Description and Measurement: How Personality Is Studied

Part II - Description and Measurement: How Personality Is Studied

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 September 2020

Edited by

Philip J. Corr and

Gerald Matthews

Show author details

Philip J. Corr: Affiliation:
City, University London
Gerald Matthews: Affiliation:
University of Central Florida

Book contents

Get access

Type: Chapter
Information: The Cambridge Handbook of Personality Psychology , pp. 101 - 152

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108264822 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achenbach, T. M., & McConaughy, S. H. (2003). The Achenbach system of empirically based assessment. In Reynolds, C. R. & Kamphaus, R. W. (Eds.), Handbook of psychological and educational assessment of children: Personality, behavior, and context (pp. 406–430). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47 (211).CrossRef Google Scholar

Angleitner, A., John, O. P., & Lohr, F.-J. (1986). It’s what you ask and how you ask it: An item metric analysis of personality questionnaires. In Angleitner, A. & Wiggins, J. S. (Eds.), Personality assessment via questionnaires: Current issues in theory and measurement (pp. 61–108). Berlin: Springer.CrossRef Google Scholar

Austin, E. J., Boyle, G. J., Groth-Marnat, G., Matthews, G., Saklofske, D. H., Schwean, V. L., & Zeidner, M. (2011). Integrating intelligence and personality. In Groth-Marnat, G., Beutler, L. & Harwood, M. (Eds.), Integrative assessment of adult personality (3rd ed.) (pp. 119–151). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Bagby, R. M., Marshall, M. B., Bury, A. S., Bacchiochi, J. R., & Miller, L. S. (2006). Assessing underreporting and overreporting response styles on the MMPI-2. In Butcher, J. N. (Ed.), MMPI-2: A practitioner’s guide (pp. 39–69). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Barrett, P. T., Petrides, K. V., Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1998). The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An examination of the factorial similarity of P, E, N, and L across 34 countries. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 805–819.CrossRef Google Scholar

Benjamin, L. S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 392–425.Google Scholar

Bentler, P. M. (1988). Causal modeling via structural equation systems. In Nesselroade, J. R. & Cattell, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd ed., pp. 317–335). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Bentler, P. M. (2007). Can scientifically useful hypotheses be tested with correlations? American Psychologist, 62, 772–782.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Bentler, P. M. (2015). EQS structural equations program. Temple City, CA: Multivariate Software, www.mvsoft.com Google Scholar

Block, J. (1965). The challenge of response sets: Unconfounding meaning, acquiescence, and social desirability in the MMPI. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar

Block, J. (1995). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–215.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Boyle, G. J. (1979). Delimitation of state‑trait curiosity in relation to state anxiety and learning task performance. Australian Journal of Education, 23, 70–82.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (1983). Higher‑order factor structure of Cattell’s MAT and 8SQ. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 6, 119–127.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (1984). Effects of viewing a road trauma film on emotional and motivational factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 16, 383–386.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (1985). Self‑report measures of depression: Some psychometric considerations. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 45–59.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (1989). Sex differences in reported mood states. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 1179–1183.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (1990). A review of the factor structure of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Clinical Analysis Questionnaire. Psychological Test Bulletin, 3, 40–45.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2006). Scientific analysis of personality and individual differences. Unpublished Doctor of Science Thesis, St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2007). An overview of contemporary personality assessment. Paper presented at the International Military Testing Association Conference, Gold Coast, Queensland, 8–12 October.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2008a). Critique of the five-factor model of personality. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality theories and models (Vol.1, pp. 295–312). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2008b). Simplifying the Cattellian psychometric model. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality theories and models (Vol. 1, pp. 257–272). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2009). Personality questionnaires and rating Scales: A flawed methodology? In Westen, D., Burton, L. & Kowalski, R. (Eds.), Psychology: Australian and New Zealand (2nd ed., pp. 436–437). Milton, QLD, Australia: Wiley.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2019 ). Overarching personality paradigm: A neo-Cattellian psychometric model. Personality and Individual Differences, 147, 317–325.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J. (2020). Biography – Raymond B. Cattell (1905–1998). In Carducci, R. et al. (Eds.), The Wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: Personality processes and individual differences (Vol. 3). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Measures of affect dimensions. In Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H. & Matthews, G. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological construct (pp. 190–224). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., & Barton, K. (2008). Contribution of Cattellian personality instruments. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality measurement and testing (Vol. 2, pp. 160–178). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.CrossRef Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., & Cattell, R. B. (1984). Proof of situational sensitivity of mood states and dynamic traits––ergs and sentiments––to disturbing stimuli. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 541–548.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., & Comer, P. G. (1990). Personality characteristics of direct-service personnel in community residential units. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 125–131.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Helmes, E., Matthews, G., & Izard, C. E. (2015). Measures of affect dimensions. In Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H. & Matthews, G. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 190–224). San Diego, CA: Academic.CrossRef Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Neumann, D. L., Furedy, J. J., & Westbury, H. R. (2010). Sex differences in verbal and visual-spatial tasks under different hemispheric visual-field presentation conditions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110, 396–410.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Boyle, G. J., & Saklofske, D. H. (2004) (Eds.) Sage benchmarks in psychology: The psychology of individual differences (Vols. 1–4). London: Sage.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H., & Matthews, G. (2015). Criteria for selection and evaluation of scales and measures. In Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H. & Matthews, G. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 3–15). Amsterdam: Academic.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Stankov, L., & Cattell, R. B. (1995). Measurement and statistical models in the study of personality and intelligence. In Saklofske, D. H. & Zeidner, M. (Eds.), International handbook of personality and intelligence (pp. 417–446). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Stankov, L., Martin, N. G., Petrides, K. P., Eysenck, M. W., & Ortet, G. (2016). Hans J. Eysenck and Raymond B. Cattell on intelligence and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 103, 40–47.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., Stanley, G. V., & Start, K. B. (1985). Canonical/redundancy analyses of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, the Motivation Analysis Test, and the Eight State Questionnaire. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 7, 113–122.Google Scholar

Boyle, G. J., & Start, K. B. (1989). Sex differences in the prediction of academic achievement using the Children’s Motivation Analysis Test. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 59, 245–252.Google Scholar

Briggs, S. R., & Cheek, J. M. (1986). The role of factor analysis in the development and evaluation of personality scales. Journal of Personality, 54, 106–148.Google Scholar

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Burdsal, C. A., & Vaughn, D. S. (1974). A contrast of the personality structure of college students found in the questionnaire medium by items as compared to parcels. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 135, 219–224.Google Scholar

Burisch, M. (1984). Approaches to personality inventory construction: A comparison of merits. American Psychologist, 39, 214–227.Google Scholar

Burisch, M. (1986). Methods of personality inventory development: A comparative analysis. In Angleitner, A. & Wiggins, J. S. (Eds.), Personality assessment via questionnaires: Current issues in theory and measurement (pp. 109–120). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2. Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466.CrossRef Google Scholar

Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 81–105.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1946). The description and measurement of personality. New York: World Book.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1973). Personality and mood by questionnaire. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences. New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1983). Structured personality-learning theory: A wholistic multivariate approach. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1986a). General principles across the media of assessment. In Cattell, R. B. & Johnson, R. C. (Eds.), Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments (pp. 15–32). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1986b). Selecting, administering, scoring, recording, and using tests in assessment. In Cattell, R. B. & Johnson, R. C. (Eds.) (1986). Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments (pp. 105–126). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1986c). Structured tests and functional diagnoses. In Cattell, R. B. & Johnson, R. C. (Eds.), Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments (pp. 3–14). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1986d). The psychometric properties of tests: Consistency, validity, and efficiency. In Cattell, R. B. & Johnson, R. C. (Eds.), Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments (pp. 54–78). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1988). The meaning and strategic use of factor analysis. In Nesselroade, J. R. & Cattell, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1994). A cross-validation of primary personality structure in the 16 PF by two parcelled factor analyses. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 10, 181–190.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1995, May). The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere. The Psychologist, 207–208.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., Boyle, G. J., & Chant, D. (2002). The enriched behavioral prediction equation and its impact on structured learning and the dynamic calculus. Psychological Review, 109, 202–205.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., Cattell, A. K., & Cattell, H. E. P. (1994). The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (5th ed.). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., & Child, D. (1975). Motivation and dynamic structure. London: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). Handbook for the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., & Kline, P. (1977). The scientific analysis of personality and motivation. New York: Academic.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., & Krug, S. E. (1971). A test of the trait-view theory of distortion in measurement of personality questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 31, 721–734.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., & Krug, S. E. (1986). The number of factors in the 16PF: A review of the evidence with special emphasis on methodological problems. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 46, 509–522.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., & Schuerger, J. M. (1978). Personality theory in action: Handbook for the Objective-Analytic (O-A) Test Kit. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Child, D. (1990). The essentials of factor analysis (2nd ed.). London: Cassell.Google Scholar

