Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-ndw9j Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T02:11:44.880Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Diversifying Perspectives in Political Psychology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2022

Danny Osborne
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Chris G. Sibley
Affiliation:
University of Auckland
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Achilov, D., & Sen, S. (2017). Got political Islam? Are politically moderate Muslims really different from radicals? International Political Science Review, 38(5), 608624. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116641940CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adam-Troian, J., Bonetto, E., Araujo, M., et al. (2020). Positive associations between anomia and intentions to engage in political violence: Cross-cultural evidence from four countries. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 26(2), 217223. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000385Google Scholar
Adonis, C. K. (2015). Generational forgiveness and historical injustices: Perspectives of descendants of victims of apartheid-era gross human rights violations in South Africa. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 25(1), 614. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2015.1007594Google Scholar
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.Google Scholar
Adra, A., Harb, C., Li, M., & Baumert, A. (2019). Predicting collective action tendencies among Filipina domestic workers in Lebanon: Integrating the Social Identity Model of Collective Action and the role of fear. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(7), 967978. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219885180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albzour, M., Penic, S., Nasser, R., & Green, E. G. (2019). Support for ‘normalization’ of relations between Palestinians and Israelis, and how it relates to contact and resistance in the West Bank. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7(2), 978996. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v7i2.877CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other ‘authoritarian personality’. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 4792. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60382-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annalakshmi, N., Rakhi, K., Jothish, K. J., & Murugesan, M. (2018). Critical consciousness and psychological well-being among youth in India. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 9(1), 6068. https://doi.org/10.15614/ijpp.v9i01.11744Google Scholar
Anum, A., Akotia, C. S., & Akin-Olugbade, P. (2018). Do ethnicity and sex-role ideology influence self-esteem among US and West-African young adults: An exploratory cross-cultural study. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(6), 462467. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1544395Google Scholar
Arnoso, M., Bobowik, M., & Beristain, C. (2015). La comisión de verdad y justicia en Paraguay: La experiencia emocional en los rituales de conmemoración y la eficacia percibida de la comisión. Psicología Política, 15(32), 137155.Google Scholar
Arnoso, M., & da Costa, S. C. (2015). Actitudes hacia el pasado de violencia colectiva y actividades de justicia transicional en Uruguay. Psicología Política, 15(32), 185201.Google Scholar
Badaan, V., Richa, R., & Jost, J. T. (2020). Ideological justification of the sectarian political system in Lebanon. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 138145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.033CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bahamondes-Correa, J. (2016). System justification’s opposite effects on psychological well-being: Testing a moderated mediation model in a gay and lesbian sample in Chile. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(11), 15371555. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1223351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beattie, P., Chen, R., & Bettache, K. (2021). When left is right and right is left: The psychological correlates of political ideology in China. Political Psychology [Advance online publication]. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12776Google Scholar
Beber, B., Roessler, P., & Scacco, A. (2014). Intergroup violence and political attitudes: Evidence from a dividing Sudan. The Journal of Politics, 76(3), 649665. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381614000103CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bou Zeineddine, F., & Qumseya, T. (2020). The contents, organization, and functions of living historical memory in Egypt and Morocco. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 24(3), 378391. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12434Google Scholar
Brady, L. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Shoda, Y. (2018). Expanding the interpretive power of psychological science by attending to culture. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 1140611413. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803526115Google Scholar
Brussino, S., Alonso, D., & Dreizik, M. (2013). Psicología política del comportamiento de voto: la elección presidencial 2011 en Argentina. Psicología Política, 13(28), 453470.Google Scholar
Brussino, S., Imhoff, D., & Paz García, A. P. (2019). Relationships between political ideology and cognitive schemas about ‘the left’ in Argentina. Revista de Psicología, 37(1), 129157. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.201901.005CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brussino, S., Rabbia, H. H., & Sorribas, P. (2009). Perfiles sociocognitivos de la participación política de los jóvenes. Revista Interamericana de Psicología, 43(2), 279287.Google Scholar
Bulled, N. (2017). The effects of water insecurity and emotional distress on civic action for improved water infrastructure in rural South Africa. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 31(1), 133154. https://doi.org/10.1111/maq.12270Google Scholar
Cabecinhas, R., Liu, J. H., Licata, L., et al. (2011). Hope in Africa? Social representations of world history and the future in six African countries. International Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 354367. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2011.560268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cardenas, M., Zubieta, E., Paéz, D., Arnoso, M., & Espinosa, A. (2016). Determinants of approval of the work of truth commissions in the southern cone: A comparative study. Revista de Psicología Social, 31(3), 423462. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2016.1190127Google Scholar
Carlson, E. (2016). Identifying and interpreting the sensitivity of ethnic voting in Africa. Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(4), 837857. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfw034Google Scholar
Carvacho, H., Zick, A., Haye, A., et al. (2013). On the relation between social class and prejudice: The roles of education, income, and ideological attitudes. European Journal of Social Psychology, 43(4), 272285. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1961CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, W.-Y., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Tausch, N., & Ayanian, A. H. (2017). Collective nostalgia is associated with stronger outgroup-directed anger and participation in ingroup-favoring collective action. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(2), 301319. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.697Google Scholar
Clark, C., Clark, J., & Chou, B. (1993). Ambition, activist role orientations, and alienation among women legislators in Taiwan: The impact of countersocialization. Political Psychology, 14(3), 493510. https://doi.org/doi:10.2307/3791709CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clealand, D. P. (2013). When ideology clashes with reality: Racial discrimination and black identity in contemporary Cuba. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 36(10), 16191636. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2013.783928Google Scholar
Coe, A. B., Goicolea, I., Hurtig, A. K., & San Sebastian, M. (2012). Understanding how young people do activism: Youth strategies on sexual health in Ecuador and Peru. Youth & Society, 47(1), 328. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X12464640CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowling, M. M., & Anderson, J. R. (2019). The role of Christianity and Islam in explaining prejudice against asylum seekers: Evidence from Malaysia. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 29(2), 108127. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2019.1567242Google Scholar
da Costa Silva, K., Rosas Torres, A. R., Alvaro Estramiana, J. L., Garrido Luque, A., & Vieira Linhares, L. (2017). Racial discrimination and belief in a just world: Police violence against teenagers in Brazil. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 317327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dalisay, F. (2014). Colonial debt, resistance to U.S. military presence, trustworthiness of pro-U.S. military information sources, and support for the military buildup on Guam. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 8(1), 1117. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2014.2Google Scholar
Davis, N. J., Robinson, R. V., & Vanheuvelen, T. (2017). The roots of political activism in six Muslim-majority nations. In Moaddel, M. & Gelfand, M. J. (Eds.), Values, political action, and change in the Middle East and the Arab Spring (pp. 171203). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Delfino, G. I., & Zubieta, E. M. (2011). Valores y política: Análisis del perfil axiológico de los estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Buenos Aires (República Argentina). Interdisciplinaria, 28(1), 93114.Google Scholar
Delfino, G., Zubieta, E., & Muratori, M. (2013). Tipos de participación política: Análisis factorial confirmatorio con estudiantes universitarios de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Psicología Política, 13(27), 301318.Google Scholar
Demirdağ, A., & Hasta, D. (2019). Threat perception and perspective taking as mediators between competitive victimhood and evaluations of collective action: The Gezi Park protests. Political Psychology, 40(5), 953971. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12564CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Guzman, M. J., & Montiel, J. C. (2012). Social representations of foreign aid: Exploring meaning-making in aid practice in Sulu, Southern Philippines. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 6(1), 117. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2012.2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietrich, S., Mahmud, M., & Winters, M. S. (2018). Foreign aid, foreign policy, and domestic government legitimacy: Experimental evidence from Bangladesh. The Journal of Politics, 80(1), 133148. https://doi.org/10.1086/694235Google Scholar
Dirilen-Gumus, O. (2017). Cross-cultural comparison of political leaders’ operational codes. International Journal of Psychology, 52(1), 3544. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12264Google Scholar
Dixon, J., Levine, M., Reicher, S., & Durrheim, K. (2012). Beyond prejudice: Relational inequality, collective action, and social change revisited. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35(6), 451466. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12001550Google Scholar
Doherty, D., & Schraeder, P. J. (2018). Social signals and participation in the Tunisian Revolution. The Journal of Politics, 80(2), 675691. https://doi.org/10.1086/696620Google Scholar
dos Santos, F. M. (2019). A psicologia social do complexo de vira-lata: Conciliando distintividade positiva e justificação do sistema [Doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal da Paraíba]. UFPB Campus Repository. https://repositorio.ufpb.br/jspui/handle/123456789/16795Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Mphuthing, T. (1998). Political power and race relations in South Africa: African attitudes before and after the transition. Political Psychology, 19(4), 809832. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00132Google Scholar
Duckitt, J., & Sibley, C. G. (2007). Right wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation and the dimensions of generalized prejudice. European Journal of Personality, 21(2), 113130. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.614Google Scholar
