Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T06:20:16.723Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6 - World Englishes, Migration, and Diaspora

from Part I - The Making of Englishes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2019

Daniel Schreier
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Marianne Hundt
Affiliation:
Universität Zürich
Edgar W. Schneider
Affiliation:
Universität Regensburg, Germany
Get access

Summary

This chapter discusses the relevance of language contact in smaller-scale migration and linguistic diaspora situations for the study of World Englishes (WEs). It provides definitions of the terms diaspora and diasporic language variety and establishes a practice-oriented view of language use that acknowledges the speakers’ linguistic agency in constructing social meaning. It explores intersections of WEs with sociolinguistic identity construction (1) by attempting to bridge the gap between language mixing and WEs research; (2) by problematizing the role of the immigrant generation in the use of ethnolinguistic features; (3) by teasing apart factors on language contact in multiple migration scenarios; and (4) by highlighting the relevance of urban multi-ethnolects for WEs. Contextualizing WEs studies with these different theoretical perspectives pushes the boundaries of the discipline toward foregoing essentialist categories (such as “varieties” or “ethnolects”) in favor of more fluid concepts (such as “processes,” “practices,” or “repertoires”). The chapter thus uses concepts from migration and diaspora studies to show their benefit for future research of WEs.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arnaut, Karel, Blommaert, Jan, Rampton, Ben and Spotti, Massimiliano, eds. 2016. Language and Superdiversity. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter. 1999. From codeswitching via language mixing to fused lects: Toward a dynamic typology of bilingual speech. International Journal of Bilingualism 3(4): 309332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, Peter. 2005. A postscript: Code-switching and social identity. Journal of Pragmatics 37: 403410.Google Scholar
Benor, Sarah Bunin. 2010. Ethnolinguistic repertoire: Shifting the analytic focus in language and ethnicity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 14(2): 159183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhatt, Rakesh M. 2001. World Englishes. Annual Review of Anthropology 30(1): 527550.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2016. From mobility to complexity in sociolinguistic theory and method. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 242259.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan and Jie, Dong. 2010. Language and movement in space. In Coupland, Nicolas, ed. The Handbook of Language and Globalization. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 364384.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan and Rampton, Ben. 2016. Language and superdiversity. In Arnaut, Karel, Blommaert, Jan, Rampton, Ben, and Spotti, Massimiliano, eds. Language and Superdiversity. New York: Routledge, 2148.Google Scholar
Britain, David. 2004. Geolinguistics: Diffusion of language. In Ammon, Ulrich, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill, , eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 3448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, David. 2016. Sedentarism and nomadism in the sociolinguistics of dialect. In Coupland, Nicolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 217241.Google Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers. 2005. The “diaspora” diaspora. Ethnic and Racial Studies 28(1): 119.Google Scholar
Bullock, Barbara E., Hinrichs, Lars and Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2017. World Englishes, code-switching, and convergence. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 211231.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh, ed. 2017. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Canagarajah, Suresh and Silberstein, Sandra. 2012. Diaspora identities and language. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 11(2): 8184.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny. 2013. Grammaticalisation in social context: The emergence of a new English pronoun. Journal of Sociolinguistics 17(5): 608633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Kerswill, Paul, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. Contact, the feature pool and the speech community: The emergence of Multicultural London English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(2): 151196.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny, Nortier, Jacomine M. and Adger, David. 2015. Emerging multiethnolects in Europe. Queen Mary’s Occasional Papers Advancing Linguistics 33: 127.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. 1994. Diasporas. Cultural Anthropology 9(3): 302338.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael and Kipp, Sandra. 1997. Trends and changes in home language use and shift in Australia, 1986–1996. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 18(6): 451473.Google Scholar
Clyne, Michael, Eisikovits, Edina and Tollfree, Laura. 2002. Ethnolects as in-group varieties. In Duszak, Anna, ed. Us and Others: Social Identities across Language, Discourses and Cultures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 133158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Robin. 2008. Global Diasporas: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Creese, Angela and Blackledge, Adrian. 2010. Towards a sociolinguistics of superdiversity. Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft 13(4): 549572.Google Scholar