Comrey, A. L. (1984). Comparison of two methods to identify major personality factors. Applied Psychological Measurement, 8, 397–408.Google Scholar

Comrey, A. L. (1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 754–761.Google Scholar

Comrey, A. L. (2008). The Comrey Personality Scales. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality measurement and testing (Vol. 2, pp. 113–134). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Conn, S. R., & Rieke, M. L. (1994). Technical manual for the 16 PF (5th ed.). Champaign, IL, Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Conners, C. K. (1997). Conners Rating Scales – Revised technical manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five-Factor Inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

Cronbach, L., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52, 281–303.Google Scholar

Cuttance, P. (1987). Issues and problems in the application of structural equation models. In Cuttance, P. & Ecob, R. (Eds.), Structural modeling by example: Applications in educational, sociological, and behavioral research (pp. 241–279). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cuttance, P., & Ecob, R. (1987) (Eds.) Structural modeling by example: Applications in educational, sociological, and behavioral research. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Drasgow, F., & Olson-Buchanan, J. B. (1999) (Eds.) Innovations in computerized assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Edwards, A. L. (1957). The social desirability variable in personality assessment and research. New York: Dryden.Google Scholar

Exner, J. (2005). A Rorschach workbook for the comprehensive system (5th ed.). Asheville, NC: Rorschach Workshops.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1992). Four ways five factors are not basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 667–673.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (junior and adult). London: Hodder & Stoughton.Google Scholar

Eysenck, S. B. G., Eysenck, H. J., & Barrett, P. T. (1985). A revised version of the psychoticism scale. (PDF). Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 21–29.Google Scholar

Ferguson, G. A. (1981). Statistical analysis in psychology and education (5th ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 329–344.Google Scholar

Fiske, S. T., & North, M. S. (2015). Measures of stereotyping and prejudice: Barometers of bias. In Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H. & Matthews, G. (2015) (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 684–718). Amsterdam: Academic.Google Scholar

Gillis, J. S., & Boyle, G. J. (2019). Factor analysis of trait names: Building on Cattell (1943). In Corr, P. (Ed.), Classic studies in personality psychology (pp. 47–68). London: Sage.Google Scholar

Goffin, R. D., Rothstein, M. G., & Johnston, N. G. (2000). Predicting job performance using personality constructs: Are personality tests created equal? In Goffin, R. D. & Helmes, E. (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy (pp. 249–264). New York: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative “description of personality”: The Big Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229.Google Scholar

Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Exploratory factor analysis. In Nesselroade, J. R. & Cattell, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd ed.) (pp. 231–258). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27.Google Scholar

Grimm, K. J., Steele, J. S., Ram, N., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2013) Exploratory latent growth models in the structural equation modeling framework. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 20, 568–591.Google Scholar

Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). Handbook of psychological assessment (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Haggbloom, S. J., Warnick, R., Warnick, J. E., Jones, V. K., Yarbrough, G. L., Russell, T. M., Borecky, C. M., McGahhey, R., Powell, J. L. III, Beavers, J., & Monte, E. (2002). The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. Review of General Psychology, 6, 139–152.Google Scholar

Hall, C. S., Lindzey, G., & Campbell, J. B. (1998). Theories of personality (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Hartup, W. W., & van Lieshout, C. F. M. (1995). Personality development in social context. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 655–687.Google Scholar

Helmes, E. (2000). The role of social desirability in the assessment of personality constructs. In Goffin, R. D. & Helmes, E. (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy (pp. 21–40). New York: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Helmes, E. (2010). Response distortion in applications of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) in offender rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 47, 101–120.Google Scholar

Helmes, E., & Reddon, J. R. (1993). A perspective on developments in assessing psychopathology: A critical review of the MMPI and MMPI-2. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 453–471.Google Scholar

Helmes, E., Holden, R. R., & Ziegler, M. (2015). Response bias, malingering, and impression management. In Boyle, G. J., Saklofske, D. H. & Matthews, G. (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 16–43). Amsterdam: Academic.Google Scholar

Hojnoski, R. L., Morrison, R., Brown, M., & Matthews, W. J. (2006). Projective test use among school psychologists: A survey and critique. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 24, 145–159.Google Scholar

Horowitz, L. M. (2004). Interpersonal foundations of psychopathology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Hough, L., & Paullin, C. (1994). Construct-oriented scale construction: The rational approach. In Stokes, G. S., Mumford, M. D. & Owens, W. A. (Eds.), Biodata handbook: Theory, research, and used of biographical information in selection and performance (pp. 109–145). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar

Hunsley, J., Lee, C. M., & Wood, J. M. (2003). Controversial and questionable assessment techniques. In Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J. & Lohr, J. M. (Eds.), Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology (pp. 17–38). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Hunsley, J., & Mash, E. J. (2005). Introduction to the special section on developing guidelines for the evidence-based assessment (EBA) of adult disorders. Psychological Assessment, 17, 251–255.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N. (1970). A sequential system for personality scale construction. In Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.), Current topic in clinical and community psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 61–96). New York: Academic.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N. (1984). Personality Research Form manual. Port Huron, MI: Research Psychologists Press.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N. (1989). Basic Personality Inventory manual. Port Huron, MI & London, Ontario, Canada: Sigma Assessment Systems.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N. (1994). Jackson Personality Inventory – Revised manual. Port Huron, MI & London, Ontario, Canada: Sigma Assessment Systems.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N. (2000). A perspective. In Goffin, R. D. & Helmes, E. (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy (pp. 333–344). New York: Kluwer Academic.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N., Ashton, M. C., & Tomes, J. L. (1996). The six-factor model of personality: Facets from the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 391–402.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N., & Messick, S. (1971). The Differential Personality Inventory. London, Ontario: Authors.Google Scholar

James, L. R. (1998). Measurement of personality via conditional reasoning. Organizational Research Methods, 1, 131–163.Google Scholar

James, L. R., McIntyre, M. D., Glisson, C. A., Green, P. D., Patton, T. W., LeBreton, J. M., Frost, , … & Williams, L. J. (2005). A conditional reasoning measure for aggression. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 69–99.Google Scholar

Juni, S. (2006). Projective testing: A critique. Applied Psychology, 2, 789–793.Google Scholar

Kaiser, H. F. (1959). Computer program for Varimax rotation in factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 19, 413–420.Google Scholar

Kiesler, D. J. (1996). Contemporary interpersonal theory and research: Personality, psychopathology and psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Krug, S. E. (1980). Clinical Analysis Questionnaire manual. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Krug, S. E. (1981). Interpreting 16PF profile patterns. Champaign, IL, Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Krug, S. E. (2008). The assessment of clinical disorders within Raymond Cattell’s personality model. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (2008) (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality measurement and testing (pp. Vol. 2, 646–662). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Kurtz, I. C., Dawson, D. V., & Welsh, K. A. (1994). Caregiver ratings of personality change in Alzheimer’s disease patients: A replication. Psychology and Aging, 9, 464–466.Google Scholar

Kurtz, J. E., Lee, P. A., & Sherker, J. L. (1999). Internal and temporal reliability estimates for informant ratings of personality using the NEO-PI-R and IAS. Assessment, 6, 103–114.Google Scholar

LeBreton, J. M., Barksdale, C. D., Robin, J., & James, L. R. (2007). Measurement issues associated with conditional reasoning tests: Indirect measurement and test faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1–16.Google Scholar

Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (4th ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Loevinger, J. (1957). Objective tests as instruments of psychological theory. Psychological Reports, 3, 635–694.Google Scholar

Lubin, B., Swearngin, S. E., & Zuckerman, M. (1997). Research with the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL and the MAACL-R: 1960-1996). San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar

MacCallum, R. (1985). Some problems in the process of model modification in covariance structure modeling. Paper presented at the European Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.Google Scholar

McDonald, R. P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Marsh, H. W. (1983). Multitrait–multimethod analysis: Distinguishing between items and traits. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 43, 351–358.Google Scholar

Marsh, H. W. (1993). Multitrait–multimethod analyses: Inferring each trait-method combination with multiple indicators. Applied Measurement in Education, 6, 49–81.Google Scholar

Marsh, H. W. (2007). Application of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in sport and exercise psychology. In Tenenbaum, G. & Eklund, R. C. (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 774–798). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Marsh, H. W. (2008). A multidimensional, hierarchical model of self-concept: An important facet of personality. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality theories and models (Vol. 1, pp. 447–469). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2014). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An integration of the best features of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 85–110.Google Scholar