Durrheim, K., & Dixon, J. (2010). Racial contact and change in South Africa. The Journal of Social Issues, 66(2), 273288. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2010.01645.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durrheim, K., Jacobs, N., & Dixon, J. (2014). Explaining the paradoxical effects of intergroup contact: Paternalistic relations and system justification in domestic labour in South Africa. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 41, 150164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2013.11.006Google Scholar
Ekmekei, F. (2011). Understanding Kurdish ethno-nationalism in Turkey: Socio-economy, religion, and politics. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(9), 16081617. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2010.538425Google Scholar
Epstein, L. M., Goff, P. A., Huo, Y. J., & Wong, L. H. (2013). A taste for justice: Unpacking identity politics in a nascent democracy. Political Psychology, 34(5), 779789. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12052CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, A., Calderón-Prada, A., Burga, G., & Güímac, J. (2007). Estereotipos, prejuicios y exclusión social en un país multiétnico: El caso peruano. Revista de Psicología, 25(2), 395338. https://doi.org/10.18800/psico.200702.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espinosa, A., Schmitz, M., & Cueto, R. M. (2015). Impacto psicosocial de la comisión de la verdad y reconciliación (CVR) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de Lima-Perú. Psicología Política, 15(32), 157184.Google Scholar
Etchezahar, E. (2012). Las dimensiones del autoritarismo: Análisis de la escala de autoritarismo del ala de derechas (RWA) en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Psicologia Política, 12(25), 591603.Google Scholar
Etchezahar, E., & Brussino, S. (2015). Authoritarianism dimensions, religion centrality and religious orientation: Differences in linear and nonlinear analysis of their relationships. Actualidades en Psicología, 29(118), 7382. https://doi.org/10.15517/ap.v29i118.18210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Etchezahar, E., Ungaretti, J., Prado Gascó, V., & Brusino, S. (2016). Psychometric properties of the attitudes toward gay men scale in Argentinian context: The influence of sex, authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. International Journal of Psychological Research, 9(1), 2129. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fair, C. C., Malhotra, N., & Shapiro, J. N. (2014). Democratic values and support for militant politics: Evidence from a national survey of Pakistan. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 58(5), 743770. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002713478564Google Scholar
Finkel, S. E., Horowitz, J., & Rojo-Mendoza, R. T. (2012). Civic education and democratic backsliding in the wake of Kenya’s post-2007 election violence. The Journal of Politics, 74(1), 5265. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022381611001162Google Scholar
Gergen, K. J. (1973). Social psychology as history. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26, 309320. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034436Google Scholar
Gibson, J. L. (2008). Group identities and theories of justice: An experimental investigation into the justice and injustice of land squatting in South Africa. The Journal of Politics, 70(3), 700716. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381608080705Google Scholar
Gibson, J. L. (2009). Overcoming historical injustices: Land reconciliation in South Africa. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. L., & Gouws, A. (2000). Social identities and political intolerance: Linkages within the South African mass public. American Journal of Political Science, 44(2), 278292. https://doi.org/10.2307/2669310Google Scholar
Ginges, J., Hansen, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2009). Religion and support for suicide attacks. Psychological Science, 20(2), 224230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02270.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grabe, S. (2015). Participation: Structural and relational power and Maasai women’s political subjectivity in Tanzania. Feminism & Psychology, 25(4), 528548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353515591369Google Scholar
Haddad, S., & Khashan, H. (2002). Islam and terrorism: Lebanese Muslim views on September 11. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46(6), 812828. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200202237930Google Scholar
Hakim, M. A., Liu, J. H., Isler, L., & Woodward, M. R. (2015). Monarchism, national identity and social representations of history in Indonesia: Intersections of the local and national in the sultanates of Yogyakarta and Surakarta. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 18(4), 259269. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12109Google Scholar
Heaven, P., Stones, C., Nel, E., Huysamen, G., & Louw, J. (1994). Human values and voting intention in South Africa. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33(2), 223231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01020.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 6183. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152XCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henry, P. J., & Hardin, C. D. (2006). The contact hypothesis revisited: Status bias in the reduction of implicit prejudice in the United States and Lebanon. Psychological Science, 17(10), 862868. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01795.xGoogle Scholar
Henry, P. J., & Saul, A. (2006). The development of system justification in the developing world. Social Justice Research, 19(3), 365378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-006-0012-xGoogle Scholar
Henry, P. J., Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (2005). Social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, and support for intergroup violence between the Middle East and America. Political Psychology, 26(4), 569584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00432.xGoogle Scholar
Ho, D. Y. F., Chau, A. W. L., Chiu, C.-Y., & Peng, S. Q. (2003). Ideological orientation and political transition in Hong Kong: Confidence in the future. Political Psychology, 24(2), 403413. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00333Google Scholar
Hoffman, M. T., & Nugent, E. R. (2017). Communal religious practice and support for armed parties: Evidence from Lebanon. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(4), 869902. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002715590880Google Scholar
Hsu, H., Huang, L., & Hwang, K. (2019). Liberal–conservative dimension of moral concerns underlying political faction formation in Taiwan. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(3), 301315. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12367Google Scholar
Hu, Y. (2020). Culture marker versus authority marker: How do language attitudes affect political trust? Political Psychology, 41(4), 699716. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12646Google Scholar
Huang, L.-L. (2007). M shape vs. Bell shape: The ideology of national identity and its psychological basis in Taiwan. Chinese Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 451470.Google Scholar
Huang, L.-L. (2009). Is the third way possible for peace? The dilemma of national identity in Taiwan and beyond. In Montiel, C. J. & Noor, N. M. (Eds.), Peace psychology in Asia (pp. 249274). Springer.Google Scholar
Ifeagwazi, C. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., & Zacchaeus, E. A. (2015). Alienation and psychological wellbeing: Moderation by resilience. Social Indicators Research, 120(2), 525544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0602-1Google Scholar
Jasko, K., Webber, D., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2020). Social context moderates the effects of quest for significance on violent extremism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 11651187. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000198Google Scholar
Jost, J. T. (2019). A quarter century of system justification theory: Questions, answers, criticisms, and societal applications. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(2), 263314. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jost, J. T. (2020). A theory of system justification. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T. (2021). Left & right: The psychological significance of a political distinction. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Stern, C., Rule, N. O., & Sterling, J. (2017). The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation? Social Cognition, 35(4), 324353. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.324Google Scholar
Kanas, A., & Martinovic, B. (2017). Political action in conflict and nonconflict regions in Indonesia: The role of religious and national identifications. Political Psychology, 38(2), 209225. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12345Google Scholar
Kasara, K. (2013). Separate and suspicious: Local social and political context and ethnic tolerance in Kenya. The Journal of Politics, 75(4), 921936. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381613000777Google Scholar
Kaynak Malatyali, M., Kaynak, B. D., & Hasta, D. (2017). A social dominance theory perspective on attitudes toward girl child marriages in Turkey: The legitimizing role of ambivalent sexism. Sex Roles, 77(9–10), 687696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0750-2Google Scholar
Khan, N., & Smith, P. B. (2003). Profiling the politically violent in Pakistan: Self-construals and values. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 9(3), 277295. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327949pac0903_6Google Scholar
Khan, S. S., Svensson, T., Jogdand, Y. A., & Liu, J. H. (2017). Lessons from the past for the future: The definition and mobilisation of Hindu nationhood by the Hindu nationalist movement of India. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(2), 477511. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.736Google Scholar
Kpanake, L., & Mullet, E. (2011). Judging the acceptability of amnesties: A Togolese perspective. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 28(3), 291313. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.20024Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world. Springer.Google Scholar
Levander, C., & Mignolo, W. (2011). Introduction: The Global South and world dis/order. The Global South, 5(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.2979/globalsouth.5.1.1Google Scholar
Levin, S., Henry, P. J., Pratto, F., & Sidanius, J. (2003). Social dominance and social identity in Lebanon: Implications for support of violence against the West. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 6(4), 353368. https://doi.org/10.1177/13684302030064003Google Scholar
Li, K., Xu, Y., Yang, S., & Guo, Y. (2019). Social class, group-based anger, and collective action intentions in China. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2018.26CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., Wu, J., & Kou, Y. (2020). System justification enhances life satisfaction of high- and low-status people in China. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(5), 588596. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619866182Google Scholar
Liang, Y., Liu, L., Tan, X., Dang, J., Li, C., & Gu, Z. (2018). The moderating effect of general system justification on the relationship between unethical behavior and self-esteem. Self and Identity: The Journal of the International Society for Self and Identity, 19(2), 140163. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1541328Google Scholar
Licata, L., Khan, S. S., Lastrego, S., Cabecinhas, R., Valentim, J. P., & Liu, J. H. (2018). Social representations of colonialism in Africa and in Europe: Structure and relevance for contemporary intergroup relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 62, 6879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.05.004Google Scholar
Liu, H.-H., Peng, F., Zeng, X.-H., Zhao, J.-B., & Zhang, X.-Y. (2019). Authoritarian personality and subjective well-being in Chinese college students: The moderation effect of the organizational culture context. Personality and Individual Differences, 138, 7983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.09.030Google Scholar
Liu, J. H., Lawrence, B., Ward, C., & Abraham, S. (2002). Social representations of history in Malaysia and Singapore: On the relationship between national and ethnic identity. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5(1), 320. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00091Google Scholar
