur Industrieforschung (Reinbek: Rowohlt, 1986; Am. translation: New York: American Institute of Physics, 1990)Google Scholar
Eckert, Michael, “Theoretical Physicists at War: Sommerfeld Students in Germany and as Emigrants,” in National Military Establishments and the Advancement of Science and Technology: Studies in 20th Century History, ed. Forman, Paul and Sanchez-Ron, Jose M. (Dordrecht: Kluwer 1996)Google Scholar
Eckert, Michael, “Vom ‘Matterhorn’ zum ‘Wendelstein’: Internationale Anstösse zur nationalen Grossforschung in der Kernfusion,” in Eckert, Michael and Osietzki, Maria, Wissenschaftfür Macht und Markt. Kernforschung und Mikroelektronik in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1989)Google Scholar
Eckert, Michael, “Neutrons and Politics: Maier-Leibnitz and the Emergence of Pile Neutron Research in the FRG,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 19, no. 1 (1988)Google Scholar
Ewald, Peter Paul, ed., Fifty Years of X-Ray Diffraction (Utrecht: International Union of Crystallography, N. V A. Oosthoek’s Uitgeversmaatschapij, 1962)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forman, Paul, “The Discovery of the Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals: A Critique of the Myths,” Archive for History of Exact Sciences, 6 (1969)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forman, Paul, “Behind Quantum Electronics: National Security as Basis for Physical Research in the United States, 1940–1960,” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 18, no. 1 (1987), here n. 5 and figs. 1 and 3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forman, Paul, “Swords into Ploughshares: Breaking New Ground with Radar Hardware and Technique in Physical Research after World War II,” Reviews of Modern Physics, 67, no. 2 (1995)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillmor, C. Stewart, “Geospace and its Uses: The Restructuring of Ionospheric Physics Following World War II,” in The Restructuring of Physical Sciences in Europe and the United States 1945–1960, ed. Maria, Michelangelo et al. (Singapore: World Scientific, 1989)Google Scholar
Golowin, I. N. and Schafranow, W. D., “Die Anfänge der kontrollierten Kernfusion,” in Andrej D. Sacharow: Leben und Werk eines Physikers in derRetrospektive seiner Kollegen und Freunde in der Akademie der Wissenschaften (Heidelberg: Spektrum Akad. Verlag, 1991Google Scholar
Hanle, Paul and Chamberlain, V. D., eds., Space Science Comes of Age (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981)Google Scholar
Hawkins, David, Project Y: The Los Alamos Story. Part I: Toward Trinity (Los Angeles: Tomash Publishers, 1983)Google Scholar
Heilbron, John L. and Seidel, Robert W., Lawrence and His Laboratory: A History of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, vol. 1 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989)Google Scholar
Hendry, John, “The Scientific Origins of Controlled Fusion Technology,” Annals of Science, 44 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoddeson, Lillian, “The Discovery of the Point-Contact Transistor,” Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences, 12, no. 1 (1981)Google Scholar
Mariscotti, Mario, El Secreto Atomico de Huemul (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana/Planeta, 1985)Google Scholar
Mott, Nevill F. and Gurney, R. W., Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940)Google Scholar
Pestre, Dominique, Louis Néel, le Magnétisme et Grenoble (Paris: CNRS, 1990)Google Scholar
Post, Richard F., “Plasma Physics in the Twentieth Century,” in Physics in the Twentieth Century, vol. 3, ed. Brown, L. et al. (Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing, 1995), at p.Google Scholar
Queisser, Hans, Kristallene Krisen: Mikroelektronik – Wege der Forschung, Kampf um Märkte (Munich: Piper, 1985)Google Scholar
Schopman, Joop, “Philips’ Antwort auf die neue Halbleiterära Germanium und Silicium (1947–1957),” Technikgeschichte, 50 (1983)Google Scholar
Schweber, Silvan S., “The Mutual Embrace of Science and the Military: ONR and the Growth of Physics in the United States after World War II,” in Science, Technology and the Military, ed. Mendelsohn, Everett et al. (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1988)Google Scholar
Seitz, Frederick, The Modern Theory of Solids (New York: McGraw Hill, 1940)Google Scholar
Slater, John Clarke, Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography (New York: Wiley, 1975)Google Scholar
Snyder, C. Steward Gillmor, “The History of the Term ‘Ionosphere,’Nature, 262 (1976)Google Scholar
Tanner, Earl C., The Model C Decade: An Informal History, rev. ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Plasma Physics Laboratory, 1982)Google Scholar
Tonks, Lewi, “The Birth of ‘Plasma,’American Journal of Physics, 35 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonks, Lewi, “Theory of Magnetic Effect in the Plasma of an Arc,” Physical Review, 56 (1939)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trendelenburg, Ferdinand, “Aus der Geschichte der Forschung im Hause Siemens,” Technikgeschichte in Einzel-darstellungen, 31 (1975)Google Scholar
Walker, Charles T. and Slack, Glen A., “Who Named the -ON’s,” American Journal of Physics, 38 (1970)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×