In comparison with the Hebrew literature of the medieval Islamic world, the Hebrew literature of the Christian Mediterranean—comprising Christian Iberia, southern France, and the Italian Peninsula—has received little scholarly attention. This essay provides an overview of Hebrew poetry and prose from the region from social and literary perspectives and notes both continuities and points of distinctiveness across the region. The essay offers special treatments of poetics, translation, and inter-religious polemics as well as a revision of the scholarly consensus, which has typically judged literary production in comparison with earlier, especially Andalusian, Hebrew poetry.