Liu, J. H., Sibley, C. G., & Huang, L.-L. (2014). History matters: Effects of culture-specific symbols on political attitudes and intergroup elations. Political Psychology, 35(1), 5779. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12027Google Scholar
Martín-Beristain, C., Paéz, D., Rimé, B., & Kanyangara, P. (2010). Psychosocial effects of participation in rituals of transitional justice: A collective-level analysis and the review of the literature of the effects of TRCs and trials on human right violations in Latin America. Revista de Psicología Social, 25(1), 4760. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193450Google Scholar
Martínez, M. L., Penaloza, P., & Valenzuela, C. (2012). Civic commitment in young activists: Emergent processes in the development of personal and collective identity. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 474484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.11.006Google Scholar
Mendiburo-Seguel, A., Vargas Salfate, S., & Rubio, A. (2017). Exposure to political disparagement humor and its impact on trust in politicians: How long does it last? Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 2236. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02236CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertan, B. (2011). Children’s perception of national identity and in-group/out-group attitudes: Turkish-Cypriot school children. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8(1), 7486. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2010.533982Google Scholar
Mohd Hed, N., & Grasso, M. T. (2019). Age group differences in political activism in Malaysia. Journal of Youth Studies, 23(6), 765779. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2019.1636948Google Scholar
Montiel, C. J., & Shah, A. A. (2008). Effects of political framing and perceiver’s social position on trait attributions of a terrorist/freedom fighter. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 27(3), 266275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X08317951Google Scholar
Montiel, C. J., & Uyheng, J. (2020). Mapping contentious collective emotions in a populist democracy: Duterte’s push for Philippine federalism. Political Psychology, 41(4), 737754. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12648CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mukashema, I., & Mullet, E. (2015). Attribution of guilt to offspring of perpetrators of the genocide: Rwandan people’s perspectives. Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 33(1), 7598. https://doi.org/10.1002/crq.21128Google Scholar
Muller, F., Bermejo, F., & Hirst, W. (2016). Argentines’ collective memories of the Military Junta of 1976: Differences and similarities across generations and ideology. Memory, 24(7), 9901006. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1061013Google Scholar
Mvukiyehe, E. (2018). Promoting political participation in war-torn countries: Microlevel evidence from postwar Liberia. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(8), 16861726. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717698019Google Scholar
Mynhardt, J. C. (2013). Intergroup attitude change in South Africa: A thirty-seven year longitudinal study. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 23(4), 549560. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2013.10820667Google Scholar
Neto, F., Pinto, C., & Mullet, E. (2013). The acceptability of military humanitarian interventions. International Perspectives in Psychology, 2(1), 7384. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032629Google Scholar
Nilsson, A., & Jost, J. T. (2020). The authoritarian-conservatism nexus. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 34, 148154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.03.003Google Scholar
Odağ, Ö., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Solak, N. (2016). ‘Everyday I’m çapuling’: Identity and collective action through social network sites in the Gezi Park protests in Turkey. Journal of Media Psychology, 28(3), 148159. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000202Google Scholar
Owuamalam, C. K., & Matos, A. S. (2019). Do egalitarians always help the disadvantaged more than the advantaged? Testing a value‐norm conflict hypothesis in Malaysia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 151162. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12351Google Scholar
Owuamalam, C. K., Rubin, M., & Issmer, C. (2016). Reactions to group devaluation and social inequality: A comparison of social identity and system justification predictions. Cogent Psychology, 3(1), Article 1188442. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2016.1188442Google Scholar
Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J., & Ginges, J. (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. PNAS, 115(45), 1140111405. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721165115Google Scholar
Ramsay, J. E., & Pang, J. S. (2017). Anti-immigrant prejudice in rising East Asia: A stereotype content and integrated threat analysis. Political Psychology, 38(2), 227244. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12312Google Scholar
Reilly, J. J. (2016). No postmaterialists in foxholes: Postmaterialist values, nationalism, and national threat in the People’s Republic of China. Political Psychology, 37(4), 565572. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12273Google Scholar
Rivera Pichardo, E. J., Jost, J. T., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2021). Internalization of inferiority and colonial system justification: The case of Puerto Rico. Journal of Social Issues [Advance online publication]. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12437Google Scholar
Rottenbacher de Rojas, J. M., Espinosa, A., & Magallanes, J. M. (2011). Analizando el prejuicio: Bases ideológicas del racismo, el sexismo y la homofobia en una muestra de habitantes de la ciudad de Lima – Perú. Psicología Política, 11(22), 225246.Google Scholar
Saab, R., Harb, C., & Moughalian, C. (2017). Intergroup contact as a predictor of violent and nonviolent collective action: Evidence from Syrian refugees and Lebanese nationals. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(3), 297306. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000234Google Scholar
Saab, R., Spears, R., Tausch, N., & Sasse, J. (2016). Predicting aggressive collective action based on the efficacy of peaceful and aggressive actions. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(5), 529543. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2193Google Scholar
Saad, S., & Salman, A. (2013). The role of values and attitudes in political participation. Asian Social Science, 9(8), 916. https://doi:10.5539/ass.v9n8p9Google Scholar
Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. Y. (1991). Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21(1), 124. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420210102Google Scholar
Saguy, T., Sobol-Sarag, D., Halabi, S., Stroebe, K., Brueneau, E., & Hasan-Aslih, S. (2019). When a sense of ‘we’ is lost: Investigating the consequences of a lost common identity among Druze in Israel. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(5), 667675. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619884562Google Scholar
Sawyer, M. Q., Pena, Y., & Sidanius, J. (2004). Cuban exceptionalism: Group-based hierarchy and the dynamics of patriotism in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Cuba. Du Bois Review, 1(1), 93113.Google Scholar
Schaller, M., & Abeysinghe, A. M. N. D. (2006). Geographical frame of reference and dangerous intergroup attitudes: A double-minority study in Sri Lanka. Political Psychology, 27(4), 615631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00521.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scull, N. C., Alkhadher, O., & Alawadi, S. (2019). Why people join terrorist groups in Kuwait: A qualitative examination. Political Psychology, 41(2), 231247. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12622Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., Brubacher, M., & Silinda, F. (2019). Ethnic and national attachment in the rainbow nation: The case of the Republic of South Africa. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(2), 254267. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022118814679Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (2001). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Smeekes, A., McKeown, S., & Psaltis, C. (2017). Endorsing narratives under threat: Maintaining perceived collective continuity through the protective power of ingroup narratives in Northern Ireland and Cyprus. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 5(2), 282300. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v5i2.682Google Scholar
Solano Silva, D. (2018). Conservadurismo y orientación política: ¿Su relación es similar en sociedades de Latinoamérica y Occidente? Psicoperspectivas, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.5027/psicoperspectivas-Vol17-Issue1-fulltext-1098Google Scholar
Sosa, F. M., Delfino, G. I., Bobowik, M., & Zubieta, E. M. (2016). Representaciones sociales de la historia universal: Posicionamientos diferenciales en función de la ideología política, religiosidad y nacionalismo en una muestra Argentina. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 25(1), 4762. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v25n1.45494Google Scholar
Stewart, A. L., Leach, C. W., Bilali, R., Celik, A. B., & Cidam, A. (2019). Explaining different orientations to the 2013 Gezi Park demonstrations in Istanbul, Turkey. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(4), 829852. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12316Google Scholar
Stockmann, D., Esarey, A., & Zhang, J. (2018). Who is afraid of the Chinese state? Evidence calling into question political fear as an explanation for overreporting of political trust. Political Psychology, 39(5), 11051121. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12471Google Scholar
Tajfel, H. (1972). Experiments in a vacuum. In Israel, J. & Tajfel, H. (Eds.), The context of social psychology (pp. 69119). Academic Press.Google Scholar
Tan, X., Liu, L., Huang, Z., & Zheng, W. (2017). Working for the hierarchical system: The role of meritocratic ideology in the endorsement of corruption. Political Psychology, 38(3), 469479. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12341Google Scholar
Tan, X., Liu, L., Zheng, W., & Huang, Z. (2016). Effects of social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism on corrupt intention: The role of moral outrage. International Journal of Psychology, 51(3), 213219. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12148Google Scholar
Techio, E., Bobowik, M., Paéz, D., et al. (2010). Social representations of history, wars and politics in Latin America, Europe and Africa. Revista de Psicologia Social, 25(1), 1126. https://doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193441Google Scholar
Thomas, K. J. (2018). Justice perceptions and demographics of privilege among Brazilian adolescents. Psychological Reports, 121(6), 10861105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117745886Google Scholar
Toros, E. (2010). The relationship between Islam and democracy in Turkey: Employing political culture as an indicator. Social Indicators Research, 95, 253265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9458-1Google Scholar
Ucar, G. K., Hasta, D., & Malatyali, M. K. (2019). The mediating role of perceived control and hopelessness in the relation between personal belief in a just world and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 6873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.021Google Scholar
Uluğ, Ö. M., & Acar, Y. G. (2018). What happens after the protests? Understanding protest outcomes through multi-level social change. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 24(1), 4453. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000269Google Scholar
Uluğ, Ö. M., & Cohrs, C. (2017). ‘If we become friends, maybe I can change my perspective:’ Intergroup contact, endorsement of conflict narratives, and peace-related attitudes in Turkey. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(3), 278287. https://doi.org/10.1037/pac0000216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Bavel, J. J., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Brady, W. J., & Reinero, D. A. (2016). Contextual sensitivity in scientific reproducibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(23), 64546459. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521897113Google Scholar