Mershon, B., & Gorsuch, R. L. (1988). Number of factors in the personality sphere: Does increase in factors increase predictability of real-life criteria? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 675–680.Google Scholar

Morey, L. C. (1991). Personality Assessment Inventory manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

Morin, A. J. S., Marsh, H. W., & Nagengast, B. (2013). Exploratory structural equation modeling: An introduction. In Hancock, G. R. & Mueller, R. O. (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 395–436). Greenwich, CT: IAP.Google Scholar

Mount, M. K., Witt, L. A., & Barrick, M. R. (2000). Incremental validity of empirically keyed biodata scales over GMA and the five factor personality constructs. Personnel Psychology, 53, 299–323.Google Scholar

Mulaik, S. A. (1988). Confirmatory factor analysis. In Nesselroade, J. R. & Cattell, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Murphy, G. (1947). Personality: A biosocial approach to origins and structure. New York: Harper.CrossRef Google Scholar

Nichols, J. G., Licht, B. G., & Pearl, R. A. (1982). Some dangers of using personality questionnaires to study personality. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 572–580.Google Scholar

Norman, W. T. (1967). 2800 personality trait descriptors: Normative operating characteristics for a university population. Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 598–609.Google Scholar

Paulhus, D. L. (1986). Self-deception and impression management in test responses. In Angleitner, A. & Wiggins, J. S. (Eds.), Personality assessment via questionnaires: Current issues in theory and measurement (pp. 143–165). Berlin, Germany: Springer.Google Scholar

Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Paulhus Deception Scales (PDS): The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding-7. User’s manual. Toronto, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar

Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In Braun, H. I., Jackson, D. N. & Wiley, D. E. (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 46–69). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Paunonem, S. V., & Jackson, D. N. (2000). What is beyond the Big Five? Plenty! Journal of Personality, 68, 821–835.Google Scholar

Pilar-Matud, M. (2004). Gender differences in stress and coping styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1401–1415.Google Scholar

Piotrowski, C., & Keller, J. W. (1989). Psychological testing in outpatient mental health facilities: A national study. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 423–425.Google Scholar

R Core Team. (2016). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria. www.R-project.org/Google Scholar

Reynolds, C. R., & Kamphaus, R. W. (2004). Behavior Assessment System for Children: Second edition manual. New York: Pearson.Google Scholar

Rudinger, G., & Dommel, N. (1986). An example of convergent and discriminant validation of personality questionnaires. In Angleitner, A. & Wiggins, J. S. (Eds.), Personality assessment via questionnaires: Current issues in theory and measurement (pp. 214–224). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Sajatovic, M., & Ramirez, L. F. (2003). Rating scales in mental health (2nd ed.). Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp.Google Scholar

Savalei, V., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling. In Weiner, I. B. & Craighead, W. E. (Eds.), The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1714– 1716). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.Google Scholar

Schuerger, J. M. (1986). Personality assessment by objective tests. In Cattell, R. B. & Johnson, R. C. (Eds.), Functional psychological testing: Principles and instruments (pp. 260–287). New York: Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar

Schuerger, J. M. (2008). The Objective-Analytic Test Battery. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality theory and assessment: Personality measurement and testing (Vol. 2, pp. 529–546). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Schwarz, N. (1999). Frequency reports of physical symptoms and health behaviors: How the questionnaire determines the results. In Park, D. C., Morrell, R. W. & Shifrin, K. (Eds.), Processing of medical information in aging patients: Cognitive and human factors perspectives (pp. 93–108). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Schwarz, N., & Sudman, S. (1996) (Eds.) Answering questions: Methodology for determining cognitive and communicative processes in survey research. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Smith, B. D. (1988). Personality: Multivariate systems theory and research. In Nesselroade, J. R. & Cattell, R. B. (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (2nd ed., pp. 687–736). New York: Plenum.Google Scholar

Stokes, G. S., Mumford, M. D., & Owens, W. A. (1994). Biodata handbook: Theory, research, and use of biographical information in selection and performance. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar

Strauss, M. E., Pasupathi, M., & Chatterjee, A. (1993). Concordance between observers in descriptions of personality change in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychology and Aging, 8, 475–480.Google Scholar

Strauss, M. E., & Pasupathi, M. (1994). Primary caregivers’ descriptions of Alzheimer patients’ personality traits: Temporal stability and sensitivity to change. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 8, 166–176.Google Scholar

Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1982). Asking questions: A practical guide to questionnaire design. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-BassGoogle Scholar

Thurstone, L. L. (1931). Multiple factor analysis. Psychological Review, 38, 406–427.Google Scholar

Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Tubré, T., Miotke, A., & Sawdy, M. (2017). Personality Research Form (PRF). In Zeigler-Hill, V. & Shackelford, T. K. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 1–2). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Velicer, W. F., & Jackson, D. N. (1990). Component analysis versus common factor analysis: Some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 1–28.Google Scholar

Weiner, I. B. (1997). Current status of the Rorschach inkblot method. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 5–19.Google Scholar

Welleford, E. A., Harkins, S. W., & Taylor, J. R. (1995). Personality change in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: Relations to caregiver personality and burden. Experimental Aging Research, 21, 295–314.Google Scholar

Wiggins, J. S. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 395–412.Google Scholar

Wiggins, J. S. (1995). IAS. Interpersonal Adjective Scales: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Professional Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

Winer, B. J., Brown, D. R., & Michels, K. M. (1991). Statistical principles in experimental design (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Wirth, R. J., & Edwards, M. C. (2007). Item factor analysis: Current approaches and future directions. Psychological Methods, 12, 58–79.Google Scholar

Wittenborn, J. R. (1951). Symptom patterns in a group of mental hospital patients. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 15, 290–302.Google Scholar

Wood, J., Nezworkski, M., Lilienfeld, S., & Garb, H. (2003). What’s wrong with the Rorschach? Science confronts the controversial inkblot test. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1965). Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1985). Manual for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List – Revised. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., & Lubin, B. (1999). Manual for the MAACL-R Multiple Affect Adjective Check List San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.Google Scholar

References

Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47 (Whole No. 211).Google Scholar

Almagor, M., Tellegen, A., & Waller, N. (1995). The Big Seven Model: A cross-cultural replication and further exploration of the basic dimensions of natural language of trait descriptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 300–307.Google Scholar

Aluja, A., Kuhlman, M., & Zuckerman, M. (2010). Development of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-P): A factor/facet version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 416–431.Google Scholar

Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2001). A theoretical basis for the major dimensions of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15, 327–353.Google Scholar

Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., & Goldberg, L. R. (2004). A hierarchical analysis of 1,710 English personality-descriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 707–721.Google Scholar

Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blas, L., Boies, K., & De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality-descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356–366.Google Scholar

Bakan, D. (1966). The duality of human existence: Isolation and communion in Western man. Boston, MA: Beacon.Google Scholar

Benet-Martinez, V., & Waller, N. G. (1997). Further evidence for the cross-cultural generality of the Big Seven model: Indigenous and imported Spanish personality constructs. Journal of Personality, 65, 567–598.Google Scholar

Bertels, K., & Nauta, D. (1969). Inleiding tot het modelbegrip [Introduction to the model concept]. Amsterdam: Wetenschappelijke Uitgeverij B.V.Google Scholar

Block, J. (1995). A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 187–215.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic traits resolved into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476–507.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1945). The description of personality: Principles and findings in a factor analysis. The American Journal of Psychology, 58, 69–90.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1950). Personality: A systematic theoretical and factual study. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1965). The scientific analysis of personality. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1994). Constancy of global, second-order personality factors over a twenty-year-plus period. Psychological Reports, 75, 3–9.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1995). The fallacy of five factors in the personality sphere. The Psychologist, May, 207–208.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B., Eber, H. W., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). The handbook for the sixteen personality factor (16PF) questionnaire. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.Google Scholar

Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., & Reyes, J. A. S. (1996). Toward a taxonomy of trait adjectives in Filipino: Comparing personality lexicons across cultures. European Journal of Personality, 10, 3–24.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1976). Age differences in personality structure: A cluster analytic approach. Journal of Gerontology, 31, 564–570.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1985). The NEO Personality Inventory Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

