Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T23:39:06.340Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part Three - Language Spread

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 June 2022

Salikoko S. Mufwene
Affiliation:
University of Chicago
Anna María Escobar
Affiliation:
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change
, pp. 325 - 424
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Abdullah, Roksana Bibi. 2003. Malay language in Singapore: Language shift and language maintenance. Singapore: Deezed Publication.Google Scholar
Aichele, W. 1942–3. Die altmalaische Literatursprache und der Einfluss auf das altjavanische. Zeitschrifte für Eingeborenen Sprachen 33.3766.Google Scholar
Andaya, Barbara Watson & Andaya, Leonard Y.. 1991. A history of Malaysia. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Anonymous. 1912. Nota betreffende het landschap Kota Pinang. In Mededeelingen van het Bureau voor de Bestuurszaken der Buitenbezittingen bewerkt door Het Enclopaedisch Bureau (Aflevering 2), 209–46. ‘s-Hage: N.V. Elektrische Drukkerij “Luctor et Emergo.”Google Scholar
Bartlett, H.H. 1952. Batak and Malay chants on rice cultivation with introductory notes on bilingualism and acculturation in Indonesia. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96.629–52.Google Scholar
Bausani, A. 1960. The first Italian-Malay vocabulary by Antonio Pigafetta. East and West (NS) 11.229–48.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. 1985. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago. Sydney: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter, 1995. Austronesian prehistory in Southeast Asia: Homeland, expansion and transformation. In The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives, ed. by Bellwood, P., Fox, J.J., & Tyron, D., 96111. Canberra: The Australian National University.Google Scholar
Bertling, C.Th. 1925. Verscheidenheden omtrent dati’s (1922). Adatrechtbundels 24.372–89.Google Scholar
Blagden, C.O. 1930–2. Two Malay letters from Ternate in the Moluccas, written in 1521 and 1522. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6.87101.Google Scholar
Blust, Robert A. 1977. The Proto-Austronesian pronouns and Austronesian subgrouping: A preliminary report. Working Papers in Linguistics, University of Hawaii 9.2.115.Google Scholar
BPS. 2015. Maluku dalam angka 2015. Ambon: Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Maluku.Google Scholar
Caron, Franchois. 1678. Voorbeeldt des openbaeren Godtsdiensts … ten dienste der Inlanddtse Christenen op Amboina in 40 Praedicateneenvoudelyck. Tsjeremin acan pegang agamma … gouna orang Nassarani di Ambon, berator dalam 40 parracarra rewajat. Amsterdam: Paulus Matthysz.Google Scholar
Coedès, Georges. 1948. Les états hindouisés d’Indochine et d’Indonésie. Paris: E. de Boccard.Google Scholar
Coedès, Georges. 1968. The Indianized states of Southeast Asia, ed. by Vella, Walter F., trans. by Brown Cowing, Susan. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1980a. Ambonese Malay and creolization theory. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1980b. Laha, a language of the Central Moluccas. Indonesia Circle 23.319.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1981. Pertembungan linguistik di Indonesia Timur: Bahasa Melayu Ambon dan bahasa Asilulu di Pulau Ambon. Dewan Bahasa 25.7.3055.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1982. Linguistic research in Maluku: A report of recent fieldwork. Oceanic Linguistics 21.73146.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1992. Studying seventeenth-century Ambonese Malay: Evidence from F. Caron’s sermons (1693). Cakalele 3.99122.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1994a. Dialek Melayu Kupang. In Ensiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, vol. 1, 651–2. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1994b. Dialek Melayu Larantuka. In Ensiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, vol. 1, 652–3. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1994c. Dialek Melayu Lombok. In Ensiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, vol. 1, 653–4. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1994d. Dialek Melayu Manado. In Ensiklopedia Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Melayu, vol. 1, 656–7. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1995a. Bibliografi dialek Melayu di Pulau Jawa, Bali dan Sri Lanka. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1995b. Der Orientalische-Indianische Kunst- und Lust-Gartner: An early German contribution to Malay dialect studies. In Across the oceans. Studies from east to west in honor of Richard K. Seymour, ed. by Rauch, I. & Moore, C., 151–66. Honolulu, HI: College of Languages, Linguistics and Literature, University of Hawai’i.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1995c. Bibliografi dialek Melayu di Pulau Sumatera. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1998. Malay, world language: A short history, 2nd, rev. ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 1999. Wibawa bahasa: kepelbagaian dan kepiawaian. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2001. Kamus Melayu dan ilmu perkamusan. Dewan Bahasa 1.12.2230.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2003a. Malay and Malayic: The classification of the Menterap language. In PELLBA 16. Pertemuan Linguistik Pusat Kajian Bahasa dan Budaya Atma Jaya Keenam Belas, ed. by Purwo, Bambang Kaswanti, 115–63. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2003b. Language death in Maluku: The impact of the VOC. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 159.247–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, James T. 2004. A book and a chapter in the history of Malay: Brouwerius’ Genesis (1697) and Ambonese Malay. Archipel 67.77128.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2009. Bahasa Sanskerta dan bahasa Melayu. Jakarta: École Française d’Extrême-Orient.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2012. Malay in Ambon, Indonesian in Maluku: Shifting images, changing roles. Paper presented at Indonesia Forum’s Workshop on Language Ideologies in Indonesia, Yale University.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2015. Languages and civilizations: Malay and Southeast Asia’s maritime civilization. In Proceedings of the 2nd international seminar on linguistics (ISOL-II). Language and civilization, ed. by Zirbes, Jennifer et al., 172–88. Padang: Fakultas Ilmu Budaya. Universitas Andalas.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2018a. Malay, world language: A short history, 3rd, rev. ed. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. 2018b. Bibliografi dialek Melayu di Semenanjung Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. & Kaartinen, Timo. 1998. Preliminary notes on Bandanese: Language maintenance and change in Kei. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 154.521–70.Google Scholar
Collins, James T. & Schmidt, Hans. 1992. Bahasa Melayu di Pulau Ternate: Maklumat tahun 1599. Dewan Bahasa 36.292327.Google Scholar
Cooley, Frank L. 1962. Ambonese adat: A general description. New Haven, CT: Southeast Asia Studies, Yale University.Google Scholar
Coolsma, S. 1901. De Zendingseeuw voor Nederlandsch Oost-Indië. Utrecht: C.H.E Breijer.Google Scholar
Dyen, Isidore. 1965. A lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Indian University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics. Memoir 19 of the International Journal of American Linguistics Supplement 31.1.Google Scholar
Edwards, E.D. & Blagden, C.D.. 1930–2. A Chinese vocabulary of Malacca Malay words and phrases collected between AD 1403 and 1511 (?). Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6.715–49.Google Scholar
Enthoven, J.J.K. 1903. Bijdragen tot de Geographie van Borneo’s Wester-afdeeling. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Fraassen, C.F. 1983. Historical introduction. In The Central Moluccas. An annotated bibliography, ed. by Polman, K., 159. Dordrecht: Foris Publications.Google Scholar
Gallop, Annabel Teh. 1991. Golden letters. Writing traditions of Indonesia. Surat Emas. Budaya Tulis di Indonesia, with Bernard Arps. Jakarta: Yayasan Lontar.Google Scholar
Gallop, Annabel Teh. 1994. The legacy of the Malay letter – Warisan Warkah Melayu. London: The British Library.Google Scholar
Great Britain India Office Library. 1826. Materials for a history of the Company’s factory at Macassar from the year 1613 to 1667, collected in the Register Department of the Library, 2nd February 1826.Google Scholar
Griffiths, A. 2020. The Old Malay Mañjuśrīgr̥ha inscription from Candi Sewu (Java, Indonesia). In Archaeologies of the written: Indian, Tibetan, and Buddhist studies in honour of Cristina Scherrer-Schaub (Series minor 89), ed. by Tournier, Vincent, Eltschinger, Vincent, & Sernesi, Marta, 225–62. Naples: Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale.”Google Scholar
Grimes, B.F. (ed.). 1988. Ethnologue. Languages of the world, 11th ed. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Groeneboer, K. 1993. Weg tot het Westen. Het Nederlands voor Indië 1600–1950. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij.Google Scholar
Groeneboer, K. 1994. The Dutch language in Maluku under the VOC. Cakalele 5.110.Google Scholar
Harun, Karim. 2012. Bahasa Melayu bahasa universal. In Bahasa Melayu bahasa universal, ed. by Aman, Rahim, 1522. Bangi: Penerbit UKM.Google Scholar
Ho, Mian-Lian & Platt, John T.. 1993. Dynamics of a contact continuum: Singaporean English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Hoëvell, G.W.W.C. van. 1876. Vocabularium van vreemde woorden voorkomende in het Ambonsch-Maleisch. Dordrecht: Blussé en Van Braam.Google Scholar
Hose, C. 1893. A journey up the Baram river to Mount Dulit and the highlands of Borneo. The Geographical Journal 1.3.193208.Google Scholar
Israel, Jonathan I. 1992. Dutch primacy in world trade, 1585–1740. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Jacobs, H. 1971. A treatise on the Moluccas (c.1544), probably the preliminary version of Antonio Galvão’s lost Historia das Molucas (Sources and Studies for the History of the Jesuits, Vol. 3). Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute.Google Scholar
Jacobs, H. 1985. Ambon as a Portuguese and Catholic town. Neue Zeitschrift für Missonswissenschaft 41.117.Google Scholar
Jacobs, H. 1989. Un Molisano in Indonesia e nelle Filippine: Lorenzo Masonio (1556–1631). Compania Sacra 20.1.5271.Google Scholar
Kähler, Hans. 1960. Studien zur arabisch-afrikaansen Literatur. Der Islam 36.1.101–21.Google Scholar
Knaap, Gerrit J. 1991. A city of migrants: Kota Ambon at the end of the seventeenth century. Indonesia 51.105–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knaap, Gerrit J. 1992. Crisis and failure: War and revolt in the Ambonese islands, 1636–1637. Cakalele 3.126.Google Scholar
Kraemer, H. 1927. Mededeelingen over den Islam op Ambon en Haroekoe. Djawa 7.7788.Google Scholar
Landwehr, J. (ed.). 1991. VOC. A bibliography of publications relating to the Dutch East Indies Company, 1602–1800. Utrecht: HES Publications.Google Scholar