van Leeuwen, E., & Mashuri, A. (2013). Intergroup helping in response to separatism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(12), 16471655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499613Google Scholar
van Zomeren, M., Kutlaca, M., & Turner-Zwinkels, F. (2018). Integrating who ‘we’ are with what ‘we’ (will not) stand for: A further extension of the Social Identity Model of Collective Action. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 122160, https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1479347Google Scholar
Varela, E., Martínez, M. L., & Cumsille, P. (2015). ¿Es la participación política convencional un indicador del compromiso cívico de los jóvenes? Universitas Psychologica, 14(2), 715730. https://doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.upsy14-2.eppcGoogle Scholar
Vargas Salfate, S. (2019). The role of personal control in the palliative function of system justification among indigenous and non-indigenous Peruvian students. Revista de Psicología Social, 34(1), 168201. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2018.1537650Google Scholar
Vargas Salfate, S. (2020, 16 April). A response to ‘Do higher-class individuals feel more entitled? The role of system-justifying belief’ (Xu et al., 2019). PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/hr39nGoogle Scholar
Vázquez, J. J., Panadero, S., & Rincón, P. P. (2008). Implicación de las actitudes y desesperanza en la participación electoral de estudiantes españoles y latinoamericanos. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 40(3), 551564.Google Scholar
Vilanova, F., Milfont, T. L., Cantal, C., Koller, S. H., & Costa, A. B. (2020). Evidence for cultural variability in right-wing authoritarianism factor structure in a politically unstable context. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(5) 658666. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550619882038Google Scholar
Webber, D., Babush, M., Schori-Eyal, N., et al. (2018). The road to extremism: Field and experimental evidence that significance loss-induced need for closure fosters radicalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(2), 270285. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000111Google Scholar
Xu, B.-X., Yang, S.-L., Li, J., Li, Y., & Guo, Y.-Y. (2020). Do higher-class individuals feel more entitled? The role of system-justifying belief. Journal of Social Psychology, 160(4), 445458. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2019.1671783Google Scholar

References

Abou-Hatab, F. (1997). Psychology from Egyptian, Arab, and Islamic perspectives: Unfulfilled hopes and hopeful fulfillment. European Psychologist, 2(4), 356365.Google Scholar
Adams, G., Estrada-Villalta, S., & Gómez, L. H. (2018). The modernity/coloniality of being: Hegemonic psychology as intercultural relations. International Journal of Intercultural Relations: Special Issue on Colonial Past and Intergroup Relations, 62, 1322.Google Scholar
Adra, A., Harb, C., Li, M., & Baumert, A. (2019). Predicting collective action tendencies among Filipina domestic workers in Lebanon: Integrating the Social Identity Model of Collective Action and the role of fear. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 23(7), 967978.Google Scholar
Albzour, M., Penic, S., Nasser, R., & Green, E. G. (2019). Support for ‘normalization’ of relations between Palestinians and Israelis, and how it relates to contact and resistance in the West Bank. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 7, 978996.Google Scholar
Alfadhli, K., Cakal, H., & Drury, J. (2019). The role of emergent shared identity in psychosocial support among refugees of conflict in developing countries. International Review of Social Psychology, 32(1), Article 2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International. (2020, 16 July). Lebanon protests explained. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/11/lebanon-protests-explained/Google Scholar
Andreouli, E., & Figgou, L. (2019). Critical social psychology of politics. In O’Doherty, K. & Hodgetts, D. (Eds.), Sage handbook of applied social psychology (pp. 148165). Sage.Google Scholar
Ayanian, A. H., & Tausch, N. (2016). How risk perception shapes collective action intentions in repressive contexts: A study of Egyptian activists during the 2013 post‐coup uprising. British Journal of Social Psychology, 55(4), 700721.Google Scholar
Ayanian, A. H., Tausch, N., Acar, Y. G., Chayinska, M., Cheung, W.-Y., & Lukyanova, Y. (2021). Resistance in repressive contexts: A comprehensive test of psychological predictors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 120(4), 912939.Google Scholar
Badaan, V., Jost, J. T., Fernando, J., & Kashima, Y. (2020). Imagining better societies: A social psychological framework for the study of utopian thinking and collective action. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 14(4), Article e12525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beinin, J., & Stein, R. L. (2006). The struggle for sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993–2005. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 534.Google Scholar
Berry, J. W. (2015). Acculturation. In Grusec, J. E. & Hastings, P. D. (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 520538). The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bhatia, S. (2019). Searching for justice in an unequal world: Reframing indigenous psychology as a cultural and political project. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 39(2), 107114.Google Scholar
Binns, T. (2006). Doing fieldwork in developing countries: Planning and logistics. In Desai, V. & Potter, R. (Eds.), Doing development research (pp. 1324). Sage.Google Scholar
Bou Zeineddine, F., & Pratto, F. (2017). The need for power and the power of needs: An ecological approach for political psychology. Advances in Political Psychology, 38(1), 335.Google Scholar
Bou Zeineddine, F., & Qumseya, T. (2020). The contents, organization, and functions of living historical memory in Egypt and Morocco. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 24(3), 378391.Google Scholar
Bou Zeineddine, F., Saab, R., Lášticová, B., Kende, A., & Ayanian, A. H. (2021). ‘Some uninteresting data from a faraway country’: Inequity and coloniality in international social psychological publication [Manuscript submitted for publication].Google Scholar
Boyden, J. (2001). Children’s participation in the context of forced migration. PLA Notes, 42, 5256.Google Scholar
Brandt, M. J., & Henry, P. J. (2012). Gender inequality and gender differences in authoritarianism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(10), 13011315.Google Scholar
Burgess, S. M., & Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2006). Marketing renaissance: How research in emerging markets advances marketing science and practice. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23(4), 337356.Google Scholar
Cazeneuve, J. (1949). Psychology of the warrior. Egyptian Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 6985.Google Scholar
Chafe’l, A. M. (1949). Voluntary control of war and peace. Egyptian Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 123128.Google Scholar
Chatty, D., Crivello, G., & Hundt, G. L. (2005). Theoretical and methodological challenges of studying refugee children in the Middle East and North Africa: Young Palestinian, Afghan and Sahrawi refugees. Journal of Refugee Studies, 18(4), 387409.Google Scholar
Crowson, H. M. (2009). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation: As mediators of worldview beliefs on attitudes related to the war on terror. Social Psychology, 40(2), 93103.Google Scholar
De La Roque, B. B. (1960). Stéréotypes ethniques et problémes d’immigration: Acculturation des autochtones et des immigrants en Israel. Bulletin du C.E.R.P., 9, 363384.Google Scholar
Deeb, L., & Winegar, J. (2015). Anthropology’s politics: Disciplining the Middle East. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Diab, L. N. (1959). Authoritarianism and prejudice in near-eastern students attending American universities. The Journal of Social Psychology, 50(2), 175187.Google Scholar
Djeriouat, H., & Mullet, E. (2013). Public perception of the motives that lead political leaders to launch interstate armed conflicts: A structural and cross-cultural study. Universitas Psychologica, 12(2), 327346.Google Scholar
El-Amine, A. (2009). Meta-issues involved in research in Arab States: Reflections of a social scientist. In BouJaoude, S. & Dagher, Z. R. (Eds.), The world of science education (pp. 257264). Brill Sense.Google Scholar
El-Rawy, M. (1947). Alkatlo’l ‘syasy. Egyptian Journal of Psychology, 3, 207214.Google Scholar
Fargues, P. (2011). Immigration without inclusion: Non-nationals in nation-building in the Gulf States. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 20(3–4), 273292.Google Scholar
Fischer, R., Harb, C., Al-Sarraf, S., & Nashabe, O. (2008). Support for resistance among Iraqi students: An exploratory study. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(2), 167175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ford, N., Mills, E. J., Zachariah, R., & Upshur, R. (2009). Ethics of conducting research in conflict settings. Conflict and Health, 3(1), Article 7.Google Scholar
Galioun, B. (1997). The reasons for impeded progress in general scientific research in the Arab world [in Arabic]. Bahithat, 3, 320335.Google Scholar
Gelvin, J. L. (2016). The modern Middle East: A history (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gilens, M., & Page, B. I. (2014). Testing theories of American politics: Elites, interest groups, and average citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 12(3), 564581.Google Scholar
Hammad, J., & Tribe, R. (2020). Culturally informed resilience in conflict settings: A literature review of Sumud in the occupied Palestinian territories. International Review of Psychiatry, 33(1–2), 132139.Google Scholar
Hanafi, S. (2012). The Arab revolutions: The emergence of a new political subjectivity. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 5(2), 198213.Google Scholar
Hanafi, S. (2018). Knowledge produced but not used: Predicaments of social research in the Arab world. In Badran, A., Baydoun, E., & Hillman, J. (Eds.), Universities in Arab countries: An urgent need for change (pp. 143162). Springer.Google Scholar
Hanafi, S., & Arvanitis, R. (2014). The marginalization of the Arab language in social science: Structural constraints and dependency by choice. Current Sociology, 62(5), 723742.Google Scholar
Hanafi, S., & Arvanitis, R. (2015). Knowledge production in the Arab world: The impossible promise. Routledge.Google Scholar
Harb, C. (2010, July). Describing the Lebanese youth: A national and psycho-social survey [Issam Fares Institute for Public Policy and International Affairs, Working Paper Series 1, pp. 135]. American University of Beirut.Google Scholar
Harb, C. (2016). The Arab region: Cultures, values, and identity. In Amer, M. M. & Awad, G. H. (Eds.), Handbook of Arab American psychology (pp. 318). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.Google Scholar
Harb, C., & Saab, R. (2014). Social cohesion and intergroup relations: Syrian refugees and Lebanese nationals in the Bekaa and Akkar. Refugee Research and Policy in the Arab World. https://data2.unhcr.org/es/documents/download/40814Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 6183.Google Scholar
Henry, P. J., Sidanius, J., Levin, S., & Pratto, F. (2005). Social dominance orientation, authoritarianism, and support for intergroup violence between the Middle East and America. Political Psychology, 26(4), 569584.Google Scholar
Hermez, S., & Soukarieh, M. (2013). Boycotts against Israel and the question of academic freedom in American universities in the Arab world. Journal of Academic Freedom, 4.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, A. S. (2013). Arab world psychology. In Keith, K. D. (Ed.), The encyclopedia of cross‐cultural psychology (pp. 8894). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Google Scholar
Ibrahim, Z. (1949). Psychological basis of peace. Egyptian Journal of Psychology, 5(1), 4964.Google Scholar
Jabbar, S. A., & Zaza, H. I. (2019). Post-traumatic stress and depression (PSTD) and general anxiety among Iraqi refugee children: A case study from Jordan. Early Child Development and Care, 189(7), 11141134.Google Scholar
Jamal, A., & Tessler, M. (2008). The Democracy Barometers (Part II): Attitudes in the Arab world. Journal of Democracy, 19(1), 97111.Google Scholar
