Most metaphors are highly conventionalized expressions that are typically read and understood by native speakers effortlessly. For instance, while reading “the brightest child” in the classroom native speakers naturally understand that the speaker is not referring to a child who is literally shiny, but rather, a smart child.

Nonnative speakers and language learners, however, may find some metaphoric expressions difficult to understand if expressed in a language that they do not master fluently. Moreover, they may try to use conventional metaphoric expressions translated directly from their own native or first language, into another language. This can create problems in intercultural settings, where the expression may sound strange if unheard before, and possibly unclear. For instance, the arguably unclear expression “climbing up on mirrors” is actually a direct translation of a highly conventional Italian metaphoric expression, frequently used to say “finding excuses.” This chapter elaborates on the way in which metaphoric expressions are understood, and how such comprehension processes vary in relation to metaphor conventionality, aptness, and deliberateness. I then take these observations into the field of intercultural communication, explaining how the pragmatics of metaphor comprehension may be affected by intercultural settings.