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(b) - The making of the Danish kingdom

from 8 - Early political organisation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Inge Skovgaard-Petersen
Edited by
Knut Helle
Knut Helle
Affiliation:
Universitetet i Bergen, Norway
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Summary

Traditionally, the two royal rune stones at Jelling (see Chapter 6) mark the beginning of Danish history. The smaller one bears the inscription ‘King Gorm made this monument in honour of his wife, Tyre, the pride of Denmark’. The larger one relates that ‘King Harald ordered these monuments to be made in honour of his father, Gorm, and his mother, Tyre – that Harald who won for himself all Denmark, and Norway, and made the Danes Christian’.

Exact dating of runes is rarely possible, but on the basis of the royal names, known from foreign written sources, the Jelling inscriptions have been dated to the second half of the tenth century. They present the first two generations of the royal dynasty that has reigned in Denmark ever since. In the ninth and tenth centuries the title of konungr (king) could be used by several petty rulers at the same time but on the Jelling stone it is reserved for the single ruler of the whole of Denmark and at least part of Norway.

In the country itself the name of Denmark (tanmaurk, modern Danish Danmark) first occurs on the Jelling stones. However, Denamearc was already known to the Norwegian magnate Ohthere (Ottar) who visited King Alfred in England in about 890, and shortly afterwards Abbot Regino of Prüm (d. 915) mentions the name of Denimerca in his Chronica. The name consists of two parts: ‘Dan’ designates the people, the Danes (OD danir), whereas ‘mark’ has several meanings. One of them, ‘borderland’, would seem to fit the situation of the country at that time, though it is uncertain which border is meant.

Keywords

archaeologyDanish kingdomdendrochronologyeleventh-century DenmarkDanish historyScandinavian Middle AgeViking Agemedieval DenmarkNorth Sea empire
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The Cambridge History of Scandinavia , pp. 168 - 183
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2003

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