Jasko, K., Webber, D., Kruglanski, A. W., et al. (2020). Social context moderates the effects of quest for significance on violent extremism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 118(6), 11651187.Google Scholar
Johnson, T. P., & Van de Vijver, F. J. (2003). Social desirability in cross-cultural research. In van de Vijver, F. J., Mohler, P. P., & Wiley, J. (Eds.), Cross-cultural survey methods (pp. 195204). Wiley-Interscience.Google Scholar
Joshi, S., Simkhada, P., & Prescott, G. J. (2011). Health problems of Nepalese migrants working in three Gulf countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 11(1), Article 3.Google Scholar
Keehn, J. D. (1955). An examination of the two-factor theory of social attitudes in a Near Eastern culture. The Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 1320.Google Scholar
Kelman, H. C., & Cohen, S. P. (1976). The problem-solving workshop: A social-psychological contribution to the resolution of international conflicts. Journal of Peace Research, 13(2), 7990.Google Scholar
Kennedy, D. P. (2005). Scale adaptation and ethnography. Field Methods, 17(4), 412431.Google Scholar
Khalidi, R. (Ed.). (1991). The origins of Arab nationalism. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Khamis, V. (2019). Posttraumatic stress disorder and emotion dysregulation among Syrian refugee children and adolescents resettled in Lebanon and Jordan. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 2939.Google Scholar
Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., Al-Huwailah, A. H., et al. (2019). The central role of social identity in oppression, discrimination and social-structural violence: Collective identity stressors and traumas, their dynamics and mental health impact. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 25(3), 262268.Google Scholar
Kira, I. A., Shuwiekh, H., & Bujold-Bugeaud, M. (2017). Toward identifying the etiologies of gender differences in authoritarianism and mental health: An Egyptian study. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(2), 183188.Google Scholar
Kram, K. E. (1988). On the researcher’s group memberships. In Berg, D. N. & Smith, K. K. (Eds.), The self in social inquiry: Researching methods (pp. 247266). Sage.Google Scholar
Kreidie, L. H., & Monroe, K. R. (2002). Psychological boundaries and ethnic conflict: How identity constrained choice and worked to turn ordinary people into perpetrators of ethnic violence during the Lebanese civil war. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society, 16, 535.Google Scholar
Kteily, N., & Bruneau, E. (2017). Backlash: The politics and real-world consequences of minority group dehumanization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(1), 87104.Google Scholar
Kteily, N., Hodson, G., & Bruneau, E. (2016). They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110(3), 343370.Google Scholar
Lesch, D. W. (2018). The Arab-Israeli conflict: A history. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levin, S., Kteily, N., Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., & Matthews, M. (2016). Muslims’ emotions toward Americans predict support for Hezbollah and Al Qaeda for threat-specific reasons. Motivation and Emotion, 40(1), 162177.Google Scholar
Levin, S., Pratto, F., Matthews, M., Sidanius, J., & Kteily, N. (2013). A dual process approach to understanding prejudice toward Americans in Lebanon: An extension to intergroup threat perceptions and emotions. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(2), 139158.Google Scholar
Louis, W. R., Esses, V. M., & Lalonde, R. N. (2013). National identification, perceived threat, and dehumanization as antecedents of negative attitudes toward immigrants in Australia and Canada. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(2), 156165.Google Scholar
Maalouf, A. (1998). Les identités meurtrières. Grasset.Google Scholar
Malika, L. (1965–1994). Readings in social psychology in the Arab countries [in Arabic] (Vols. 1–7). General Egyptian Book Organization.Google Scholar
MacLeod, R. B. (1959). The Arab Middle East: Some social psychological problems. Journal of Social Issues, 15(3), 6975.Google Scholar
Masterson, D., & Lehmann, M. C. (2020). Refugees, mobilization, and humanitarian aid: Evidence from the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 64(5), 817843.Google Scholar
McFarland, S. G. (2005). On the eve of war: Authoritarianism, social dominance, and American students’ attitudes toward attacking Iraq. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(3), 360367.Google Scholar
Melikian, L. H., & Diab, L. N. (1959). Group affiliations of university students in the Arab Middle East. The Journal of Social Psychology, 49(2), 145159.Google Scholar
Melikian, L. H., & Prothro, E. T. (1957). Goals chosen by Arab students in response to hypothetical situations. The Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 39.Google Scholar
Miller‐Idriss, C., & Hanauer, E. (2011). Transnational higher education: Offshore campuses in the Middle East. Comparative Education, 47(2), 181207.Google Scholar
Mironova, V. (2019). From freedom fighters to jihadists: Human resources of non-state armed groups. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moghaddam, F., Walker, B., & Harré, R. (2003). Cultural distance, levels of abstraction, and the advantages of mixed methods. In Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research (pp. 111134). Sage.Google Scholar
Moss, S. M., Uluğ, Ö. M., & Acar, Y. G. (2019). Doing research in conflict contexts: Practical and ethical challenges for researchers when conducting fieldwork. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 25(1), 8699.Google Scholar
Nesbitt-Larking, P., & Kinnvall, C. (2012). The discursive frames of political psychology. Political Psychology, 33(1), 4559.Google Scholar
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., Bou Zeineddine, F., Kteily, N., & Levin, S. (2014). When domestic politics and international relations intermesh: Subordinated publics’ factional support within layered power structures. Foreign Policy Analysis, 10, 127148.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T. (1954). Studies in stereotypes: IV. Lebanese businessmen. The Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 275280.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T. (1955). The effect of strong negative attitudes on the placement of items in a Thurstone Scale. The Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 1117.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T., & Keehn, J. D. (1956). The structure of social attitudes in Lebanon. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 53(2), 157160.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T., & Keehn, J. D. (1957). Stereotypes and semantic space. The Journal of Social Psychology, 45(2), 197209.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T., & Melikian, L. H. (1953). Generalized ethnic attitudes in the Arab Near East. Sociology & Social Research, 37, 375379.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T., & Melikian, L. H. (1954). Studies in stereotypes: III. Arab students in the Near East. The Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 237243.Google Scholar
Prothro, E. T., & Melikian, L. H. (1955). Psychology in the Arab Near East. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 303310.Google Scholar
Rad, M. S., Martingano, A. J., & Ginges, J. (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(45), 1140111405.Google Scholar
Reijerse, A., Van Acker, K., Vanbeselaere, N., Phalet, K., & Duriez, B. (2013). Beyond the ethnic‐civic dichotomy: Cultural citizenship as a new way of excluding immigrants. Political Psychology, 34(4), 611630.Google Scholar
Saab, R., Ayanian, A. H., & Hawi, D. R. (2020). The status of Arabic social psychology: A review of 21st-century research articles. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(7), 917927.Google Scholar
Saab, R., Harb, C., & Moughalian, C. (2017). Intergroup contact as a predictor of violent and nonviolent collective action: Evidence from Syrian refugees and Lebanese nationals. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23(3), 297306.Google Scholar
Sadowski, F., Endrass, J., & Zick, A. (2019). Are authoritarianism and militancy key characteristics of religious fundamentalism? A latent class analysis of an Egyptian Muslim sample. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(4), 442448.Google Scholar
Sales, B. D., & Folkman, S. (Eds.). (2000). Ethics in research with human participants. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Sanchez-Sosa, J., & Riveros, A. (2007). Theory, research, and practice in psychology in the developing (majority) world. In Gielen, M. & Stevens, U. (Eds.), Toward a global psychology: Theory, research, intervention, and pedagogy (pp. 101146). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Sayegh, L., & Lasry, J. C. (1993). Immigrants’ adaptation in Canada: Assimilation, acculturation, and orthogonal cultural identification. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 34(1), Article 98.Google Scholar
Scull, N. C., Alkhadher, O., & Alawadi, S. (2020). Why people join terrorist groups in Kuwait: A qualitative examination. Political Psychology, 41(2), 231247.Google Scholar
Shabana, A. (2020). Science and scientific production in the Middle East: Past and present. Sociology of Islam, 8(2), 151158.Google Scholar
Sheehan, K. B. (2018). Crowdsourcing research: Data collection with Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 140156.Google Scholar
Shuval, J. T. (1956). Patterns of inter group tension and affinity. International Social Science Journal, 8(1), 75123.Google Scholar
Smith, L. G., Livingstone, A. G., & Thomas, E. F. (2019). Advancing the social psychology of rapid societal change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 58(1), 3344.Google Scholar
Stewart, A. L., Pratto, F., Bou Zeineddine, F., et al. (2016). International support for the Arab uprisings: Understanding sympathetic collective action using theories of social dominance and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(1), 626.Google Scholar
Sue, D. W. (1993). Confronting ourselves: The White and racial/ethnic-minority researcher. The Counseling Psychologist, 21(2), 244249.Google Scholar
Sukarieh, M., & Tannock, S. (2013). On the problem of over-researched communities: The case of the Shatila Palestinian refugee camp in Lebanon. Sociology, 47(3), 494508.Google Scholar
Sultana, F. (2007). Reflexivity, positionality and participatory ethics: Negotiating fieldwork dilemmas in international research. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 6(3), 374385.Google Scholar
Tannous, A. (1942). Group behavior in the village community of Lebanon. American Journal of Sociology, 48(2), 231239.Google Scholar
VASYR. (2017). Vulnerability assessment of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. https://www.unhcr.org/lb/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2018/01/VASyR-2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Vora, N. (2018). Teach for Arabia: American universities, liberalism, and transnational Qatar. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Warwick, D. P. (1993). The politics and ethics of field research. In Bulmer, M. & Warwick, D. P. (Eds.), Social research in developing countries (pp. 315331). Routledge.Google Scholar
Werner, O., & Campbell, D. T. (2001). The translation of personality and attitude tests. In Campbell, D. T. & Russo, M. J. (Eds.), Social measurement (Vol. 3, Sage classics, pp. 311321). Sage.Google Scholar
Zebian, S., Alamuddin, R., Maalouf, M., & Chatila, Y. (2007). Developing an appropriate psychology through culturally sensitive research practices in the Arabic-speaking world: A content analysis of psychological research published between 1950 and 2004. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 91122.Google Scholar

References

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Arrigo, B., & Fox, D. (2009). Psychology and the law: The crime of policy and the search for justice. In Fox, D., Prilleltensky, I., & Austin, S. (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 159175). Sage.Google Scholar
Augoustinos, M., & De Garis, S. (2012). ‘Too black or not black enough’: Social identity complexity in the political rhetoric of Barack Obama. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(5), 564577.Google Scholar
Augoustinos, M., Due, C., & Callaghan, P. (2018). Unlawful, un-cooperative and unwanted: The dehumanization of asylum seekers in the Australian newsprint media. In Gibson, S. (Ed.), Discourse, peace and conflict (pp. 187204). Springer.Google Scholar