Cresswell, Tim. 2011. Mobilities I: Catching up. Progress in Human Geography 35(4): 550558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duarte, Joana, and Gogolin, Ingrid, eds. 2013. Linguistic Superdiversity in Urban Areas: Research Approaches. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 2012. Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of variation. Annual Review of Anthropology 41: 87100.Google Scholar
Fox, Sue, Khan, Arfaan, and Torgersen, Eivind. 2011. The emergence and diffusion of Multicultural English. In Kern, Friederike and Selting, Margret, eds. Ethnic Styles of Speaking in European Metropolitan Areas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1944.Google Scholar
Hackert, Stephanie, and Huber, Magnus. 2007. Gullah in the diaspora: Historical and linguistic evidence from the Bahamas. Diachronica 24(2): 279325.Google Scholar
Hall-Lew, Lauren, and Starr, Rebecca L.. 2010. Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay area. English Today 26(3): 1219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hazen, Kirk, and Hamilton, Sarah. 2008. A dialect turned inside out: Migration and the Appalachian diaspora. Journal of English Linguistics 36(2): 105128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hickey, Raymond. 2017. Retention and innovation in settler Englishes. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 657675.Google Scholar
Hinrichs, Lars. 2014. Diasporic mixing of World Englishes: The case of Jamaican Creole in Toronto. In Green, E. and Meyer, C. eds. The Variability of Current World Englishes. Berlin: De Gruyter, 169194.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Michol F., and Walker, James A.. 2010. Ethnolects and the city: Ethnic orientation and linguistic variation in Toronto English. Language Variation and Change 22(1): 3767.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2014a. Home is where you’re born: Negotiating identity in the diaspora. Studia Neophilologica 86(2): 125137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2014b. Zero articles in Indian Englishes: A comparison of primary and secondary diaspora situations. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 131170.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne. 2018. “My language, my identity”: Negotiating language use and attitudes in the New Zealand Fiji-Indian diaspora. Asian Englishes 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2018.1463148Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. 2014. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marianne, Hundt and Staicov, Adina. 2018. Identity in the London Indian diaspora: Towards the quantification of qualitative data. World Englishes 37, 166184.Google Scholar
Kachru, Braj, Kachru, Yamuna and Nelson, Cecil, eds. 2009. The Handbook of World Englishes. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kalra, Virinder, Kaur, Raminder, and Hutnyk, John. 2005. Diaspora and Hybridity. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 2006. Migration and language. In Mattheier, Klaus, Ammon, Ulrich and Trudgill, Peter, eds. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, Vol 3. (2nd ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter, 22712285.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul, Cheshire, Jenny, Fox, Sue and Torgersen, Eivind. 2013. English as a contact language: The role of children and adolescents. In Schreier, Daniel and Hundt, Marianne, eds. English as a Contact Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 258282.Google Scholar
Lal, Brij V. 2006. The Encyclopedia of the Indian Diaspora. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.Google Scholar
Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of “lishes.” English World-Wide 39(1): 133.Google Scholar
Lipski, J. 2008. Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, Christian. 2013. The World System of Englishes: Accounting for the transnational importance of mobile and mediated vernaculars. English World-Wide 34(3): 253278.Google Scholar
McLellan, James. 2010. Mixed codes or varieties of English. In Kirkpatrick, Andy, ed. The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Oxon: Routledge, 425441.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2006. English in Language Shift: The History, Structure and Sociolinguistics of South African Indian English (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend. 2014. A lesser globalisation: A sociolexical study of Indian Englishes. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 171186.Google Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend and Chevalier, Alida. 2014. Sociophonetics and the Indian diaspora: The NURSE vowel and other selected features in South African Indian English. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 85104.Google Scholar
Morales, Ed. 2002. Living in Spanglish: The Search for Latino Identity in America. New York: St Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Muysken, Pieter. 2000. Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1993. Common and uncommon ground: Social and structural factors in codeswitching. Language in Society 22(4): 475503.Google Scholar
Nagy, Naomi, Chociej, Joanna and Hoffman, Michol F.. 2014. Analyzing Ethnic Orientation in the quantitative sociolinguistic paradigm. Language and Communication 35: 926.Google Scholar