Litamahuputty, B. 2012. Ternate Malay: Grammar and texts. Utrecht: LOT.Google Scholar
Marrison, G.E. 1951. A Malay poem in Old Sumatran characters. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 24.1.162–5.Google Scholar
Maxwell, W.E. 1907. A manual of the Malay language with an introductory sketch of the Sanskrit element in Malay, 8th ed. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co. Ltd.Google Scholar
Meersman, Achilles. 1967. The Franciscans in the Indonesian archipelago 1300–1775. Louvain: Nauwelaerts.Google Scholar
Meister, Georg. 1692. Der Orientalisch-Indianische Kunst- und Lust-Gärtner. Dresden: Riedel.Google Scholar
Meursinge, A. 1845. Maleisch leesboek voor eerstbeginnenden en meergevorderen. Tweede stukje. Leiden: S. en J. Luchtmans.Google Scholar
Miyazaki, Koji 1996. Alienation and adaptation: Javanese immigrants in Malay society. In Basic research on the formation principle of complex society (Results Report Series 29), ed. by Mizushima, Tsukasa, 6878. Kyoto: Kyoto University Center for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Mohd Yasin, Mohamad Subakir. 1996. Shift in language allegiance: The Javanese in Malaysia. PhD dissertation, University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Moro, F. & Klamer, M.. 2015. Give-constructions in heritage Ambon Malay in the Netherlands. Journal of Language Contact 8.263–98.Google Scholar
Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas, Syed. 1970. The correct date of the Trengganu inscription: Friday, 4th Rejab, 702 A.H. / 22nd February, 1303 A.C. Kuala Lumpur: Museum Department.Google Scholar
Musgrave, Simon. 2005. Dialects and varieties in a situation of language endangerment. In Selected papers from the 2005 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society, ed. by Keith Allen. Retrieved from: http:/www.als.asn.au.Google Scholar
Neumann, J.B. 1881. Schets der afdeeling Laboean Ratu, Residentie Sumatra’s Oostkust. Tijsdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 26.434513.Google Scholar
Niemeijer, Hendrik E. 2001. Dividing the islands: The Dutch spice monopoly and religious change in 17th century Maluku. In The propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay archipelago, ed. by Gordon, Alijah, 251–86. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute.Google Scholar
Nordhoff, S. 2009. A grammar of Upcountry Sri Lanka Malay. PhD dissertation, University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Nothofer, Bernd. 1996. Migrasi orang Melayu purba: Kajian awal. Paper presented at the Fourth Biennial Conference of the Borneo Research Council, Bandar Seri Begawan, June 10–15, 1996.Google Scholar
Oetomo, Dédé. 1987. The Chinese of Pasuruan: Their language and identity. (Pacific Linguistics D63). Canberra: Australian National University.Google Scholar
Parkinson, S. 1773. A journal of a voyage to the South Seas, in His Majesty’s ship, the Endeavour. London: Stanfield Parkinson.Google Scholar
Pelenkahu, R.A. et al. 1968. Sumbangan Bahasa Bugis dan Bahasa Makassar terhadap perkembangan bahasa Indonesia. Makassar: Direktorat Bahasa dan Kesusastraan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.Google Scholar
Poedjosoedarmo, G. 1995. Bahasa utama orang Melayu di Singapura: Melayu atau Inggeris? Dewan Bahasa 39.718–22.Google Scholar
Pollock, S. 2006. The language of the gods in the world of men: Sanskrit, culture, and power in premodern India. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Postma, Antoon. 1992. The Laguna copper-plate inscription: Text and commentary. Philippine Studies 40.183203.Google Scholar
Prentice, Jack. 1994. Manado Malay: Product and agent of language change. In Language contact and change in the Austronesian world, ed. by Dutton, T. & Tryon, D.T., pp. 411–41. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Reid, Anthony. 1988. Southeast Asia in the age of commerce, 1450–1680, vol. 1: The lands below the winds. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M.C. 1976. Banten and Dutch in 1619: Six early pasar Malay letters. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 39.1.128–36.Google Scholar
Ronkel, Ph.S. van. 1924. A preliminary notice concerning two Old Malay inscriptions in Palembang (Sumatra). Acta Orientalia 2.1415.Google Scholar
Rumphius, G.E. 1983 [1679]. Ambonsche landbeschrijving, ed. by Manusama, Z.J.. Jakarta: Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia.Google Scholar
Rumphius, G.E. 1999 [1698]. The Ambonese curiosity cabinet, ed. by Beekman, E.M.. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ruyll, Albert. 1612. Spieghel vande Maleysche tale inde Welcke sich die Indiaensche Jeucht Christlick ende Vermaeckelick kunnen oeffenen. Amsterdam: Dirrick Pieterz. op ‘t Water.Google Scholar
Schurhammer, G. 1980. Francis Xavier. His life and times, vol. 3: Indonesia and India 1545–1549, trans. by Costelloe, M.J.. Rome: The Jesuit Historical Institute.Google Scholar
Skinner, C. 1963. Sjair Perang Mengkasar: The rhymed chronicle of the Macassarese war by Entji’ Amin. ‘s-Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Stutterheim, W.F. 1936. A Malay sha’ir in Old-Sumatran characters of 1380 AD. Acta Orientalia 14.268–79.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Thomaz, Luis Filipe Ferreira Reis. 1993. The Malay sultanate of Melaka. In Southeast Asia in the early modern era: Trade, power, and belief, ed. by Reid, A., 6990. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Thunberg, C.P. 1794. Voyage en Afrique et en Asie principalement au Japon pendant les années 1770–1779. Paris: Fuchs.Google Scholar