Augoustinos, M., & Every, D. (2007). The language of ‘race’ and prejudice: A discourse of denial, reason, and liberal-practical politics. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 26(2), 123141.Google Scholar
Augoustinos, M., & Tileagă, C. (2012). Twenty-five years of discursive psychology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 405412.Google Scholar
Augoustinos, M., Tuffin, K., & Rapley, M. (1999). Genocide or a failure to gel? Racism, history and nationalism in Australian talk. Discourse and Society, 10(3), 351378.Google Scholar
Bhavnani, K.-K., & Phoenix, A. (1994). Special issue: Shifting identities shifting racisms. Feminism & Psychology, 4(1), 518.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1987). Arguing and thinking: A rhetorical approach to social psychology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. Sage.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (1999). Freudian repression. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (2003). Political rhetoric. In Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., & Jervis, R. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 222252). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (2008). The hidden roots of critical psychology. Sage.Google Scholar
Billig, M. (2012). Undisciplined beginnings, academic success and discursive psychology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 413424.Google Scholar
Billig, M., Condor, S., Edwards, D., Gane, M., Middleton, D., & Radley, A. (1988). Ideological dilemmas: A social psychology of everyday thinking. Sage.Google Scholar
Broughton, J. M. (Ed.). (1987). Critical theories of psychological development. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Brown, L. S. (1989). New voices, new visions: Toward a lesbian/gay paradigm for psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13(4), 445458.Google Scholar
Brown, S., & Stenner, P. (2009). Psychology without foundations: History, philosophy and psychosocial theory. Sage.Google Scholar
Burman, E. (Ed.). (1989). The practice of psychology by feminists. Open University Press.Google Scholar
Burman, E. (Ed.). (1998). Deconstructing feminist psychology. Sage.Google Scholar
Clarke, V., Ellis, S., Peel, E., & Riggs, D. (2010). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer psychology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Condor, S., Tileagă, C., & Billig, M. (2013). Political rhetoric. In Huddy, L., Sears, D. O., & Levy, J. S. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 262300). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cromby, J., Harper, D., & Reavey, P. (2013). Psychology, mental health and distress. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Danziger, K. (2008). Marking the mind: a history of memory. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Durrheim, K., Hook, D., & Riggs, D. (2009). Race and racism. In Fox, D., Prilleltensky, I., & Austin, S. (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (2nd ed., pp. 197214). Sage.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. (1997). Discourse and cognition. Sage.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. (2012). Discursive and scientific psychology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 425345.Google Scholar
Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1992). Discursive psychology. Sage.Google Scholar
Fine, M. (1980). Reflections on a feminist psychology of women: Paradoxes and prospects. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9(2), 167183.Google Scholar
Fine, M. (2018). Bear left: The critical psychology project in revolting times. In Hammack, P. (Ed.), Oxford handbook of social psychology and social justice (pp. 429440). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, D., Prilleltensky, I., & Austin, S. (Eds.). (2009). Critical psychology: An introduction (2nd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar
Gavey, N. (1989). Feminist poststructuralism and discourse analysis: Contributions to a feminist psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13(4), 459476.Google Scholar
Gergen, K. (1994). The limits of pure critique. In Simons, H. W. & Billig, M. (Eds.), After postmodernism: Reconstructing ideology critique (pp. 5878). Sage.Google Scholar
Gergen, K. (2018). Social psychology and social justice: Dilemmas, dynamics and destinies. In Hammack, P. (Ed.), Oxford handbook of social psychology and social justice (pp. 441452). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gergen, K. J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40(3), 266275.Google Scholar
Gergen, M. (1990). Finished at 40: Women’s development within the patriarchy. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 14(4), 471493.Google Scholar
Gergen, M., & Davis, S. (Eds.). (1997). Toward a new psychology of gender. Routledge.Google Scholar
Goodman, S., & Burke, S. (2011). Discursive deracialization in talk about asylum seeking. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 21(2), 111123.Google Scholar
Goodman, S., Sirriyeh, G. A., & McMahon, S. (2017). The evolving (re)categorisations of refugees throughout the refugee/migrant crisis. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 27(2), 105114.Google Scholar
Hammack, P. (Ed.). (2018). The Oxford handbook of social psychology and social justice. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575599.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1986). The science question in feminism. Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harré, R., & Secord, P. F. (1972). The explanation of social behaviour. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haslam, A., Reicher, S., & Platow, M. (2012). The new psychology of leadership: Identity, influence and power. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Haste, S. (2012). Where do we go from here in political psychology? Political Psychology, 33(1), 19.Google Scholar
Henriques, J., Hollway, W., Urwin, C., Venn, C., & Walkerdine, V. (1984). Changing the subject: Psychology, social regulation and subjectivity. Methuen.Google Scholar
Hepburn, A. (2003). An introduction to critical social psychology. Sage.Google Scholar
Hollway, W. (1989). Subjectivity and method in psychology, gender meaning and science. Sage.Google Scholar
Hook, D. (2012). A critical psychology of the postcolonial: The mind of apartheid. Routledge.Google Scholar
Islam, G., & Zyphur, M. (2009). Concepts and directions in critical industrial/organizational psychology. In Fox, D., Prilleltensky, I., & Austin, S. (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 110125). Sage.Google Scholar
Jingree, T., & Finlay, W. M. L. (2008). ‘You can’t do it … it’s theory rather than practice’: Staff use of the practical/principle rhetorical device in talk on empowering people with intellectual disabilities. Discourse & Society, 19(6), 705726.Google Scholar
Kagan, C., Burton, M, Duckett, P., Lawthom, R., & Siddiquee, A. (2011). Critical community psychology. Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kirkwood, S., Goodman, S., McVittie, C., & McKinlay, A. (2016). The language of asylum: Refugees and discourse. Palgrave McMillan.Google Scholar
Kvale, S. (1992). Psychology and postmodernism. Sage.Google Scholar
Lane, R. (2003). Rescuing political science from itself. In Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., & Jervis, R. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 755794). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lyons, A. C., & Chamberlain, K. (2017). Critical health psychology. In Gough, B. (Ed.), The Palgrave handbook of critical social psychology (pp. 533555). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Marková, I. (2009). A dialogical approach in psychology: An alternative to the dualism of TOM. In Leudar, I. & Costall, A. (Eds.), Against theory of mind (pp. 209220). Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Middleton, D., & Brown, S. (2005). The social psychology of experience: Studies in remembering and forgetting. Sage.Google Scholar
Montero, M. (1997). Political psychology: A critical perspective. In Fox, D. & Prilleltensky, I. (Eds.), Critical psychology: An introduction (pp. 233244). Sage.Google Scholar
Moscovici, S. (1988). Notes towards a description of social representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18(3), 211250.Google Scholar
Moscovici, S., & Marková, I. (2006). The making of modern social psychology. Polity Press.Google Scholar
Murray, M. (Ed.). (2014). Critical health psychology (2nd ed.). Macmillan.Google Scholar
Nesbitt-Larking, P., & Kinnvall, C. (2012). The discursive frames of political psychology. Political Psychology, 33(1), 4549.Google Scholar
O’Doherty, K., & LeCouteur, A. (2007). ‘Asylum seekers’, boat people’ and ‘illegal immigrants’. Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(1), 112.Google Scholar
Parker, I. (1999a). Critical psychology: Critical links. Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 1(1), 318.Google Scholar
Parker, I. (Ed.). (1999b). Deconstructing psychotherapy. Sage.Google Scholar
Parker, I., & Shotter, J. (Eds.). (1990). Deconstructing social psychology. Routledge.Google Scholar
Potter, J. (2012). Re-reading Discourse and Social Psychology: Transforming social psychology. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51(3), 436455.Google Scholar
Potter, J., & Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology: Beyond attitudes and behaviour. Sage.Google Scholar
Rapley, M. (1998). ‘Just an ordinary Australian’: Self-categorization and the discursive construction of facticity in ‘new racist’ political rhetoric. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 325344.Google Scholar
Reeves, F. (1983). British racial discourse: A study of British political discourse about race and race related matters. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Reicher, S., & Hopkins, N. (2001). Self and nation: Categorization, contestation and mobilization. Sage.Google Scholar
Renshon, S., & Duckitt, J. (2000). Political psychology: Cultural and cross-cultural foundations. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Salter, P., & Adams, G. (2013). Toward a critical race psychology. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(11), 781793.Google Scholar
Sarbin, T. R. (1986). The narrative as a root metaphor for psychology. In Sarbin, T. R. (Ed.), Narrative psychology: The storied nature of human conduct (pp. 321). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Sears, D. O. (1994). Ideological bias in political psychology: The view from scientific hell. Political Psychology, 15(3), 547556.Google Scholar
Sibley, C. G., & Osborne, D. (2016). Ideology and post-colonial society. Advances in Political Psychology, 37(1), 115161.Google Scholar
Sidanius, J., & Kurzban, R. (2003). Evolutionary approaches to political psychology. In Sears, D. O., Huddy, L., & Jervis, R. (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political psychology (pp. 146181). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simons, H. W., & Billig, M. (Eds.). (1994). After postmodernism: Reconstructing ideology critique. Sage.Google Scholar
Speer, S. (2005). Gender talk: Feminism, discourse and conversation analysis. Routledge.Google Scholar
Speer, S., & Potter, J. (2000). The management of heterosexist talk: Conversational resources and prejudiced claims. Discourse & Society, 11(4), 543572.Google Scholar
Teo, T. (2015). Critical psychology: A geography of intellectual engagement and resistance. American Psychologist, 70(3), 243254.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. (1994). Political psychology or politicized psychology: Is the road to scientific hell paved with good moral intentions? Political Psychology, 15(3), 509529.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C. (2005). Representing the ‘other’. A discursive analysis of prejudice and moral exclusion in talk about Romanies. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 1941.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C. (2007). Ideologies of moral exclusion: A critical discursive reframing of depersonalisation, delegitimization, and dehumanization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(4), 717737.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C. (2013). Political psychology: Critical perspectives. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C. (2015). The nature of prejudice: Society, discrimination and moral exclusion. Routledge.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C. (2018). Representing communism after the fall: Discourse, memory, and historical redress. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C., & Byford, J. (2014). Psychology and history: Interdisciplinary explorations. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tileagă, C., & Stokoe, E. (Eds.). (2015). Discursive psychology: Classic and contemporary issues. Routledge.Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M. (2001). Abnormalization of ethnic minorities in conversation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(2), 257278.Google Scholar