De Raad, B. (2000). The Big Five personality factors. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2008). A new taxonomy of Dutch personality traits base on a comprehensive and unrestricted list of descriptors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94, 347–364.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Barelds, D. P. H., Levert, E., Ostendorf, F., Mlačić, B., Di Blas, L., … Katigbak, M. S. (2010). Only three factors of personality description are fully replicable across languages: A comparison of 14 trait taxonomies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 160–173.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Barelds, D. P. H., Timmerman, M. E., De Roover, K., Mlačić, B., & Church, A. T. (2014). Towards a pan-cultural personality structure: Input from 11 psycho-lexical studies. European Journal of Personality, 28, 497–510.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Hendriks, A. A. J., & Hofstee, W. K. B. (1992). Towards a refined structure of personality traits. European Journal of Personality, 6, 301–319.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Hofstee, W. K. B. (1993). A circumplex approach to the five factor model: A facet structure of trait adjectives supplemented by trait verbs. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 493–505.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Mulder, E., Kloosterman, K., & Hofstee, W. K. B. (1988). Personality-descriptive verbs. European Journal of Personality, 2, 81–96.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Peabody, D. (2005). Cross-culturally recurrent personality factors: Analyses of three factors. European Journal of Personality, 19, 451–474.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Perugini, M. (2002). Big Five Assessment. Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Perugini, M., & Szirmák, Z. (1997). In pursuit of a cross-lingual reference structure of personality traits: Comparisons among five languages. European Journal of Personality, 11, 167–185.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Perugini, M., Hrébicková, M., & Szarota, P. (1998). Lingua franca of personality: Taxonomies and structures based on the psycholexical approach. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 212–232.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Szirmák, Z. (1994). The search for the “Big Five” in a non-Indo-European language: The Hungarian trait structure and its relationship to the EPQ and the PTS. European Review of Applied Psychology, 44, 17–24.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., Barelds, D., Mlačić, B., Di Blas, L., Hřebičková, M., Ostendorf, F., Szirmák, Z., & Szarota, P. (2018). Take 2 personality factors: A study of two fundamental ways of trait differentiation in eleven trait taxonomies. International Journal of Personality Psychology, 4, 39–55.Google Scholar

DeYoung, C. G. (2006). Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1138–1151.Google Scholar

Di Blas, L., & Forzi, M. (1999). Refining a descriptive structure of personality attributes in the Italian language: The abridged Big Three circumplex structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 451–481.Google Scholar

Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–1256.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions of personality. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The scientific study of personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1953). The structure of human personality. London: Methuen & Co.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Manual for the Maudsley Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1964). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. London: University of London Press.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1970). The Structure of Human Personality (3rd ed.). London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Dimensions of personality: 16-, 5- or 3- criteria for a taxonomic paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 773–790.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1990). Biological dimensions of personality. In Pervin, L. A. (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 244–276). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Fiske, D. W. (1949). Consistency of the factorial structures of personality ratings from different sources. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 44, 329–344.Google Scholar

Foa, U. G., & Foa, E. B. (1974). Societal structures of the mind. Springfield, IL: Thomas.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (1981). Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. In Wheeler, L. (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 141–165). Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative description of personality: The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216–1229.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of personality traits: Vertical and horizontal aspects. In Funder, D. C., Parke, R. D., Tomlinson-Keasey, C. & Widaman, K. (Eds.), Studying lives through time: Personality and development (pp. 169–188). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (2006). Doing it all bass-ackwards: The development of hierarchical factor structures from the top down. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 347–358.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R., & Rosolack, T. K. (1994). The Big Five factor structure as an integrative framework: An empirical comparison with Eysenck’s P-E-N model. In Halverson, C. F. Jr., Kohnstamm, G. A. & Martin, R. P. (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 7–35). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extraversion. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266.Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. (1981). A critique of Eysenck’s theory of personality. In Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.), A model for personality (pp. 246–277). Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An inquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P. (1959). Personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P. (1975). Factors and factors of personality. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 802–814.Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P., & Guilford, R. B. (1936). Personality factors S, E, and M, and their measurement. The Journal of Psychology, 2, 109–127.Google Scholar

Guilford, J. P., & Zimmerman, W. S. (1949). The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey: Manual. Beverly Hills, CA: Sheridan Supply.Google Scholar

Hampson, S. E., John, O. P., & Goldberg, L. R. (1986). Category breadth and hierarchical structure in personality: Studies of asymmetries in judgments of trait implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 37–54.Google Scholar

Hofer, S. M., & Eber, H. W. (2002). Second-order factor structure of the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. In De Raad, B. & Perugini, M. (Eds.), Big Five Assessment (pp. 397–409). Seattle, WA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.Google Scholar

Hofstee, W. K. B. (2001). Intelligence and personality: Do they mix? In Collis, J. M. & Messick, S. (Eds.), Intelligence and personality: Bridging the gap in theory and measurement (pp. 43–60). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Hofstee, W. K. B. (2003). Structures of personality traits. In Millon, T. & Lerner, M. J. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Personality and social Psychology (Vol. 5. pp. 213–254). John Wiley.Google Scholar

Hofstee, W. K. B., Kiers, H. A. L., De Raad, B., Goldberg, L. R., & Ostendorf, F. (1997). Comparison of Big-Five structures of personality traits in Dutch, English, and German. European Journal of Personality, 11, 15–31.Google Scholar

Hofstee, W. K. B., & Ten Berge, J. M. F. (2004). Personality in proportion: A bipolar proportional scale for personality assessments and its consequences for trait structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 120–127.Google Scholar

Hofstee, W. K. B., Ten Berge, J. M. F., & Hendriks, A. A. J. (1998). How to score questionnaires. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 897–909.Google Scholar

John, O. P., Angleitner, A., & Ostendorf, F. (1988). The lexical approach to personality. European Journal of Personality, 2, 171–205.Google Scholar

Jung, C. G. (1923). Psychological types. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Karson, S. (1961). Second-order personality factors in positive mental health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17, 14–19.Google Scholar

Kretschmer, E. (1948). Körperbau und charakter [Constitution and character]. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar

Krug, S. E., & Johns, E. F. (1986). A large scale cross-validation of second-order personality structure defined by the 16PF. Psychological Reports, 59, 683–693.Google Scholar

Lave, C. A., & March, J. G. (1975). An introduction to models in the social sciences. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1985). Updating Norman’s “adequate taxonomy”: Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 710–721.Google Scholar

Mlačić, B., & Ostendorf, F. (2005). Taxonomy and structure of Croatian personality-descriptive adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 19, 117–152.Google Scholar

Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1213–1233.Google Scholar

Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66, 574–583.Google Scholar

Norman, W. T. (1967). 2,800 personality trait descriptors: Normative operating characteristics for a university population. Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Psychology, University of Michigan.Google Scholar

Ostendorf, F. (1990). Sprache und persönlichkeitsstruktur: Zur validität des fünf-faktoren modells der persönlichkeit [Language and personality structure: Towards the validity of the five-factor model of personality]. Regensburg, Germany: Roderer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Panter, A. T., Tanaka, J. S., & Hoyle, R. H. (1994). Structural models for multimode designs in personality and temperament research. In Halverson, C. F. Jr., Kohnstamm, G. A. & Martin, R. P. (Eds.), The developing structure of temperament and personality from infancy to adulthood (pp. 111–138). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Peabody, D. (1987). Selecting representative trait adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 59–71.Google Scholar

Peabody, D., & De Raad, B. (2002). The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 983–997.Google Scholar

Saucier, G., Georgiades, S., Tsaousis, I., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). The factor structure of Greek personality adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 856–875.Google Scholar

Saucier, G., & Goldberg, L. R. (1996). Evidence for the Big Five in analyses of familiar English personality adjectives. European Journal of Personality, 10, 61–77.Google Scholar

Saucier, G., Thalmayer, A. G.,Payne, D. L., Carlson, R., Sanogo, L., Ole-Kotikash, L., Church, A. T., Katigbak, M. S., Somer, O., Szarota, P., Szirmák, Z., & Zhou, X. (2014). A basic bivariate structure of personality attributes evident across nine languages. Journal of Personality, 82, 1–14.Google Scholar

Sells, S. B., Demaree, R. G., & Will, D. P. Jr. (1970). Dimensions of personality: I. Conjoint factor structure of Guilford and Cattell trait markers. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 5, 391–422.Google Scholar

Sells, S. B., Demaree, R. G., & Will, D. P. Jr. (1971). Dimensions of personality: II. Separate factor structures in Guilford and Cattell trait markers. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 6, 135–185.Google Scholar

Somer, O., & Goldberg, L. R. (1999). The structure of Turkish trait-descriptive adjectives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 431–450.Google Scholar

Ten Berge, J. M. F. (1986). Rotation to perfect congruence and the cross-validation of components weights across populations. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 21, 41–64; 262–266.Google Scholar

Trapnell, P. D., & Wiggins, J. S. (1990). Extension of Interpersonal Adjective Scales to include the Big Five dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 781–790.Google Scholar

Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. C. (1958). Stability of personality trait rating factors obtained under diverse conditions (USAF ASTIA Document No. AD 151 041), U.S. Air Force, Lackland, Air Force Base, TX.Google Scholar

Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. C. (1961). Recurrent Personality Factors Based on Trait Ratings (USAF ASD Technical Report, No. 61–97). U.S. Air Force, Lackland Air Force Base, TX.Google Scholar

Webb, E. (1915). Character and intelligence: An attempt at an exact study of character. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wiggins, J. S. (1968). Personality structure. Annual Review of Psychology, 19, 293–350.Google Scholar

Wiggins, J. S. (Ed.) (1996) . The Five-Factor Model of personality: Theoretical perspectives. New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Wiggins, J. S., & Trapnell, P. D. (1996). A dyadic-Interactional perspective on the Five-Factor Model. In Wiggins, J. S. (Ed.), The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 88–162). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M. (1971). Dimensions of sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 45–52.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M. (1979). Sensation seeking: Beyond the optimal level of arousal. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M. (1991). Psychobiology of personality. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M. (2005). Psychobiology of personality (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., & Glicksohn, J. (2016). Hans Eysenck’s personality model and the constructs of sensation seeking and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 103, 48–52.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., Kolin, E. A., Price, L., & Zoob, I. (1964). Development of a sensation-seeking scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 477–482.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., & Camac, C. (1988). What lies beyond E and N? Factor analyses of scales believed to measure basic dimensions of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 96–107.Google Scholar

Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A comparison of three structural models for personality: The Big Three, the Big Five, and the Alternative Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 757–768.Google Scholar

References

Allen, T. A., & DeYoung, C. G. (2017). Personality neuroscience and the Five-Factor Model. In Widiger, T. A. (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of the Five-Factor Model (pp. 319–349). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Allik, J., Church, A. T., Ortiz, F. A., Rossier, J., Hřebíčková, M., de Fruyt, F., Realo, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2017). Mean profiles of the NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48, 402–420.Google Scholar

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar

Angleitner, A., & Ostendorf, F. (2000, July). The FFM: A comparison of German speaking countries (Austria, Former East and West Germany, and Switzerland). Paper presented at the XXVIIth International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar

Asendorpf, J. B., Caspi, A., & Hofstee, W. K. B. (2002). The puzzle of personality types [Special Issue]. European Journal of Personality, 16 (S1).Google Scholar

Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2005). Honesty–Humility, the Big Five, and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 73, 1321–1353.Google Scholar

Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2008). The HEXACO model of personality structure and the importance of the H factor. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1952–1962.Google Scholar

Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Perugini, M., Szarota, P., De Vries, R. E., Di Blass, L., … De Raad, B. (2004). A six-factor structure of personality descriptive adjectives: Solutions from psycholexical studies in seven languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 356–366.Google Scholar

Ball, S. A. (2002). Big Five, Alternative Five, and seven personality dimensions: Validity in substance-dependent patients. In Costa, P. T. Jr. & Widiger, T. A. (Eds.), Personality disorders and the Five-Factor Model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 177–201). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The Big Five personality dimensions and job performance: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 44, 1–26.Google Scholar

Bartram, D. (2013). Scalar equivalence of OPQ32: Big Five profiles of 31 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 61–83.Google Scholar

Baumeister, R. F. (2005). The cultural animal: Human nature, meaning, and social life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Benet-Martínez, V., & John, O. P. (1998). Los cinco Grandes across cultures and ethnic groups: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of the Big Five in Spanish and English. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 729–750.Google Scholar

Biesanz, J. C., & West, S. G. (2004). Towards understanding assessments of the Big Five: Multitrait-multimethod analyses of convergent and discriminant validity across measurement occasion and type of observer. Journal of Personality, 72, 845–876.Google Scholar

Block, J. (1961). The Q-sort method in personality assessment and psychiatric research. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319–333.Google Scholar

Cervone, D. (2004). Personality assessment: Tapping the social-cognitive architecture of personality. Behavior Therapy, 35, 113–129.Google Scholar

Cheung, F., Cheung, S. F., Leung, K., Ward, C., & Leong, F. (2003). The English version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 433–452.Google Scholar

Cheung, F. M., Leung, K., Fan, R. M., Song, W. Z., Zhang, J. X., & Zhang, J. P. (1996). Development of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 181–199.Google Scholar

Church, A. T., Alvarez, J.M., Mai, N. T., French, B. F., Katigbak, M. S., & Ortiz, F.A. (2011). Are cross-cultural comparisons of personality profiles meaningful? Differential item and facet functioning in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 1068–1089.Google Scholar

Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., Svrakic, D. M., & Wetzel, R. D. (1994). The Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI): A guide to its development and use. St. Louis, MO: Author.Google Scholar

Corr, P. J. (2004). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 28, 317–332.Google Scholar

Corr, P. J., & Cooper, A. (2016). The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 28, 1427–1440.Google Scholar

Corr, P. J., & McNaughton, N. (2012). Neuroscience and approach/avoidance personality traits: A two stage (valuation–motivation) approach. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 2339–2354.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980a). Influence of Extraversion and Neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 668–678.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980b). Still stable after all these years: Personality as a key to some issues in adulthood and old age. In Baltes, P. B. & Brim, O. G. Jr. (Eds.), Life span development and behavior (Vol. 3, pp. 65–102). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992a). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992b). Trait psychology comes of age. In Sonderegger, T. B. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Psychology and aging (pp. 169–204). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1995). Domains and facets: Hierarchical personality assessment using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64, 21–50.Google Scholar

Costa, P. T. Jr., McCrae, R. R., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2019). Personality across the life span. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 423–448.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Peabody, D. (2005). Cross-culturally recurrent personality factors: Analyses of three factors. European Journal of Personality, 19, 451–474.Google Scholar

De Raad, B., & Perugini, M. (Eds.) (2002). Big Five assessment. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers.Google Scholar

DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197–229.Google Scholar

DeYoung, C. G. (2006). Higher-order factors of the Big Five in a multi-informant sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1138–1151.Google Scholar

DeYoung, C. G. (2015). Cybernetic Big Five Theory. Journal of Research in Personality, 56, 33–58.Google Scholar

DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2002). Higher-order factors of the Big Five predict conformity: Are there neuroses of health? Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 533–552.Google Scholar

Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417–440.Google Scholar

Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–1256.Google Scholar

Digman, J. M., & Inouye, J. (1986). Further specification of the five robust factors of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 116–123.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1947). Dimensions of personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 1967.Google Scholar

Funder, D. C. (1980). On seeing ourselves as others see us: Self-other agreement and discrepancy in personality ratings. Journal of Personality, 48, 473–493.Google Scholar

Goldberg, L. R. (1983, June). The magical number five, plus or minus two: Some considerations on the dimensionality of personality descriptors. Paper presented at a Research Seminar, Gerontology Research Center, Baltimore, MD.Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion–extraversion. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 8, 249–266.Google Scholar

Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Harkness, A. R., & McNulty, J. L. (2002). Implications of personality individual differences science for clinical work on personality disorders. In Costa, P. T. Jr. & Widiger, T. A. (Eds.), Personality disorders and the Five-Factor Model of personality (2nd ed., pp. 391–403). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Hirsh, J. B. (2014). Environmental sustainability and national personality. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 233–240.Google Scholar

Hřebíčková, M., & Graf, S. (2014). Accuracy of national stereotypes in central Europe: Outgroups are not better than ingroup in considering personality traits of real people. European Journal of Personality, 28, 60–72.Google Scholar

Jang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., Ando, J., Yamagata, S., Suzuki, A., Angleitner, A., … Spinath, F. (2006). Behavioral genetics of the higher-order factors of the Big Five. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 261–272.Google Scholar

John, O. P., Angleitner, A., & Ostendorf, F. (1988). The lexical approach to personality: A historical review of trait taxonomic research. European Journal of Personality, 2, 171–203.Google Scholar

Juni, S. (1996). Review of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. In Conoley, J. C. & Impara, J. C. (Eds.), 12th Mental Measurements Yearbook (pp. 863–868). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Keiser, H. N., & Ross, S. R. (2011). Carver and White’s BIS/FFFS/BAS scales and domains and facets of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 39–44.Google Scholar

Kurtz, J. E., & Sherker, J. L. (2003). Relationship quality, trait similarity, and self-other agreement on personality traits in college roommates. Journal of Personality, 71, 21–48.Google Scholar

Lanning, K. (1994). Dimensionality of observer ratings on the California Adult Q-Set. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 151–160.Google Scholar

Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 329–358.Google Scholar

Markon, K. E., Krueger, R. F., & Watson, D. (2005). Delineating the structure of normal and abnormal personality: An integrative hierarchical approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 139–157.Google Scholar

McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new Big Five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204–217.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (1982). Consensual validation of personality traits: Evidence from self-reports and ratings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 293–303.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (1989). Why I advocate the Five-Factor Model: Joint analyses of the NEO-PI and other instruments. In Buss, D. M. & Cantor, N. (Eds.), Personality psychology: Recent trends and emerging directions (pp. 237–245). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (1990). Traits and trait names: How well is Openness represented in natural languages? European Journal of Personality, 4, 119–129.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (1996). Social consequences of experiential Openness. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 323–337.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (2002). NEO-PI-R data from 36 cultures: Further intercultural comparisons. In McCrae, R. R. & Allik, J. (Eds.), The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures (pp. 105–126). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (2007). Aesthetic chills as a universal marker of Openness to Experience. Motivation and Emotion, 31, 5–11.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (2009). Personality profiles of cultures: Patterns of ethos. European Journal of Personality, 23, 205–227.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (2015). A more nuanced view of reliability: Specificity in the trait hierarchy. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19, 97–112.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (2017). The Five-Factor Model across cultures. In Church, A. T. (Ed.), Praeger handbook of personality across cultures (Vol. 1, pp. 47–72). Westport, CT: Praeger.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R. (2018). Defining traits. In Ziegler-Hill, V. & Shackelford, T. (Eds.), Sage handbook of individual differences (pp. 3–22). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Allik, J. (Eds.) (2002). The Five-Factor Model of personality across cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Chan, W., Jussim, L., De Fruyt, F., Löckenhoff, C. E., De Bolle, M., … Terracciano, A. (2013). The inaccuracy of national character stereotypes. Journal of Research in Personality, 47, 831–842.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the Five-Factor Model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81–90.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1988). Age, personality, and the spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 43, S177–S185.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the Five-Factor Model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57, 17–40.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1995). Positive and negative valence within the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 443–460.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2008a). Empirical and theoretical status of the Five-Factor Model of personality traits. In Boyle, G. J., Matthews, G. & Saklofske, D. H. (Eds.), Sage handbook of personality theory and assessment (Vol. 1, pp. 273–294). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2008b). The Five-Factor Theory of personality. In John, O. P., Robins, R. W. & Pervin, L. A. (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2010). NEO Inventories professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., & Busch, C. M. (1986). Evaluating comprehensiveness in personality systems: The California Q-Set and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 54, 430–446.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Herbst, J. H., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2001). Effects of acquiescence on personality factor structures. In Riemann, R., Ostendorf, F. & Spinath, F. (Eds.), Personality and temperament: Genetics, evolution, and structure (pp. 217–231). Berlin: Pabst Science Publishers.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 28–50.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Scally, M., Terracciano, A., Abecasis, G. A., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (2010). An alternative to the search for single polymorphisms: Toward molecular personality scales for the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99, 1014–1024.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., & Terracciano, A. (2008). The Five-Factor Model and its correlates in individuals and cultures. In van de Vijver, F. J. R., van Hemert, D. A. & Poortinga, Y. (Eds.), Multilevel analysis of individuals and cultures (pp. 249–283). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., De Fruyt, F., De Bolle, M., Gelfand, M. J., Costa, P. T. Jr., & 42 Collaborators of the Adolescent Personality Profiles of Cultures project. (2010). The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents. Journal of Personality, 78, 815–838.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Realo, A., & Allik, J. (2007). Climatic warmth and national wealth: Some culture-level determinants of national character stereotypes; Response: On the validity of culture-level personality and stereotype scores. European Journal of Personality, 21, 953–976; 987–991.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer’s perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547–561.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 79 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 407–425.Google Scholar

McCrae, R. R., Yamagata, S., Jang, K. L., Riemann, R., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. (2008). Substance and artifact in the higher-order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 442–455.Google Scholar

Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar

Mõttus, R. (2016). Towards more rigorous trait-outcome research. European Journal of Personality, 30, 292–303.Google Scholar

Mõttus, R., Kandler, C., Bleidorn, M., Riemann, R., & McCrae, R. R. (2017). Personality traits below facets: The consensual validity, longitudinal stability, heritability, and utility of personality nuances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112, 474–490.Google Scholar

Musek, J. (2007). A general factor of personality: Evidence for the Big One in the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1213–1233.Google Scholar

Myers, I. B., & McCaulley, M. H. (1985). Manual: A guide to the development and use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.Google Scholar

Niszczota, P. (2014). Cross-country differences in personality and the foreign bias in international equity portfolios. The European Journal of Finance, 20, 934–956.Google Scholar

Ozer, D. J., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2006). Personality and the prediction of consequential outcomes. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 401–421.Google Scholar

Paunonen, S. V., & Ashton, M. C. (2001). Big Five factors and facets and the prediction of behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 524–539.Google Scholar

Pettersson, E., Turkheimer, E., Horn, E. E., & Menatti, A. R. (2012). The general factor of personality and evaluation. European Journal of Personality, 26, 292–302.Google Scholar

Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Does spirituality represent the sixth factor of personality? Spiritual transcendence and the Five-Factor Model. Journal of Personality, 67, 985–1013.Google Scholar

Pilia, G., Chen, W.-M., Scuteri, A., Orrú, M., Albai, G., Deo, M., et al. (2006). Heritability of cardiovascular and personality traits in 6,148 Sardinians. PLoS Genetics, 2, 1207–1223.Google Scholar

Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Strelau, J. (1997). Genetic and environmental influences on personality: A study of twins reared together using the self- and peer report NEO-FFI scales. Journal of Personality, 65, 449–475.Google Scholar

Roberts, B. W., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., & Stark, S. E. (2004). A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of Conscientiousness. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 164–178.Google Scholar

Roberts, B. W., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). The structure of Conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology, 58, 103–139.Google Scholar

Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3–25.Google Scholar

Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Personality traits change in adulthood: Reply to Costa and McCrae (2006). Psychological Bulletin, 132, 29–32.Google Scholar

Rossberger, R. J. (2014). National personality profiles and innovation: The role of cultural practices. Creativity and Innovation Management, 23, 331–348.Google Scholar

Schmitt, D. P., Allik, J., McCrae, R., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2007). The geographic distribution of Big Five personality traits: Patterns and profiles of human self-description across 56 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 173–212.Google Scholar

Singer, J. A. (2005). Personality and psychotherapy: Treating the whole person. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Suzuki, T., Griffin, S. A., & Samuel, D. B. (2017). Capturing the DSM‐5 Alternative Personality Disorder model traits in the Five‐Factor Model’s nomological net. Journal of Personality, 85, 220–231.Google Scholar

Terracciano, A., Abdel-Khalak, A. M., Ádám, N., Adamovová, L., Ahn, C.-k., Ahn, H.-n., et al. (2005). National character does not reflect mean personality trait levels in 49 cultures. Science, 310, 96–100.Google Scholar

Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1961) Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. USAF ASD Tech. Rep. No. 61–97, Lackland Airforce Base, TX: US Air Force.Google Scholar

Tupes, E. C., & Christal, R. E. (1992). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings. Journal of Personality, 60, 225–251.Google Scholar

van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis of comparative research. In Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H. & Pandey, J. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, Vol. 1. Theory and method (pp. 257–300). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.Google Scholar

Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1997). Extraversion and its positive emotional core. In Hogan, R., Johnson, J. & Briggs, S. R. (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 767–793). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Widiger, T. A. (Ed.) (2017). The Oxford handbook of the Five-Factor Model. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Widiger, T. A., Costa, P. T. Jr., Gore, W. L., & Crego, C. (2013). Five-Factor Model personality disorder research. In Widiger, T. A. & Costa, P. T. Jr. (Eds.), Personality disorders and the Five-Factor Model of personality (3rd ed., pp. 75–100). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar

Widiger, T. A., & Trull, T. J. (2007). Plate tectonics in the classification of personality disorder: Shifting to a dimensional model. American Psychologist, 62.Google Scholar

Wood, D., Gardner, M. H., & Harms, P. D. (2015). How functionalist and process approaches can explain trait covariation. Psychological Review, 122, 84–111.Google Scholar

Yamagata, S., Suzuki, A., Ando, J., Ono, Y., Kijima, N., Yoshimura, K., et al. (2006). Is the genetic structure of human personality universal? A cross-cultural twin study from North America, Europe, and Asia. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 987–998.Google Scholar

References

Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219–245.Google Scholar

Allik, J., & Realo, A. (1997). Intelligence, academic abilities, and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 23, 809–814.Google Scholar

Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar

Anastasi, A. (1968). Psychological testing (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Anastasi, A. (1970). On the formation of psychological traits. American Psychologist, 25, 899–910.Google Scholar

Anderson, M. (1992). Intelligence and development: A cognitive theory. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Anthony, J. J. (1973). A comparison of Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence and Stanford Binet intelligence scale scores for disadvantaged school children. Psychology in the Schools, 10, 297–299.Google Scholar

Austin, E. J., Deary, I. J., & Gibson, G. J. (1997). Relationships between ability and personality: Three hypotheses tested. Intelligence, 25, 49–70.Google Scholar

Austin, E. J., Deary, I. J., Whiteman, M.C., Fowkes, F. G. R., Pedersen, N. L., Rabbitt, P., Bent, N., & McInnes, L. (2002). Relationships between ability and personality: Does intelligence contribute positively to personal and social adjustment? Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1391–1411.Google Scholar

Austin, E. J., Hofer, S. M., Deary, I. J., & Eber, H. W. (2000). Interactions between intelligence and personality: Results from two large samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 405–427.Google Scholar

Baron, J. (1984). Personality and intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. (Ed)., Handbook of human intelligence (pp. 308–351). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bartels, M., van Weegen, F. I., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Carlier, M., Polderman, T. J. C., Hoekstra, R. A., & Boomsma, D. I. (2012). The Five-Factor Model of personality and intelligence: A twin study on the relationship between the two constructs. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 368–373.Google Scholar

Blas, L. D., & Carraro, D. (2011). Relations between nonverbal intelligence and personality reports in late childhood. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 112–116.Google Scholar

Block, J., & Kremen, A. M. (1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connection and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361.Google Scholar

Bolton, B. (1980). Personality (16PF) correlates of WAIS scales: A replication. Applied Psychological Measurement, 4, 399–401.Google Scholar

Bonaccio, S., & Reeve, C.L. (2006). Differentiation of cognitive abilities as a function of neuroticism level: A measurement equivalence/invariance analysis. Intelligence, 34, 403–417.Google Scholar

Bouchard, T. J. Jr. (1995). Longitudunal studies of personality and intelligence: A behavior genetic and evolutionary psychology perspective. In Saklofske, D. H. & Zeidner, M. (Eds)., International handbook of personality and intelligence (pp. 81–654). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar

Brand, C. (1994). Open to experience – closed to intelligence: Why the “big five” are really the “comprehensive six.” European Journal of Personality, 8, 299–310.Google Scholar

Brand, C., Egan, V., & Deary, I. J. (1993). Personality and general intelligence. In Van Heck, G. L., Bonaiuto, P., Deary, I. J. & Nowack, W. (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 4, pp. 203–228). Tiburg, Netherlands: Tilburg University Press.Google Scholar

Brand, C., Egan, V., & Deary, I. J. (1994). Intelligence, personality, and society: Constructivist versus essentialist possibilities. In Detterman, D. K. (Ed.), Current topics in human intelligence: Theories of intelligence (Vol. 4, pp. 29–42). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Bratko, D., Butkovic, A., Vukasovic, T., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & von Stumm, S. (2012). Cognitive ability, self-assessed intelligence and personality: Common genetic but independent environmental aetiologies. Intelligence, 40, 91–99.Google Scholar

Burt, C. (1954). The differentiation of intellectual ability. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 24, 76–90.Google Scholar

Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cattell, R. B. (1987). Intelligence: Its structure, growth and action. New York: Elsvier Science.Google Scholar

Chiu, C., Hong, Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1994). Toward an integrative model of personality and intelligence: A general framework and some preliminary steps. In Sternberg, R. J. & Ruzgis, P. (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (pp. 104–134). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Cooper, M. (1974). Factor analysis of measures of aptitude, intelligence, personality, and performance in highschool subjects. Journal of Experimental Education, 42, 7–10.Google Scholar

Deary, I. J., Egan, V., Gibson, G. J., Austin, E. J., Brand, C., & Kellaghan, T. (1996). Intelligence and the differentiation hypothesis. Intelligence, 23, 105–132.Google Scholar

Deary, I. J., & Pagliari, C. (1991). The strength of g at different levels of ability: Have Detterman and Daniel rediscovered Spearman’s “Law of diminishing returns”? Intelligence, 15, 247–250.Google Scholar

Detterman, D. K. (1991). Reply to Deary and Pagliari: Is g intelligence or stupidity? Intelligence, 15, 251–255.Google Scholar

Detterman, D. K., & Daniel, M. H. (1989). Correlations of mental tests with each other and with cognitive variables are highest for low IQ groups. Intelligence, 13, 349–359.Google Scholar

de Vries, R. E. (2011). No support for a general factor of personality in a reanalysis of van der Linden et al. (2010). Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 512–516.Google Scholar

DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., Peterson, J. B., & Gray, J. R. (2014). Openness to experience, intellect, and cognitive ability. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96, 46–52.Google Scholar

Djapo, N., Kolenovic-Djapo, J., Djokic, R., & Fako, I. (2011). Relationship between Cattell’s 16PF and fluid and crystalized intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 51, 63–67.Google Scholar

Donahue, D., & Sattler, J. M. (1971). Personality variables affecting WAIS scores. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36, 441.Google Scholar

Dunkel, C. S., van der Linden, D., Beaver, K. M., Woodley, M. A. (2014). Using a prison sample to assess the association between the general factor of personality and general intelligence. Intelligence, 47, 72–82.Google Scholar

Escorial, S., García, L.F., Cuevas, L., & Juan-Espinosa, M. (2006). Personality level on the Big Five and the structure of intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 909–917.Google Scholar

Evans, R. G., & Forbach, G. B. (1982). Intellectual ability correlates of the Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 59–62.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. (1993). The relationship between IQ and personality. In Van Heck, G. L., Bonainto, P., Deary, I. J. & Nowack, W. (Eds.), Personality psychology in Europe (Vol. 4, pp. 159–181). Tilburg University Press.Google Scholar

Eysenck, H. J. & White, P. O. (1964). Personality and the measurement of intelligence. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 34, 197–202. Reprinted in (1973) H. J. Eysenck (Ed.), The measurement of intelligence (pp. 185–190). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar

Ferguson, G. A. (1954). On learning and human ability. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 8, 95–112.Google Scholar

Filella, J. F. (1960). Educational and sex differences in the organization of abilities in technical and academic students in Columbia, South America. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 61, 115–163.Google Scholar

Furnham, A., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2006). Personality, intelligence and general knowledge. Learning and Individual Differences, 16, 79–90.Google Scholar

Furnham, A., Forde, L., & Cotter, T. (1998). Personality and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 187–192.Google Scholar

Furnham, A., & Cheng, H. (2016). Childhood intelligence predicts adult trait openness psychological and demographic indicators. Journal of Individual Differences, 37, 105–111.Google Scholar

Furnham, A., & Moutafi, J. (2012). Personality, age, and fluid intelligence. Australian Journal of Psychology, 64, 128–137.Google Scholar

Furnham, A., & Thorne, J. D. (2013). Need for cognition: Its dimensionality and personality and intelligence correlates. Journal of Individual Differences, 34, 230–240.Google Scholar

Garrett, H. E. (1946). A developmental theory of intelligence. American Psychologist, 1, 372–378.Google Scholar

Gormly, J., & Gormly, A. (1986). Social introversion and spatial abilities. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 24, 273–274.Google Scholar

Harris, J. A. (2004). Measured intelligence, achievement, openness to experience, and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(4), 913–929.Google Scholar

Harris, J. A., Steinmayr, R., & Amelang, M. (2006). Inter- and intraindividual differences in personality in two German samples of high and low intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 433–440.Google Scholar

Harris, J. A., Vernon, P. A., & Jang, K. L. (1998). A multivariate genetic analysis of correlations between intelligence and personality. Developmental Neuropsychology, 14, 127–142.Google Scholar

Harris, J. A., Vernon, P. A., & Jang, K. L. (2005). Testing the differentiation of personality by intelligence hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 277–286.Google Scholar

Garrett, H. E. (1946). A developmental theory of intelligence. American Psychologist, 1, 372–378.Google Scholar

Harris, J. A., Vernon, P.A., Olson, J. M., & Jang, K. L. (1999). Self-rated personality and intelligence: A multivariate genetic analysis. European Journal of Personality, 13, 121–128.Google Scholar

Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child’s environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458–489.Google Scholar

Holden, R. R., & Marjanovic, Z. (2012). A putatively general factor of personality (GFP) is not so general: A demonstration with the NEO PI-R. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 37–40.Google Scholar