Tuuk, H.N. van der. 1865. J.J. Hollander, Handleiding bij de beoefening der Maleische taal- en letterkunde voor de kadetten van alle wapenen, bestemd voor de dienst in Nederland. Indië. De Gids 29.4.525–32.Google Scholar
Valentyn, F. 1726a. Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën. Omstandig verhaal van de geschiedenissen en zaaken het kerkelyke ofte den Godsdienst betreffende, zoo in Amboina… Dordrecht: Joannes van Braam.Google Scholar
Valentyn, F. 1726b. Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën. Ambonsche. Dordrecht: Joannes van Braam.Google Scholar
Van Ekris, A. 1864–5. Woordenlijst van eenige dialecten der landtaal op de Ambonsche eilanden. Mededeelingen vanwege het Nederlandsch Zendelinggenootschap 8.61–108, 301–36; 9.557–68.Google Scholar
Veth, P.J. 1854. Borneo’s Wester-afdeeling. Geographisch, statistisch, historisch, vol. 1. Zaltbommel: Joh Noman en Zoon.Google Scholar
Vogel, J.P. 1918. The yupa inscriptions of King Mulavarman, from Koetei (East Borneo). Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 78.167232.Google Scholar
Wallace, Alfred Russel. 1869. The Malay Archipelago, the land of the orang-utan and the bird of paradise: A narrative of travel with studies of man and nature. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Watuseke, F.S. & Watuseke-Politton, W.B.. 1981. Het Minahassa- of Manado- Maleis. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 137.324–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, J. 1668. An essay towards a real character and a philosophical language. London: S. Gellibrand.Google Scholar
Wiltens, C. & Danckaerts, S.. 1623. Vocabularium, ofte vvoort-boeck naar ordre vanden Alphabet in ‘t Duytsch-Maleysch ende Maleysch-duytsch. ‘sGraven-Haghe: de Weduwe ende Erfghenamen van Wijlen Hillebrant Jacobssz van Wouw.Google Scholar
Wolff, J.U. 1976. Malay borrowings in Tagalog. In Southeast Asian history and historiography: Essays presented to D.G.H. Hall, ed. by Cowan, C.O. & Wolters, O.W., 345–67. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Wolff, J.U. 1982. Über die Gestaltung der indonesischen Mundart der Peranakan-Chinesen in Ostjava. In Gava’: Studies in Austronesian languages and cultures, dedicated to Hans Kähler, ed. by Rainer, C. et al., 451–61. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.Google Scholar
Wright, H.R.C. 1958. The Moluccan spice monopoly, 1770–1824. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 31.4.1127.Google Scholar
Yusriadi, . 2007. Dialek Melayu Ulu Kapuas Kalimantan Barat. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.Google Scholar

References

Abdulaziz, Mohammed. H & Osinde, K.. 1997. Sheng and Engsh: Development of mixed codes among urban youth in Kenya. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 125.4364.Google Scholar
Batibo, Herman. 1992. The fate of ethnic languages in Tanzania. In Language death: Factual and theoretical explorations with special reference to East Africa, ed. by Brenzinger, M., 8598. Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bosha, I. 1993. Taathira za Kiarabu Katika Kiswahili pamoja na Kamusi Thulathiya (The influence of Arabic language on Kiswahili with a trilingual dictionary). Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.Google Scholar
Duke, Lynne & Rupert, James. 1997. Power behind Kabila reflects Congo War’s Tutsi roots. International Herald Tribune (May 29), p. 7.Google Scholar
Fabian, Johannes. 1986. Language and colonial power: The appropriation of Swahili in the former Belgian Congo 1880–1938. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Githiora, Chege. 2008. Kenya: Language and the search for a coherent national identity. In Language and national identity in Africa, ed. by Simpson, A., 235–51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Githiora, Chege. 2018. Sheng: Rise of a Kenyan Swahili vernacular. Suffolk: James Currey.Google Scholar
Gorman, T.P. 1974. The development of language policy in Kenya with particular reference to the educational system. In Language in Kenya, ed. by Whiteley, W.H., 397453. Nairobi: Oxford University Press,Google Scholar
Goyvaerts, Didier L. 1988. Indoubil: A Swahili hybrid in Bukavu. Language in Society 17.2.231–42.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1979. Some linguistic characteristics of African based pidgins. In Readings in creole studies, ed. by Hancock, I.F., Polomé, E., Goodman, M., & Heine, B., 8998. Ghent: E.Story-Scientia.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1982. The Nubi language of Kibera – An Arabic creole. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Hinnebusch, Thomas J. 1996. What kind of language in Swahili? Afrikanistiche Arbeistpapiere 47.7395.Google Scholar
Horton, Mark & Middleton, John. 2000. The Swahili. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Iliffe, John. 1969. Tanganyika under German rule 1905–1912. Nairobi: East African Publishing House.Google Scholar
Kapanga, Andre M. 2001. Recreating a language. A socio-historical approach to the study of Shaba Swahili. Cultural Survival 25.2.52–5.Google Scholar
Kapanga, Mwamba Tshishiku. 1991. Language variation and change: A case study of Shaba Swahili. PhD dissertation, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaigne.Google Scholar
Kaviti, Lillian. 2015. From stigma to status: Sheng and Engsh in Kenya’s linguistic and literary space. In Habari ya English? What about Kiswahili, ed. by Diegner, Lutz & Schulze-Engler, Frank, 223–53 (Leiden: Brill).Google Scholar