Verkuyten, M. (2005). Immigration discourses and their impact on multiculturalism: A discursive and experimental study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 44(2), 223240.Google Scholar
Wetherell, M. (1998). Positioning and interpretative repertoires: Conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue. Discourse & Society, 9(3), 387412.Google Scholar
Wetherell, M., & Potter, J. (1992). Mapping the language of racism: Discourse and the legitimation of exploitation. Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, S. (Ed.). (1986). Feminist social psychology: Developing theory and practice. Open University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Billington, T., Goodley, D., & Corcoran, T. (Eds.). (2016). Critical educational psychology. Wiley.Google Scholar
Willig, C. (1999). Beyond appearances: A critical realist approach to social constructionist work. In Nightingale, D. J. & Cromby, J. (Eds.), Social constructionist psychology: A critical analysis of theory and practice (pp. 3752). Open University Press.Google Scholar
Wodak, R., & van Dijk, T. A. (Eds.). (2000). Racism at the top: Parliamentary discourses on ethnic issues in six European states. Drava Verlag.Google Scholar

References

Allison, G. T. (1969). Conceptual models and the Cuban Missile Crisis. American Political Science Review, 63(3), 689718. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000305540025853XGoogle Scholar
Allison, G. T., & Zelikow, P. (1971). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Allison, G. T., & Zelikow, P. (1999). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (2nd ed.). Longman.Google Scholar
Barr, K., & Mintz, A. (2018a). The role of groupthink and polythink in foreign policy change and continuity. 2018 Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Barr, K., & Mintz, A. (2018b). Public policy perspective on group decision-making dynamics in foreign policy. Policy Studies Journal, 46(S1), S69S90. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12249Google Scholar
Barr, K., & Mintz, A. (2019). Did groupthink or polythink derail the 2016 Raqqa Offensive? In Mintz, A. & Terris, L. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of behavioral political science [Online]. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634131.013.22Google Scholar
Bernstein, B. J. (2000). Understanding decisionmaking, U.S. foreign policy, and the Cuban Missile Crisis: A review essay. International Security, 25(1), 134164. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228800560417Google Scholar
Fuller, S. R., & Aldag, R. J. (1997). Challenging the mindguards: Moving small group analysis beyond groupthink. In ’t Hart, P., Stern, E. K., & Sundelius, B. (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policy making (pp. 5593). University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Garrison, J. A. (2001). Framing foreign policy alternatives in the inner circle: President Carter, his advisors, and the struggle for the arms control agenda. Political Psychology, 22(4), 775807. https://doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00262Google Scholar
Garrison, J. A. (2003). Foreign policymaking and group dynamics: Where we’ve been and where we’re going. International Studies Review, 5(2), 177202. https://doi.org/10.1111/1521-9488.5020015Google Scholar
Hansen, M. T. (2013, 22 November). How John F. Kennedy changed decision making for us all. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2013/11/how-john-f-kennedy-changed-decision-makingGoogle Scholar
Holland, M. (2005). The ‘photo gap’ that delayed discovery of missiles in Cuba. Studies in Intelligence, 49(4), 1530. https://www.washingtondecoded.com/.m/site/files/politics_and_intelligence.pdfGoogle Scholar
Janis, I. L. (1972). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign policy decisions and fiascoes. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Janis, I. L. (1982). Victims of groupthink: A psychological study of foreign policy decisions and fiascoes (2nd ed.). Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Kaysen, C. [Interviewer]. (1964, 15 April). Interview with Sorensen JFKOH-TCS-03. John F. Kennedy Library Oral History Project. https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKOH/Sorensen%2C Theodore C/JFKOH-TCS-03/JFKOH-TCS-03Google Scholar
Kellerman, B. (1983). Allison redux: Three more decision-making models. Polity, 15, 351367.Google Scholar
Kennedy, R. F. (1969). Thirteen days: A memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
McCauley, C. (1989). The nature of social influence in groupthink: Compliance and internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 250260. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.250Google Scholar
McCauley, C. (1998). Group dynamics in Janis’s theory of groupthink: Backward and forward. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 73(2–3), 142162. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2759Google Scholar
Mintz, A., Mishal, S., & Morag, N. (2005). Evidence of polythink?: The Israeli delegation at Camp David 2000 [Discussion Paper, Yale University, UN Studies].Google Scholar
Mintz, A., & Schneiderman, I. (2018). From groupthink to polythink in the Yom Kippur War decisions of 1973. ERIS – European Review of International Studies, 5(1), 4866. https://doi.org/10.3224/eris.v5i1.03Google Scholar
Mintz, A., & Wayne, C. (2016). The polythink syndrome: U.S. foreign policy decisions on 9/11, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Syria, and ISIS. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Neustadt, R. (1990). Presidential power and the modern presidents: The politics of leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan (5th ed.). Free Press.Google Scholar
Redd, S. B. (2005). The influence of advisers and decision strategies on foreign policy choices: President Clinton’s decision to use force in Kosovo. International Studies Perspectives, 6(1), 129150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3577.2005.00198.xGoogle Scholar
Schafer, M., & Crichlow, S. (2010). Groupthink versus high-quality decision making in international relations. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Schafer, M., & Crichlow, S. (2017, 23 February). Groupthink revisited. The International Studies Association Meeting.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, A. (1965). A thousand days: John F. Kennedy in the White House. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, A. (1969). Foreword. In Kennedy, R. F., Thirteen Days: A memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis (pp. 715). W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Sorensen, T. C. (1965). Kennedy. Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Stone, I. F. (1966, 14 April). ‘The Brink’. New York Review of Books. https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1966/04/14/the-brink/Google Scholar
‘t Hart, P., Stern, E. K., & Sundelius, B. (1997). Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policy-making. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Voorhees, T. (2020). The silent guns of two Octobers: Kennedy and Khrushchev play the double game. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

References

Abramowitz, S. I. (1973). Internal-external control and social-political activism: A test of the dimensionality of Rotter’s internal-external scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 40(2), 196201. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034483Google Scholar
Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D., & Sanford, N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. Harper.Google Scholar
Allport, G. W., Clark, K., & Pettigrew, T. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Amodio, D. M., Jost, J. T., Master, S. L., & Yee, C. M. (2007). Neurocognitive correlates of liberalism and conservatism. Nature Neuroscience, 10(10), 12461247. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1979Google Scholar
Baldwin, M., & Lammers, J. (2016). Past-focused environmental comparisons promote proenvironmental outcomes for conservatives. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(52), 1495314957. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610834113Google Scholar
Bovenberg, A. L. (1999). Green tax reforms and the double dividend: An updated reader’s guide. International Tax and Public Finance, 6(3), 421443. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008715920337Google Scholar
Brandt, M. J., Reyna, C., Chambers, J. R., Crawford, J. T., & Wetherell, G. (2014). The ideological-conflict hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), 2734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721413510932Google Scholar
Brownstein, R. (2010). GOP gives climate science a cold shoulder. National Journal, 42(41), 52.Google Scholar
Bruder, M., Haffke, P., Neave, N., Nouripanah, N., & Imhoff, R. (2013). Measuring individual differences in generic beliefs in conspiracy theories across cultures: Conspiracy Mentality Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00225Google Scholar
Brunswik, E. (1955). Representative design and probabilistic theory in a functional psychology. Psychological Review, 62(3), 193217. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047470Google Scholar
Campbell, T. H., & Kay, A. C. (2014). Solution aversion: On the relation between ideology and motivated disbelief. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(5), 809824. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037963Google Scholar
Chambers, J. R., Schlenker, B. R., & Collisson, B. (2013). Ideology and prejudice: The role of value conflicts. Psychological Science, 24(2), 140149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447820Google Scholar
Cichocka, A., Bilewicz, M., Jost, J. T., Marrouch, N., & Witkowska, M. (2016). On the grammar of politics – or why conservatives prefer nouns. Political Psychology, 37(6), 799815. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12327Google Scholar
Conway, L. G., Gornick, L. J., Houck, S. C., et al. (2016). Are conservatives really more simple-minded than liberals? The domain specificity of complex thinking. Political Psychology, 37(6), 777798. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12304Google Scholar
Costello, T. H., Bowes, S. M., Malka, A., Baldwin, M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2020). On conservatism and rigidity: A synthesis and meta-analytic review [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Emory University.Google Scholar
Cramton, P., MacKay, D. J. C., Ockenfels, A., & Stoft, S. (2017). Global carbon pricing: The path to climate cooperation. The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, J. T. (2017). Are conservatives more sensitive to threat than liberals? It depends on how we define threat and conservatism. Social Cognition, 35(4), 354373. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.354Google Scholar
Crawford, J. T., & Pilanski, J. M. (2014). Political intolerance, right and left. Political Psychology, 35(6), 841851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00926.xGoogle Scholar
Crowson, H. M., Thoma, S. J., & Hestevold, N. (2005). Is political conservatism synonymous with authoritarianism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(5), 571592. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.5.571-592Google Scholar
Duarte, J. L., Crawford, J. T., Stern, C., Haidt, J., Jussim, L., & Tetlock, P. E. (2015). Political diversity will improve social psychological science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, Article e130. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14000430Google Scholar
Dunlap, R. E., & Gale, R. P. (1974). Party membership and environmental politics: A legislative roll-call analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 55(3), 670690.Google Scholar
Eccleshall, R. (1990). English conservatism since the Restoration: An introduction and anthology. Routledge.Google Scholar
Feygina, I., Jost, J. T., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2010). System justification, the denial of global warming, and the possibility of ‘system-sanctioned change’. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(3), 326338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167209351435Google Scholar
