Following the introduction of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in the operations research literature and its revival in the economics literature, for more than 40 years numerous studies have examined hospital efficiency, implementing the various advances in modeling efficiency and productivity. Many of these studies addressed the issues facing governments, hospitals, and patients. Three main concerns of these stakeholders are the cost of, quality of, and access to hospital care. This chapter focuses on research that used DEA to examine cost, quality, and access and the government policies that have been enacted to address these three concerns. Rather than a comprehensive literature review, the chapter discusses selected works that address relevant policy issues.