Kioko, Eric Mutisya. 2015. Regional varieties and ethnic registers of Sheng. In Youth language practices in Africa and beyond, ed. by Nassenstein, Nico & Hollington, Andrea, 119–48. Berlin: De GruyterGoogle Scholar
Legere, Karsten. 2006. Language endangerment in Tanzania: Identifying and maintaining endangered languages. South African Journal of African Languages 22.3.99112.Google Scholar
Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. 2000. Oriental influences in Swahili: A study in language and culture contacts. Gothenburg: Universitatis Gotheburgensis.Google Scholar
Lodhi, Abdulaziz Y. 2008. Indians and Indic languages in Eastern Africa: The status of South Asian languages in Eastern Africa. Paper presented at the Workshop on Language Planning and Language Policies, organized by the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, India, March 4–6, 2008.Google Scholar
Luffin, Xaviere. 2014. The influence of Swahili on Kinubi. Journal of Pidgins and Creoles 29.2.299318.Google Scholar
Mangat, J.S. 1969. A history of Asian in East Africa 1886–1945. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Marshad, Hassan. 1984. An approach to code elaboration and its application to Swahili. PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.Google Scholar
Mazrui, Alamin & Shariff, Ibrahim Noor. 1994. The Swahili: Idiom and identity. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Mekacha, Rugatiri D.K. 1993. The sociolinguistic impact of Kiswahili on ethnic community languages in Tanzania: A case study of Ekinata. Bayreuth: Bayreuth African Studies.Google Scholar
Michieka, Martha. 2012. Language maintenance and shift among Kenyan university students. In Selected proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by Connell, Bruce & Rolle, Nicholas, 164–70. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Mkude, Daniel. 2011. The impact of Swahili on other languages in Tanzania: An illustration from Luguru. In North–south contributions to African languages, ed. by Thornell, Christina & Legewre, Karsten, 5160. Cologne: Rudiger Kopfe.Google Scholar
Moga, J. & Danfee, (eds.). 2003. Sheng dictionary. Nairobi: Ginseng Publishers.Google Scholar
Mojola, Aloo Osotsi. 2000. The Swahili Bible in East Africa (1844–1996). In The Bible in Africa: Transactions, trajectories and trends, ed. by West, Gerand O. and Dube, Musa W., 511–23. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Msanjila, Y.P. 2007. Utumiaji wa Kiswahili na Lugha za Jamii Kijinsia Nchini Tanzania. Nordic Journal of African Studies 16.1.1829.Google Scholar
Mukhwana, Ayub. 2014. Je, Sheng ni Lahaja ya Kiswahili? Nadharia ya Utambulisho wa Maana. In Miaka Hamsini ya Kiswahili Nchini Kenya, ed. by Simala, I., Chacha, L. & Osore, M., 188200. Nairobi: Twaweza Communications.Google Scholar
Mutonya, Mungai & Parsons, Timothy H.. 2004. KIKAR: A Swahili variety in Kenya’s colonial army. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 25.111–25.Google Scholar
Neale, Barbara. 1974. Kenya’s Asian languages. In Language in Kenya, ed. by Whiteley, W.H., 6985. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nurse, Derek & Spear, Thomas. 1985. The Swahili: Reconstructing the history and language of an African society, 800–1500. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Olukya, Godfrey. 2016. Swahili language now compulsory in Ugandan schools. The Africa Report (July 1). (Available at www.theafricareport.com/East-Horn-Africa/swahili-language-now-compulsory-in-ugandan-schools.html.)Google Scholar
Omulokoli, Watson A.O. 1995. The contribution of George L. Pilkington to Christian work in Uganda, 1890–1897. Unpublished paper.Google Scholar
Pike, Charles. 1986. History and imagination: Swahili literature and resistance to German language imperialism in Tanzania 1885–1910. International Journal of African Historical Studies 19.2.201–34.Google Scholar
Republic of Kenya. 1976. The Kenya National Committee on Educational Objectives and Policies. Nairobi: Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
Roehl, K. 1930. The linguistic situation in East Africa. Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 3.2.191202.Google Scholar
Rosendal, Tove & Mapunda, Gastor. 2014. Is the Tanzanian Ngoni language threatened? A survey of lexical borrowing from Swahili. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 35.3.271–88.Google Scholar
Roy-Campbell, Zaline M. 1992. Power and pedagogy: Choosing the medium of instruction in Tanzania. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar
Schadeberg, Thilo C. 2009. Loan words in Swahili. In Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, ed. by Haspelmath, Martin and Tadmor, Uri, 76102. Berlin: De GruyterGoogle Scholar
Sheriff, Abdul. 2010. Dhow cultures of the Indian Ocean: Cosmopolitanism, commerce and Islam. London: C. Hurst & Co (Publishers) Ltd.Google Scholar
Strandes, Justus. 1961. The Portuguese period in East Africa. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau.Google Scholar
Vitale, Anthony J. 1980. Linguistic and sociolinguistic aspects of a pidgin Swahili of Kenya. Anthropological Linguistics 22.2.4765.Google Scholar
Westermann, Diedrich. 1925. The place and function of the vernacular in African education. International Review of Missions 14.1.2536.Google Scholar
Wizara ya Elimu na Mafunzo ya Ufundi (Ministry of Education and Vocational Training). 2014. Sera ya Elimu na Mafunzo. Dae es Salaam: Government Printers.Google Scholar
Wright, Marcia. 1971. German missions in Tanganyika 1891–1941. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Yoneda, Nobuko. 2010. “Swahilization” of ethnic languages in Tanzania: The case of Matengo. African Study Monographs 31.3.139–48.Google Scholar