Pennycook, Alastair. 2016. Mobile times, mobile terms: The trans-super-poly-metro movement. In Coupland, Nikolas, ed. Sociolinguistics: Theoretical Debates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 201216.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 1980. Sometimes I’ll start a sentence in Spanish Y TERMINO EN ESPAÑOL: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics 18(7–8): 581618.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Raghuram, Parvati and Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar. 2008. Thinking “Indian Diaspora” for our times. In Raghuram, Parvati, Sahoo, Ajaya Kumar, Maharaj, Brij and Sangha, Dave, eds. Tracing an Indian Diaspora. Contexts, Memories, Representations. New Delhi: Sage, 120.Google Scholar
Rampton, M. B. H. 1991. Interracial Panjabi in a British adolescent peer group. Language in Society 20(3): 391422.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 1995. Language crossing and the problematisation of ethnicity and socialisation. Pragmatics 5(4): 485513.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 2011. From “multi-ethnic adolescent heteroglossia” to “contemporary urban vernaculars.” Language and Communication 31(4): 276294.Google Scholar
Rathore, Claudia. 2014. East African Indian twice migrants in Britain. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 5583.Google Scholar
Rathore-Nigsch, Claudia and Schreier, Daniel. 2016. “Our heart is still in Africa”: Twice migration and its sociolinguistic consequences. Language in Society 45(2): 163191.Google Scholar
Rosa, Jonathan and Trivedi, Sunny. 2017. Diaspora and language. In Canagarajah, Suresh, ed. The Routledge Handbook of Migration and Language. Oxon: Routledge, 330346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Safran, William. 1991. Diasporas in modern societies: Myths of homeland and return. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 1(1): 8399.Google Scholar
Safran, William. 2004. Deconstructing and comparing diasporas. In Kokot, Waltraud, Tölölyan, Khachig and Alfonso, Carolin, eds. Diaspora, Identity and Religion: New Directions in Theory and Research. London: Routledge, 929.Google Scholar
Schneider, Edgar W. 2016. Hybrid Englishes: An exploratory survey. World Englishes 35(3): 339354.Google Scholar
Sebba, Mark. 2013 [1993]. London Jamaican: Language Systems in Interaction. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2011. Style repertoire and social change in British Asian English. Journal of Sociolinguistics 15(4): 464492.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2014. Transnational flows, language variation, and ideology. In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 215242.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani. 2017. World Englishes and sociolinguistic theory. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Sharma, Devyani, eds. The Oxford Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 232251.Google Scholar
Sharma, Devyani and Rampton, Ben. 2015. Lectal focusing in interaction: A new methodology for the study of style variation. Journal of English Linguistics 43(1): 335.Google Scholar
Siegel, Jeff. 1987. Language Contact in a Plantation Environment: A Sociolinguistic History of Fiji. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tölölyan, Khachig. 1996. Rethinking diaspora(s): Stateless power in the transnational moment. Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5(1): 336.Google Scholar
Tölölyan, Khachig. 2007. The contemporary discourse of diaspora studies. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27(3): 647655.Google Scholar
Torgersen, Eivind Nessa, Gabrielatos, Costas, Hoffmann, Sebastian and Fox, Susan. 2011. A corpus-based study of pragmatic markers in London English. Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 7(1): 93118.Google Scholar
Torgersen, Eivind Nessa and Szakay, Anita. 2012. An investigation of speech rhythm in London English. Lingua 122(7): 822840.Google Scholar
Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline. 2011. Code‐switching among US Latinos. In Díaz-Campos, Manuel, ed. The Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 530552.Google Scholar
Urry, John. 2012. Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-First Century (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Van Hear, Nicholas. 1998. New Diasporas: The Mass Exodus, Dispersal and Regrouping of Migrant Communities. Padstow: UCL Press.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2005. The political importance of diasporas. Migration Information Source, Migration Policy Institute, Washington, DC; Migration Policy Institute Europe, Brussels. www.migrationpolicy.org/article/political-importance-diasporas, 1 June.Google Scholar
Vertovec, Steven. 2007. Super-diversity and its implications. Ethnic and Racial Studies 30(6): 10241054.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014a. Indo-Fijian English: Linguistic diaspora or endonormative stabilization? In Hundt, Marianne and Sharma, Devyani, eds. English in the Indian Diaspora. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 187213.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2014b. Educated Fiji English: Lexico-Grammar and Variety Status. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena. 2017. Code-switching in the media: Identity negotiations in a Gujarati diaspora radio program. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 247: 3348.Google Scholar
Zipp, Lena and Staicov, Adina. 2016. English in San Francisco Chinatown. In Seoane, Elena and Suárez-Gómez, Cristina, eds. World Englishes: New Theoretical and Methodological Considerations. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 205228.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×