Fiedler, K. (2011). Voodoo correlations are everywhere – not only in neuroscience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(2), 163171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691611400237Google Scholar
Feinberg, M., & Willer, R. (2013). The moral roots of environmental attitudes. Psychological Science, 24(1), 5662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612449177Google Scholar
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 10291046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141Google Scholar
Greenberg, J., & Jonas, E. (2003). Psychological motives and political orientation – the left, the right, and the rigid: Comment on Jost et al. (2003). Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 376382. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.376Google Scholar
Griffin, D. W., & Ross, L. (1991). Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. In Zanna, M. P. (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 319359). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Gromet, D. M., Kunreuther, H., & Larrick, R. P. (2013). Political ideology affects energy-efficiency attitudes and choices. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(23), 93149319. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218453110Google Scholar
Gross, N., & Simmons, S. (2007). The social and political views of American professors [Paper presented at a Harvard University Symposium on Professors and Their Politics].Google Scholar
Guber, D. L. (2013). A cooling climate for change? Party polarization and the politics of global warming. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(1), 93115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212463361Google Scholar
Haidt, J. (2012). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Vintage.Google Scholar
Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007). When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize. Social Justice Research, 20(1), 98116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-007-0034-zGoogle Scholar
Haidt, J., Graham, J., & Joseph, C. (2009). Above and below left–right: Ideological narratives and moral foundations. Psychological Inquiry, 20(2–3), 110119. https://doi.org/10.1080/10478400903028573Google Scholar
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., & Alford, J. R. (2014). Differences in negativity bias underlie variations in political ideology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37(3), 297307. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13001192Google Scholar
Hibbing, J. R., Smith, K. B., Peterson, J. C., & Feher, B. (2014). The deeper sources of political conflict: Evidence from the psychological, cognitive, and neuro-sciences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18(3), 111113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.010Google Scholar
Inbar, Y., & Lammers, J. (2012). Political diversity in social and personality psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), 496503. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612448792Google Scholar
Jost, J. T. (2017). Ideological asymmetries and the essence of political psychology. Political Psychology, 38(2), 167208. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12407Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., & Amodio, D. M. (2012). Political ideology as motivated social cognition: Behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. Motivation and Emotion, 36(1), 5564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-011-9260-7Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Federico, C. M., & Napier, J. L. (2009). Political ideology: Its structure, functions, and elective affinities. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 307337. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163600Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), 339375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., & Krochik, M. (2014). Ideological differences in epistemic motivation: Implications for attitude structure, depth of information processing, susceptibility to persuasion, and stereotyping. In Elliot, A. J. (Ed.), Advances in motivation science (Vol. 1, pp. 181231). Elsevier.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Sterling, J., & Stern, C. (2017). Getting closure on conservatism, or the politics of epistemic and existential motivation. In Kopetz, C. E. & Fishbach, A. (Eds.), The motivation-cognition interface (pp. 5687). Routledge.Google Scholar
Jost, J. T., Stern, C., Rule, N. O., & Sterling, J. (2017). The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation. Social Cognition, 35(4), 324353. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.324Google Scholar
Kay, A. C., Wheeler, S. C., Bargh, J. A., & Ross, L. (2004). Material priming: The influence of mundane physical objects on situational construal and competitive behavioral choice. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 95(1), 8396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.06.003Google Scholar
Kessler, T., Proch, J., Hechler, S., & Nägler, L. A. (2015). Political diversity versus stimuli diversity: Alternative ways to improve social psychological science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, Article e148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X14001241Google Scholar
Klein, D. B., & Stern, C. (2009). Groupthink in academia: Majoritarian departmental politics and the professional pyramid. The Independent Review, 13(4), 585600.Google Scholar
Lakens, D., Scheel, A. M., & Isager, P. M. (2018). Equivalence testing for psychological research: A tutorial. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 1(2), 259269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515245918770963Google Scholar
Lammers, J., & Baldwin, M. (2018). Past-focused temporal communication overcomes conservatives’ resistance to liberal political ideas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114(4), 599619. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000121Google Scholar
Lammers, J., Koch, A., Conway, P., & Brandt, M. J. (2017). The political domain appears simpler to the politically extreme than to political moderates. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(6), 612622. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616678456Google Scholar
Lane, R. E. (1962). Political ideology: Why the American common man believes what he does. The Free Press of Glencoe.Google Scholar
Lewin, K. (1943). Defining the ’field at a given time’. Psychological Review, 50(3), 292310. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0062738Google Scholar
Liberman, V., Samuels, S. M., & Ross, L. (2004). The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining prisoner’s dilemma game moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30(9), 11751185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167204264004Google Scholar
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(4), 420430. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691610375557Google Scholar
McCarty, N., Poole, K. T., & Rosenthal, H. (2006). Polarized America: The dance of political ideology and unequal riches. The MIT Press.Google Scholar
McClosky, H., & Chong, D. (1985). Similarities and differences between left-wing and right-wing radicals. British Journal of Political Science, 15(3), 329363. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400004221Google Scholar
McCright, A. M., & Dunlap, R. E. (2011). The politicization of climate change and polarization in the American public’s views of global warming, 2001–2010. The Sociological Quarterly, 52(2), 155194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2011.01198.xGoogle Scholar
McCright, A. M., Xiao, C., & Dunlap, R. E. (2014). Political polarization on support for government spending on environmental protection in the USA, 1974–2012. Social Science Research, 48, 251260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.06.008Google Scholar
Nivola, P. S., & Brady, D. W. (2008). Red and blue nation?: Consequences and correction of America’s polarized politics (Vol. 2). Brookings Institution Press.Google Scholar
Onraet, E., Van Hiel, A., Dhont, K., & Pattyn, S. (2013). Internal and external threat in relationship with right-wing attitudes. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 233248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12011Google Scholar
Oxley, D. R., Smith, K. B., Alford, J. R., et al. (2008). Political attitudes vary with physiological traits. Science, 321(5896), 16671670. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157627Google Scholar
Price, R. (2014). A concise history of France. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rock, M. S., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (2010). Where do we draw our lines? Politics, rigidity, and the role of self-regulation. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(1), 2633. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550609347386Google Scholar
Rokeach, M. (1956). Political and religious dogmatism: An alternative to the authoritarian personality. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 70(18), 143. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0093727Google Scholar
Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology (McGraw-Hill series in social psychology). McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Rothman, S., & Lichter, S. R. (2008). The vanishing conservative: Is there a glass ceiling. In Maranto, R., Redding, R. E., & Hess, F. M. (Eds.), The politically correct university: Problems, scope, and reforms (pp. 6076). AEI Press.Google Scholar
Schneider, G. L. (2009). The conservative century: From reaction to revolution. Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Shook, N. J., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Political ideology, exploration of novel stimuli, and attitude formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 995998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.003Google Scholar
Smith, M. B., Bruner, J. S., & White, R. W. (1956). Opinions and personality. John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. (1983). Cognitive style and political ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(1), 118126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.118Google Scholar
Unsworth, K. L., & Fielding, K. S. (2014). It’s political: How the salience of one’s political identity changes climate change beliefs and policy support. Global Environmental Change, 27, 131137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.002Google Scholar
van der Linden, S., Panagopoulos, C., Azevedo, F., & Jost, J. T. (2020). The paranoid style in American politics revisited: An ideological asymmetry in conspiratorial thinking. Political Psychology, 42(1), 2351. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12681Google Scholar
Van Hiel, A., Onraet, E., & De Pauw, S. (2010). The relationship between social‐cultural attitudes and behavioral measures of cognitive style: A meta‐analytic integration of studies. Journal of Personality, 78(6), 17651800. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00669.xGoogle Scholar
van Prooijen, J.-W., & Krouwel, A. P. M. (2017). Extreme political beliefs predict dogmatic intolerance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(3), 292300. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616671403Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J.-W., Krouwel, A. P. M., Boiten, M., & Eendebak, L. (2015). Fear among the extremes: How political ideology predicts negative emotions and outgroup derogation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(4), 485497. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215569706Google Scholar
van Prooijen, J.-W., Krouwel, A. P. M., & Pollet, T. V. (2015). Political extremism predicts belief in conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 6(5), 570578. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550614567356Google Scholar
Weber, E. U., & Stern, P. C. (2011). Public understanding of climate change in the United States. American Psychologist, 66(4), 315328. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023253Google Scholar
Westfall, J., Van Boven, L., Chambers, J. R., & Judd, C. M. (2015). Perceiving political polarization in the United States: Party identity strength and attitude extremity exacerbate the perceived partisan divide. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 145158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691615569849Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×