References

Abdel-Jawad, Hassan. 1981. Lexical and phonological variation in spoken Arabic in Amman. PhD thesis, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
Abu Haidar, Farida. 1991. Christian Arabic of Baghdad. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Al-Jallad, Ahmad. 2015. An outline of the grammar of the Safaitic inscriptions. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Al-Wer, Enam. 2013. Sociolinguistics. In Owens (2013a), 241–63.Google Scholar
Al-Wer, Enam. 2014. Yod-dropping in b-imperfect verb forms in Amman. In Froud, K. & Khamis-Dakwar, R. (eds), Perspectives on Arabic linguistics, 2946. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Behnstedt, Peter. 1985. Die nordjemenitischen Dialekte. Wiesbaden: Reichert.Google Scholar
Behnstedt, Peter. 1997. Sprachatlas von Syrien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Behnstedt, Peter & Arnold, Werner. 1993. Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Bizri, Fida. 2014. Unity and diversity across Asian migrant Arabic pidgins in the Middle East. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29.385409.Google Scholar
Davies, Eirlys, Bentahila, Abdelali, & Owens, Jonathan. 2013. Codeswitching and related issues involving Arabic. In Owens (2013a), 326–48.Google Scholar
Bergsträsser, Gotthelf. 1928. Einführung in die semitischen Sprachen. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. (Second edition, 1977.)Google Scholar
Blanc, Haim. 1964. Communal dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, MA: Center for Middle Eastern Studies.Google Scholar
Blau, Joshua. 1985. On some Arabic dialectal features paralleled by Hebrew and Aramaic. The Jewish Quarterly Review 76.512.Google Scholar
Borg, Alexander. 1985. Cypriot Arabic. Wiesbaden: Steiner.Google Scholar
Borg, Alexander. 1994. Some evolutionary parallels and divergences in Cypriot Arabic and Maltese. Mediterranean Language Review 8.4167.Google Scholar
Borg, Alexander. 2004. A comparative glossary of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Borg, Albert & Azzopardi, Marie. 1997. Maltese. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Boyarin, D. 1981. An inquiry into the formation of Middle Aramaic dialects. In Bono homini donum: Essays in historical linguistics in memory of J. Alexander Kerns, ed. by Arbeitman, Yoël L. & Bomhard, Allan R., 613–49. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Clausner, Tim & Croft, William. 1997. Productivity and schematicity in metaphors. Cognitive Science 21.247–82.Google Scholar
Coetsam, Frans van. 2000. A general and unified theory of the transmission process in language contact. Heidelberg: Winter.Google Scholar
Contini, Riccardo. 1999. Le substrat arameen en neo-arabe Libanais: preliminaires à une enquete systematique. In Afroasiatica Tergestina, ed. by Lamberti, Marcello and Tonelli, Livia, 101–22. Trieste: Unipress.Google Scholar
Corriente, Federico. 1977. A grammatical sketch of the Spanish Arabic dialect bundle. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Arabe.Google Scholar
Corriente, Federico. 2013. A descriptive and comparative grammar of Andalusi Arabic. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Daniels, Peter. 1997. Classical Syriac phonology. In Kaye 1997, 127–40.Google Scholar
Diem, Werner. 1979. Zur Frage des Substrats im Arabischen. Der Islam 56.12–80.Google Scholar
Diem, Werner. 1980. Die genealogische Stellung des Arabischen in den semitischen Sprachen: Ein ungelöstes Problem der Semitistik. In Studien aus Arabistik und Semitistik A. Spitaler zum 70 Geburtstag, ed. by Diem, W. & Wild, S., 6585. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Dixon, Robert. 1997. The rise and fall of languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Erwin, Wallace. 1963. A short reference grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Faber, Alice. 1997. Genetic subgrouping of the Semitic languages. In Hetzron 1997, 3–15.Google Scholar
Ferguson, Charles. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15.325–40.Google Scholar
Fischer, Wolfdietrich. 1961. Die Sprache der arabischen Sprachinsel in Uzbekistan. Der Islam 36.232–63.Google Scholar
Fischer, Wolfdietrich & Jastrow, Otto (eds.). 1980. Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Fraenkel, Siegmund. 1886. Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Garcin, Jean-Claude. 1976. Un centre Musulman de la Haute-Egypte medievale: Quus. Cairo: Institut Francais d’archeologie Orientale du Caire.Google Scholar
Garr, Randall. 1985. Dialect geography of Syria-Palestine, 1000–586 BC Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Jonas. 1978. The dialects of early Aramaic. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 37.93–9.Google Scholar
Hachimi, Atiqa. 2007. Becoming Casablancan: Fessis in Casablanca as a case study. In Arabic in the city: Issues in dialect contact and language variation, ed. by Miller, Catherine et al., 97122. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hallberg, Andreas. 2016. Case endings in spoken Standard Arabic. Lund: Studia Orientalia Lundensia.Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey. 2015. D-possessives and the origins of Moroccan Arabic. Diachronica 32.1–33.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd & Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hetzron, Robert. 1976. Two principles of genetic reconstruction. Lingua 38.89108.Google Scholar
Hetzron, Robert (ed.). 1997. The Semitic languages. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holes, Clive. 1987. Variation and change in a modernising Arabic state. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holes, Clive. 2016. Dialect, culture and society in Eastern Arabic, vol. 3. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Horn, George. 2003. Idioms, metaphors and syntactic mobility. Journal of Linguistics 39.245–73.Google Scholar
Huehnergard, John. 1995. What is Aramaic? Aram 7.261–82.Google Scholar
Ibn al-Nadim, . n.d. Al-Fihrist. Beirut: Dar al-Maʕrifa.Google Scholar
Ibn Faris, Aħmad. n.d. Al-Ṣaaħibi fi Fiqh al-Luɣa, ed. by Ṣaqar, A.. Cairo: Maktabat ʕIṣa al-Babi al-Halabi.Google Scholar
Ingham, Bruce. 2006. Afghanistan Arabic. In The encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, vol. 1, ed. by Versteegh, Kees, 2835. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Jastrow, Otto. 1997. The Neo-Aramaic languages. In Hetzron 1997, 334–77.Google Scholar
Kaye, Alan (ed.). 1991. Semitic studies in honor of Wolf Leslau. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Kaye, Alan (ed.). 1997. Phonologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Kaye, Alan (ed.). 2007. Morphologies of Asia and Africa. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. 1988. Studies in Semitic syntax. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. 1997. Jewish Palestinian Aramaic phonology. In Kaye 1997, 103–14.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. 2007a. The morphology of Babylonian Jewish Aramaic. In Kaye 2007, 107–20.Google Scholar
Khan, Geoffrey. 2007b. The north-eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects. Journal of Semitic Studies 52.120.Google Scholar
Kieffer, Charles. 2000. The Arabic speech of Bactria (Afghanistan). In Arabic as a minority language, ed. by Owens, J., 181–98. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2013a. The Arabic influence on northern Berber. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Kossmann, Maarten. 2013b. Borrowing. In Owens (2013a), 349–68.Google Scholar
Labov, William. 2007. Transmission and diffusion. Language 83.344–87.Google Scholar
Lakoff, George & Johnson, Mark. 1999. Philosophy in the flesh. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Lipiński, Edward. 2000. The Aramaeans, their ancient history, culture, religion. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Lucas, Christopher & Lash, Elliot. 2010. Contact as catalyst: The case for Coptic influence in the development of Arabic negation. Journal of Linguistics 46.379413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macuch, Rudolph. 1982. Grammatik des samaritanischen Aramäischen. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Macuch, Rudolph. 1991. Pseudo-Ethiopisms in Samaritan Hebrew and Aramaic. In Kaye 1991, 966–76.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John. 2007. Language interrupted: Signs of non-native acquisition in standard language grammars. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Manfredi, Stefano. 2017. Arabi Juba: un pidgin-créole du Soudan du Sud. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Mejdell, Gunvor. 2006. Mixed styles in spoken Arabic in Egypt. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Mifsud, Manwel. 1995. Loan verbs in Maltese: A descriptive and comparative study. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Miller, Catherine. 2005. Between accommodation and resistance: Upper Egyptian migrants in Cairo. Linguistics 43.903–56.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Terence. 1986. What is Educated Spoken Arabic? International Journal of the Sociology of Language 61.732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moscati, Sabatino. 1980. An introduction to the comparative grammar of the Semitic languages. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Muraoka, Takamitsu. 1997. Classical Syriac. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Muraoka, Takamitsu. 2007. Syriac Morphology. In Kaye 2007, 135–48.Google Scholar
Newman, Daniel. 2013. The Arabic literary language: The naħda and beyond. In Owens (2013a), 472–94.Google Scholar
Newton, Brian. 1968. Spontaneous gemination in Cypriot Greek. Lingua 20.15–57.Google Scholar
Newton, Brian. 1972. Cypriot Greek. Berlin: de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Nöldeke, Theodor. 1898. Kurzgefasste Syrische Grammatik. Leipzig: Chr. Tauchnitz.Google Scholar
Nunberg, Geoffrey, Sag, Ivan, & Wasow, Thomas. 1994. Idioms. Language 70.491538.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 1996. Idiomatic structure and the theory of genetic relationship. Diachronica 13.283318.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 1998. Neighborhood and ancestry: Variation in the spoken Arabic of Maiduguri, Nigeria. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2006/9. A linguistic history of Arabic. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2009. Indeterminacy and the comparative method: Arabic as a model for understanding the history of Aramaic. In Festschrift for Clive Holes, ed. by Al-Wer, Enam, 316. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2010. What is a language? Journal of Contact Linguistics 3.104–18.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan (ed.). 2013a. The Oxford handbook of Arabic linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2013b. The historical linguistics of the intrusive *-n in Arabic and West Semitic. Journal of the American Oriental Society 133.217–47.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2014a. Many heads are better than one: The spread of motivated opacity via contact. Linguistics 52.125–65.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2014b. The origins of Nubi morphology. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 29.232–98.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2015a. Idioms, polysemy, context: A model based on Nigerian Arabic. Anthropological Linguistics 57.4698.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2015b. Arabic language history and the comparative method. Journal of Arabic Linguistics 1.127.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2015c. Review of Corriente 2013. Journal of the American Oriental Society 135.421–4.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2016a. The lexical basis of idiomaticity. Language Sciences 57.4969.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2016b. Dia-planar diffusion: Reconstructing early Aramaic–Arabic language contact. In Approaches to the history and dialectology of Arabic in honor of Pierre Larcher, ed. by Sartori, Manuel, Giolfo, Manuela, & Cassuto, Philippe, 77101. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan. 2019. Style. In The handbook of Arabic sociolinguistics, ed. by Al-Wer, Enam & Horesh, Uri, 8192. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan & Dodsworth, Robin. 2009. Stability in subject–verb word order: From contemporary Arabian peninsular Arabic to Biblical Aramaic. Anthropological Linguistics 51.151–75.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan & Dodsworth, Robin. 2017. Semantic mapping: What idioms do in discourse. Linguistics 55.641–82.Google Scholar
Owens, Jonathan & Yavrumyan, Marat. 2008. The participle. In The encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistcs, vol. 3, ed. by Versteegh, Kees, 541–6. Leiden, Brill.Google Scholar
Parker, S. 1987. Peasants, pastoralists and “Pax Romana”: A different view. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 265.3551.Google Scholar
Peters, F. 1978. Romans and Bedouin in southern Syria. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 37.315–26.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, Robert. 1998. Defining morphological isoglosses: The “broken” plural and Semitic subclassification. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 57.81123.Google Scholar
Retsö, Jan. 2000. Kaskasa, t-passives and the dialect geography of ancient Arabia. Oriente Moderno ns 19.111–18.Google Scholar
Retsö, Jan. 2003. The Arabs in Antiquity. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Retsö, Jan. 2013. What is Arabic? In Owens (2013a), 433–50.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Franz. 1961. A grammar of Biblical Aramaic. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Seeger, Ulrich. 2002. Zwei Texte im Dialekt der Araber von Chorasan. In Sprich doch mit deinen Knechten Aramäisch, wir verstehen es!, ed. by Bobzin, Hartmut & Arnold, Werner, 629–46. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Sjoberg, Andrée. 1963. Uzbek structural grammar. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Spitta-Bey, Wilhelm. 1880. Grammatik des arabischen Vulgärdialekts von Aegypten. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrischs’sche Buchhandlung.Google Scholar
Stolz, Cristel. 2009. A different kind of gender problem. In Introducing Maltese linguistics, ed. by Comrie, Bernard et al., 321–54. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Svanlund, Jan. 2007. Metaphor and convention. Cognitive Linguistics 18.4789.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah & Kaufman, Terence. 1988. Language contact, creolization and genetic linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Versteegh, Kees. 1984. Pidginization and creolization: The case of Arabic. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Watson, Janet. 2012. The structure of Mehri. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
Watson, Janet. 2018. South Arabian and Arabic dialects. In Arabic historical dialectology, ed. by Holes, Clive, 316–34. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wellens, Ineke. 2005. The Nubi language of Uganda. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Wexler, Paul. 2000. Arabic as a tool for expressing Jewish and Romani ethnic identity. In Arabic as a minority language, ed. by Owens, J., 6588. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wilmsen, David. 2014. Arabic indefinites, interrogatives and negators. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Windfuhr, Gernot. 2005. Central Asian Arabic: The Irano-Arabic dynamics of a new perfect. In Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion, ed. by Csató, Evá, Isaksson, Bo, & Jahani, Carina, 111–26. London: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Language Spread
  • Edited by Salikoko S. Mufwene, University of Chicago, Anna María Escobar, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
  • Online publication: 02 June 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316796146.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Language Spread
  • Edited by Salikoko S. Mufwene, University of Chicago, Anna María Escobar, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
  • Online publication: 02 June 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316796146.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Language Spread
  • Edited by Salikoko S. Mufwene, University of Chicago, Anna María Escobar, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
  • Book: The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact
  • Online publication: 02 June 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316796146.015
Available formats
×