Holland, D. C., Dollinger, S. J., Holland, C. J., & MacDonald, D. A. (1995). The relationship between psychometric intelligence and the Five-Factor Model of personality in a rehabilitation sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51, 79–88.Google Scholar

Honzik, M. P., & Macfarlane, J. W. (1973). Personality development and intellectual functioning from 21 months to 40 years. In Jarvik, L. F., Eisdorfer, C. & Blum, J. E. (Eds.), Intellectual functioning in adults (pp. 45–58). New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Jackson, D. N. (1989). Personality research form manual (3rd ed.). Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems.Google Scholar

Jensen, A. R. (1973). Personality and scholastic achievement in three ethnic groups. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 43, 115–125.Google Scholar

Johnson, R. C., Nagoshi, C. T., Ahern, F. M. & Wilson, J. R. (1983). Correlations of measures of personality and intelligence within and across generations. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 331–338.Google Scholar

Kandel, E., Mednick, S. A., Kirkegaard-Soreensen, L., Hutchings, B., Knop, J., Rosenberg, R., & Schulsinger, F. (1988). IQ as a protective factor for subjects at high risk for antisocial behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 224–226.Google Scholar

Kornilova, T. V., & Novikova, M. A. (2012). Self-assessed intelligence, personality, and psychometric intelligence: Preliminary validation of a model with a selected student population. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 33–49.Google Scholar

Kretzschmar, A., Spengler, M., Schubert, A., Steinmayr, R., & Ziegler, M. (2018). The relationship of personality and intelligence: What can the Brunswik symmetry principle tell us? Journal of Intelligence, 6, 30–68.Google Scholar

Lechner, C. M., & Rammstedt, B. (2015). Cognitive ability, acquiescence, and the structure of personality in a sample of older adults. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1301–1311.Google Scholar

Ley, P., Spelman, M. S., Davies, A. D. M., & Riley, S. (1966). The relationships between intelligence, anxiety, neuroticism and extraversion. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 36, 185–191.Google Scholar

Loehlin, J. C., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Bratko, D., Martin, N. G., Nichols, R. C., & Wright, M. J. (2015). Is there a genetic correlation between general factors of intelligence and personality? Twin Research and Human Genetics, 18, 234–242.Google Scholar

Lohman, D. F., & Rocklin, T. (1995). Current and recurring issues in the assessment of intelligence and personality. In Saklofske, D. H. & Zeidner, M. (Eds)., International handbook of personality and intelligence (pp. 447–474). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar

Lynn, R. (1992). Does Spearman’s g decline at high IQ levels? Some evidence from Scotland. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 153, 229–230.Google Scholar

Lynn, R., Hampson, S. L., & Magee, M. (1983). Determinants of educational achievement at 16+: intelligence, personality, home background and school. Personality and Individual Differences, 4, 473–481.Google Scholar

MacCann, C., Pearce, N., & Jiang, Y. (2017). The general factor of personality is stronger and more strongly correlated with cognitive ability under instructed faking. Journal of Individual Differences, 38, 46–54.Google Scholar

Maciel, A. G., Heckhausen, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). A life-span perspective on the interface between personality and intelligence. In Sternberg, R. J. & Ruzgis, P. (Eds.), Personality and intelligence (pp. 61–103). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Major, J. T., Johnson, W., & Deary, I. J. (2014). Linear and nonlinear associations between general intelligence and personality in project TALENT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106, 638–654.Google Scholar

McLarnon, M. J. W., & Carswell, J. J. (2013). The personality differentiation by intelligence hypothesis: A measurement invariance investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 557–561.Google Scholar

Moutafi, J., Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2003). Demographic and personality predictors of intelligence: A study using the NEO Personality Inventory and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. European Journal of Personality, 17, 79–94.Google Scholar

Murray, A. L., Booth, T., & Molenaar, D. (2016). Personality differentiation by cognitive ability: An application of the moderated factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 73–78.Google Scholar

Ozer, D. J. (1987). Personality, intelligence, and spatial visualization: Correlates of mental rotations test performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 129–134.Google Scholar

Paisley, T. J. H. (1983). The diffuse thalamocortical system and Pavlovian theory: Let sleeping dogs lie. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 527–534.Google Scholar

Paulhus, D., Lysy, D., & Yik, M. (1998). Self-report measures of intelligence: Are they useful as proxy IQ tests? Journal of Personality, 66, 523–555.Google Scholar

Plant, W. T., & Minium, E. W. (1967). Differential personality development in young adults of markedly different aptitude levels. Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 141–152.Google Scholar

Powell, C., & Nettelbeck, T. (2014). Intellectural curiosity may not incrementally predict academic success. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 7–11.Google Scholar

Rawlings, D., & Skok, M. (1993). Extraversion, venturesomeness and intelligence in children. Personality and Individual Differences, 15, 389–396.Google Scholar

Revelle, W., & Wilt, J. (2013). The general factor of personality: A general critique. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 493–504.Google Scholar

Rikoon, S. H., Brenneman, M., Kim, L. E., Khorramdel, L., MacCann, C., Burrus, J., & Roberts, R. D. (2016). Facets of conscientiousness and their differential relationships with cognitive ability factors. Journal of Research in Personality, 61, 22–34.Google Scholar

Robinson, D. L. (1982). Properties of the diffuse thalamocortical system and human personality: A direct test of Pavlovian/Eysenckian theory. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 1–16.Google Scholar

Robinson, D. L. (1985). How personality relates to intelligence test performance: Implications for a theory of intelligence, ageing research and personality assessment. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 203–216.Google Scholar

Rushton, J. P., Bons, T. A., & Hur, Y. M. (2008). The genetics and evolution of the General Factor of Personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 1173–1185.Google Scholar

Saklofske, D. H., & Kostura, D. D. (1990). Extraversion–introversion and intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 547–551.Google Scholar

Samuel, W. (1980). Mood and personality correlates of IQ by race and sex of subject. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6, 993–1004.Google Scholar

Scarr, S. (1996). How people make their own environments: Implications for parents and policy makers. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2, 204–228.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., Bratko, D., & Bojić, J.M. (2020). A test of the differentiation of personality by intelligence hypothesis using the Big Five personality factors. Personality and Individual Differences, 156, 109764.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., Carswell, J., & Jackson, S. (2012). Correlations between a general factor of personality and employment measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 557–561.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., & Goffin, R. D. (2018). A tale of two General Factors of Personality in relation to intelligence and validity measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 111–116.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., Holden, R. R., & Krammer, G. (2019). The General Factor of Personality is very robust under faking conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 138, 63–68.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., Krammer, G., & Goffin, R. D. (2019). The General Factor of Personality and faking: A cautionary note on meaningfulness of the GFP under different response conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 137, 110–114.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., & Macdougall, R. (2013). A general factor of personality, social desirability, cognitive ability, and the survey of work styles in an employment selection setting. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 141–144.Google Scholar

Schermer, J. A., & Vernon, P. A. (2010). The correlation between general intelligence (g), a general factor of personality (GFP), and social desirability. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 187–189.Google Scholar

Shure, G. H., & Rogers, M. S. (1963). Personality factor stability for three ability levels. The Journal of Psychology, 55, 445–456.Google Scholar

Spearman, C. (1904). “General intelligence,” objectively determined and measured. The American Journal of Psychology, 15, 201–293.Google Scholar

Spearman, C. (1927). The abilities of man. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Spengler, M., Brunner, M., Damian, R. I., Lüdtke, O., Martin, R., & Roberts, B. W. (2015). Student characteristics and behaviors at age 12 predict occupational success 40 years later over and above childhood IQ and parental socioeconomic status. Developmental Psychology, 51, 1329–1340.Google Scholar

Turner, R. G., Willerman, L., & Horn, J. M. (1976). Personality correlates of WAIS performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 349–354.Google Scholar

van der Linden, D., te Nijenhuis, J., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). The General Factor of Personality: A meta-analysis of Big Five intercorrelations and a criterion-related validity study. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 315–327.Google Scholar

Wechsler, D. (1950). Cognitive, conative, and non-intellective intelligence. American Psychologist, 5, 78–83.Google Scholar

Wettstein, M., Tauber, B., Kuźma, E., & Wahl, H. (2017). The interplay between personality and cognitive ability across 12 years in middle and late adulthood: Evidence for reciprocal associations. Psychology and Aging, 32, 259–277.Google Scholar

Windholz, G. (1968). The relation of creativity and intelligence constellations to traits of temperament, interest, and value in college students. The Journal of General Psychology, 79, 291–299.Google Scholar

Book contents

Part II - Description and Measurement: How Personality Is Studied

Access options

References

References

References

References

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive