Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:50:28.555Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

2.8 - Serial Killings and Mass Murder

from Part II - Psychology and Criminal Behaviour

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2021

By
Andreas Kapardis  and
Sasha Reid
Edited by
Jennifer M. Brown  and
Miranda A. H. Horvath
Jennifer M. Brown
Affiliation:
London School of Economics and Political Science
Miranda A. H. Horvath
Affiliation:
University of Suffolk
Get access

Summary

Homicide is as old as human existence and, likewise, mass murder and serial killings are not recent phenomena. Having adopted formal definitions in the 1980s’s both mass murder and serial homicide are often mistakenly equated; however, the two phenomena are distinct as evidenced by wider patterns of violence, victimization, and psychopathology. This chapter provides an overview of mass murder and serial homicide including definitions and selected case studies. Seeking to clarify the distinctions between perpetrators of mass murder and serial homicide, this chapter also provides information on the psychopathology of each type of offender and provides a brief examination of the developmental experiences and victim choice of the perpetrators.

Keywords

Serial KillingMass MurderSerial KillersHomicide VictimsPsychopathology
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology , pp. 317 - 336
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adjorlolo, S., & Chan, H. C. O. (2014). The controversy of defining serial murder: Revisited. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(5), 486–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnich, L. E. (2015). A comparative analysis of attempted and completed school-based mass murder attacks. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(1), 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allely, C. S., Minnis, H., Thompson, L., Wilson, P., & Gillberg, C. (2014). Neurodevelopmental and psychosocial risk factors in serial killers and mass murderers. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(3), 288–301.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Arluke, A., & Madfis, E. (2014). Animal abuse as a warning sign of school massacres: A critique and refinement. Homicide Studies: An Interdisciplinary & International Journal, 18(1), 7–22.Google Scholar
Auxemery, Y. (2015). The mass murderer history: Modern classifications, sociodemographic and psychopathological characteristics, suicidal dimensions, and media contagion of mass murders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 56, 149–154.Google Scholar
Ballinger, A. (2011). Destroying women: sexual murder and feminism. In Brown, J. & Walklate, A. (Eds.), Handbook on sexual violence (pp. 334–356). Routledge.Google Scholar
Beasley, J. (2004). Serial murder in America: Case studies of seven offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22(3), 395–414.Google Scholar
Berntzen, L. E., & Sandberg, S. (2016). The collective nature of lone wolf terrorism: Anders Behring Breivik and the anti-Islamic social movement. Terrorism and Political Violence, 26(5), 759–779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böckler, N., Seeger, T., Sitzer, P., & Heitmeyer, W. (2013). School shootings: conceptual framework and international empirical trends. In Böckler, N., Seeger, T., Sitzer, P., & Heitmeyer, W. (Eds.), School shootings: International research, case studies and concepts for prevention (pp. 1–24). Springer.Google Scholar
Burns, R., & Crawford, C. (1999). School shooting, the media, and public fear: Ingredients for a moral panic. Crime, Law and Social Change, 32, 147–168.Google Scholar
Campos, E., & Cusson, M. (2007). Serial killers and sexual murderers. In J. Proulx, E. Beauregard, M. Cussion, & A. Nicole (Eds.), Sexual murderers: A comparative analysis and new perspectives (pp. 99–106). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Cantor, C. H., Sheehan, P., & Alpers, P. (1999). Media and mass homicides. Archives of Suicide Research, 5, 283–290.Google Scholar
Castleden, R. (2011). Spree killers: The enigma of mass murder. Futura.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). Traumatic brain injury in prisons and jails: An unrecognized problem. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/11668Google Scholar
Chester, G. (1993). Berserk! Motiveless random massacres. O’Mara.Google Scholar
Chan, H. C. O., Beauregard, E., & Myers, W. C. (2015). Single-victim and serial sexual homicide offenders: Differences in crime, paraphilias and personality traits. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health: CBMH, 25(1), 66–78.Google Scholar
Choi, K., & Lee, J.-L. (2014). Assessment of the extent and prevalence of serial murder through criminological theories. Sociology and Anthropology, 2(3), 116–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chibnall, S. (1975). The crime reporter: A study in the production of commercial knowledge. Journal of the British Sociological Association, 9(1), 49–66.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. (1972). Folk devils and moral panics: The creation of the Mods and Rockers. MacGibbon & Kee.Google Scholar
Correctional Service Canada. (2020, February 13). Bill S-6: Legislation to repeal the Faint Hope Clause. www.csc-scc.gc.ca/victims/003006–1001-en.shtmlGoogle Scholar
Curry, V. (2003). Thurston High School: The effects of both distal and emotional proximity in an acute instance of school violence. Journal of School Violence, 2(3), 93–120.Google Scholar
Creamer, M., Burgess, P., Buckingham, W., & Pattison, P. (1990). Psychological response to trauma: The Queen Street shootings. Bulletin of the Australian Psychological Society, 12(5), 5–7.Google Scholar
DeBellis, M. D., Baum, A. S., Birmaher, B., Keshavan, M. S., Eccard, C. H., Boring, A. M., Jenkins, F. J., & Ryan, N. D. (1999). Developmental traumatology. Part I: Biological stress systems. Biological Psychiatry, 45(10), 1259–1270.Google Scholar
Declercq, F., & Audenaert, K. (2011). A case of mass murder: Personality disorder, psychopathology and violence mode. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 135–143.Google Scholar
de Swaan, A. (2015). The killing compartments: The mentality of mass murder. Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dietz, P. E. (1986). Mass, serial and sensational homicides. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 62(5), 477–491.Google Scholar
Duwe, G. (2007). Mass murder in the United States: A history. McFarland.Google Scholar
Fast, J. (2010). Ceremonial violence: A psychological explanation of school shootings. Duckworth.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2005). Serial murder, multidisciplinary perspectives for investigators. Behavioral Science Unit, National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Serial murder: Multi-disciplinary perspectivesfor investigators. Behavioral Analysis Unit, National Centerfor the Analysis of Violent Crime, US Department of Justice.Google Scholar
Fowles, S. (2013, November 11). When Paul Bernardo stalked my neighbourhood. The Walrus. https://thewalrus.ca/boy-next-door/Google Scholar
Fox, J. A., & DeLateur, M. J. (2013). Mass shootings in America: Moving beyond Newtown. Homicide Studies, 18(1), 125–145.Google Scholar
Fox, J. A., & Levin, J. (2003). Mass murder: An analysis of extreme violence. Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 5(1), 47–64.Google Scholar
Fritzon, K., & Brun, A. (2005). Beyond Columbine: A faceted model of school-associated homicide. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(1), 53–71.Google Scholar
Geberth, V. (1996). Practical homicide investigation (2nd ed.). Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Gennat, E. (1930). Die Düsseldorfer Sexualmorde. Kriminalistische Monatshefte, 10, 2–7.Google Scholar
Gill, P., Silver, J., Horgan, J., & Corner, E. (2017). Shooting alone: the pre-attack experiences and behaviors of US solo mass murderers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 62(3), 710–714.Google Scholar
Godwin, G. M. (2000). Hunting serial predators: A multivariate classification approach to profiling violent behavior. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Grafman, J., Schwab, K., Warden, D., Pridgen, A., Brown, H. R., & Salazar, A. M. (1996). Frontal lobe injuries, violence, and aggression: A report of the Vietnam Head Injury Study. Neurology, 46(5), 1231–1238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grobbink, L. H., Derksen, J. J. L., & van Marle, H. J. C. (2015). Revenge: An analysis of its psychological underpinnings. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 59(8), 892–907.Google Scholar
Halpern, M. D. (2007). Thugs: How history’s most notorious despots transformed the world through terror, tyranny, and mass murder. Thomas Nelson.Google Scholar
Haravuori, H., Suomalainen, L., Berg, N., Kiviruusu, O., & Marttunen, M. (2011). Effects of media exposure on adolescents traumatized in a school shooting. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(1), 70–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hare, R. D. (1998). The Alvor Advanced Study Institute. In Cooke, D. J., Forth, A. E., & Hare, R. D. (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research and implications for society. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute (pp. 1–11). Springer.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 391–398.Google Scholar
Harbot, S., & Mokros, A. (2001). Serial murderers in Germany from 1945 to 1995: A descriptive study. Homicide Studies, 5(4), 311–334.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J., Fox, C., & Mehta, J. D. (2002). Studying rare events through qualitative case studies. Sociological Methods and Research, 31(2), 174–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, M. A., Murphy, E. A., Ho, L. Y., Bowers, T. G., & Flaherty, C. V. (2015). Female serial killers in the United States: Means, motives, and makings. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 26(3), 383–406.Google Scholar
Hawdon, H., & Ryan, J. (2011). Social relations that generate and sustain solidarity after a mass tragedy. Social Forces, 89(4), 1363–1384.Google Scholar
Hazelwood, R. R., & Douglas, J. E. (1980). The lust murderer. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 18–22.Google Scholar
Hickey, E. W. (1990). The etiology of victimization in serial murder: An historical and demographic analysis. In Egger, S. A. (Ed.), Serial murder: An elusive phenomenon (pp. 53–71). Praeger.Google Scholar
Hickey, E. W. (1997). Serial murderers and their victims (2nd ed.). Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Huff-Corzine, L., McCutcheon, J. C., Corzine, J., Jarvis, J. P., Tetzlaff-Bemiller, M. J., Weller, M., & Landon, M. (2014). Shooting for accuracy: Comparing data sources on mass murder. Homicide Studies: An Interdisciplinary & International Journal, 18(1), 105–124.Google Scholar
Hughes, M., et al. (2011). Posttraumatic stress among students after the shooting at Virginia Tech. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(4), 403–411.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ioannou, M., Hammond, L., & Simpson, O. (2015). A model for differentiating school shooters characteristics. Journal of Criminal Psychology, 5(3), 188–200.Google Scholar
Kalish, R., & Kimmel, M. (2010). Suicide by mass murder: Masculinity, aggrieved entitlement, and rampage school shootings. Health Sociology Review, 19(4), 451–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapardis, A. (1989). They wrought mayhem: An insight into mass murder. RiverSeine Press.Google Scholar
Kapardis, A. (1990). Explanations and non-explanations in mass murder. In Creig, D. (Ed.), Proceedings of Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry Law and Psychology Conference, 1989 (pp. 99–105). Melbourne, Australia.Google Scholar
Kapardis, A. (2010). Accounting for mono-episodic mass murder and murderers: a challenge for contemporary criminology. In A. Magganas, (Ed.), Contemporary criminality, its confrontation and criminology: A volume in honour of Prof. Emeritus Iacovos Farsedakis. Nomiki Vivliothiki.Google Scholar
Keeney, B. T., & Heide, K. M. (1994). Gender differences in serial murderers: A preliminary analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9, 383–398.Google Scholar
Kellner, D. (2012). The dark side of the spectacle: Terror in Norway and the UK riots. Cultural Politics, 8(1), 1–43.Google Scholar
Keppel, R. D., & Birnes, W. J. (2003). The psychology of serial killer investigations: the grisly Business unit. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Kimmel, M. S., & Mahler, M. (2003). Adolescent masculinity, homophobia, and violence: Random school shootings, 1983–2001. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(10), 1439–1458.Google Scholar
Klein, J. (2005). Teaching her a lesson: Media misses boys’ rage relating to girls in school shootings. Crime, Media, Culture, 1(1), 90–97.Google Scholar
Klein, J. (2006). An invisible problem. Theoretical Criminology, 10(2), 147–177.Google Scholar
Knight, Z. G. (2006). Some thoughts on the psychological roots of the behavior of serial killers as narcissists: An object relations perspective. Social Behavior and Personality, 34(10), 1189–1206.Google Scholar
Knight, Z. G. (2007). Sexually motivated serial killers and the psychology of aggression and “evil” within a contemporary psychoanalytical perspective. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 13(1), 21–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraemer, G. W., Lord, W. D., & Heilbrun, K. (2004). Comparing single and serial homicide offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22(3), 325–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraus, R. T. (1995). An enigmatic personality: Case report of a serial killer. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, 10(1), 11–24.Google Scholar
Krouse, W. J., & Richardson, D. R. (2015). Mass murder with firearms: Incidents and victims, 1999–2013, Congressional Research Service.Google Scholar
Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713–724.Google Scholar
Larkin, R. W. (2007). The Columbine legacy: Rampage shootings as political acts. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1309–1326.Google Scholar
Lemarchand, R. (2005). Bearing witness to mass murder. African Studies Review, 48(3), 93–101.Google Scholar
Lankford, A. (2013). Mass shooters in the USA, 1996–2010: Differences between attackers who live and die. Justice Quarterly, 32(2), 360–379.Google Scholar
Lankford, A. (2016). Race and mass murder in the United States: A social and behavioral analysis. Current Sociology, 64(3), 470–490.Google Scholar
Leafloor, K. L. (1997). Investigating gender bias and sentencing disparity: A case study analysis of the Paul Bernardo–Karla Homolka case. www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq22091.pdfGoogle Scholar
Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., & Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 202–214.Google Scholar
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111–132.Google Scholar
Lester, D. (2002). Trends in mass murder. Psychological Reports, 90(3, Part 2), 1122–1122.Google Scholar
Levin, J., & Madfis, E. (2009). Mass murder at school and cumulative strain: a sequential model. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1227–1245.Google Scholar
Liebert, J. (1985). Contributions to psychiatric consultation in the investigation of serial murder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 29(3), 187–200.Google Scholar
Liem, M., & Reichelmann, A. (2014). Patterns of multiple family homicide. Homicide Studies, 18(1), 44–58.Google Scholar
Lott, J., Jr., & Landes, W. (2000). Multiple victim public shooting 2000. www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/publications/ssrn-id272929.pdfGoogle Scholar
Madfis, E. (2014). Triple entitlement and homicidal anger: An exploration of the intersectional identities of American mass murderers. Men and Masculinities, 17(1), 67–86.Google Scholar
McKenzie, C. (1995). A study of serial murder. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 39(1), 3–10.Google Scholar
McGinty, E. E., Webster, D. W., Jarlenski, M., & Barry, C. (2014). News media framing of serious mental illness and gun violence in the United States, 1997–2012. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), 406–413.Google Scholar
Meloy, J. R., Hempel, A. G., Mohandie, K., Shiva, A. A., & Gray, B. T. (2001). Offender and offense characteristics of a nonrandom sample of adolescent mass murderers. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(6), 719–728.Google Scholar
Meloy, J. R., & Felthous, A. R. (2004). Introduction to this issue: Serial and mass homicide. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 289–290.Google Scholar
Metzl, J. M., & MacLeish, K. T. (2015). Mental illness, mass shootings, and the politics of American firearms. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 240–249.Google Scholar
Miller, L. (2014). Serial killers: II. Development, dynamics, and forensics. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(1), 12–22.Google Scholar
Ministry of the Solicitor General. (2020, February 13). Major case management. www.mcscs.jus.gov.on.ca/english/police_serv/MajorCaseManagement/mcm.htmlGoogle Scholar
Mowshowitz, H. H. (1978). Historical veracity in the Gilles de Rais file. Fifteenth Century Studies, 1, 267–273.Google Scholar
Morrell, R. F., Merbitz, C. T., Jain, S., & Jain, S. (1998). Traumatic brain injury in prisoners. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27(3–4), 1–8.Google Scholar
Muschert, G. W. (2007). Research in school shootings. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 60–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2004). Children’s emotional development is built into the architecture of their brains (Working Paper No. 2). www.developingchild.net/Google Scholar
National Scientific Council on the Developing Child. (2005/2014). Excessive stress disrupts the Architecture of the developing brain (Working Paper No. 3, Updated Ed.). www.developingchild.harvard.edu/Google Scholar
Newman, K., et al. (2004). Rampage: The social roots of school shootings. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Newman, K., & Fox, C. (2009). Repeat tragedy: Shootings in American high schools and college settings, 2002–2008. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1286–1308.Google Scholar
North, C., McCutcheon, V., Spitznagel, E., & Smith, E. (2002). Three-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting episode. Journal of Urban Health, 79(3), 383–391.Google Scholar
Nurmi, J. (2018). Shared experiences of mass shootings: A comparative perspective on the aftermath. Routledge.Google Scholar
Oksanen, A., Rasanen, P., Nurmi, J., & Lindstrom, K. (2010). This can’t happen here: Community reactions to school shootings in Finland. Research on Finnish Society, 3, 19–27.Google Scholar
Oppal, W. T. (2012). Forsaken: The report of the Missing Women Commission of Inquiry. Volume IIB: Nobodies: How and why we failed the missing and murdered women. www.missingwomeninquiry.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Forsaken-Vol-2B-web-RGB.pdfGoogle Scholar
Palermo, G. B. (1997). The beserk syndrome: A review of mass murder. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2(1), 1–8.Google Scholar
Pearce, M. (2013). An awkward silence: Missing and murdered vulnerable women and the Canadian justice system. LD diss., University of Ottawa.Google Scholar
Podolsky, E. (1965). The lust murderer. MedicoLegal Journal, 33, 174–178.Google Scholar
Prentky, R. A., Burgess, A. W., Rokous, F. R., Lee, A., Hartman, C., & Ressler, R. (1989). The presumptive role of fantasy in serial homicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(7), 887–891.Google Scholar
Pron, N. (1996) Lethal marriage. Seal Books.Google Scholar
Record, K. L., & Gostin, L. O. (2014). What will it take? Terrorism, mass murder, gang violence, and suicides: The American way or do we strive for a better way? University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 47(3), 555–574.Google Scholar
Reid, S. (2016). Compulsive criminal homicide: A new nosology for serial murder. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 290–301.Google Scholar
Reid, S., Katan, A., Ellithy, A., Della Stua, R., & Denisov, E. V. (2019). The perfect storm: Mapping the life course trajectories of serial killers. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(9), 1621–1662.Google Scholar
Ressler, R. K., Burgess, A. W., & Douglas, J. E. (1988). Sexual homicide: Patterns and motives. Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Rucker, R., & Achenbach, J. (2014). Californian student goes on shooting rampage after making “Day of retribution” video. Washington Post. www.washingtonpost.com/national/calif-student-goes-on-shooting-rampage-after-making-day-of-retribution-video/2014/05/24/9a933b30-e366–11e3–9743-bb9b59cde7b9_story.htmlGoogle Scholar
Safi, M. (2016, June 13). Killer’s ex-wife says he beat her and held her hostage. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jun/13/orlando-massacre-omar-mateens-ex-wife-says-he-beat-her-and-held-her-hostageGoogle Scholar
Schlesinger, L. B. (2000). Serial offenders: Current thought, recent findings. CRC Press.Google Scholar
Schofield, P. W., Butler, T. G., Hollis, S. J., Smith, N. E., Lee, S. J., & Kelso, W. M. (2006). Traumatic brain injury among Australian prisoners: rates, recurrence and sequelae. Brain Injury, 20(5), 499–506.Google Scholar
Schwarz, E., Kowalski, J., & McNally, R. J. (1993). Malignant memories: Post-traumatic change in memory of adults after a school shooting. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(4), 545–553.Google Scholar
Scott, S. L. (2000). What makes a serial killer tick? Crime Library: Online. www.crimelibrary.com/Google Scholar
Scott, H., & Fleming, K. (2014). The family annihilator: An exploratory study. Homicide Studies, 18(1), 59–82.Google Scholar
Scott, M. (1997). Port Arthur: A story of strength and courage. Random House Australia.Google Scholar
Seierstad, A. (2015). One of us: The story of Anders Breivik and the massacre in Norway. Virago.Google Scholar
Shon, P. C. H. (2012). “Asians really don’t do this”: on-scene offense characteristics of Asian American school shooters. Journal of Criminology, 7(3), 91–97.Google Scholar
Silver, J., Horgan, J., & Gill, P. (2018). Foreshadowing targeted violence: Assessing leakage of intent by public mass murderers. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 38, 94–100.Google Scholar
Silver, R. C., et al. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological response to September 11th. Journal of American Medical Association, 288(1), 1235–1244.Google Scholar
Slaughter, B., Fann, J. R., & Ehde, D. (2003). Traumatic brain injury in a county jail population: Prevalence, neuropsychological functioning and psychiatric disorders. Brain Injury, 17(9), 731–741.Google Scholar
Smart, R. (2018, March 2). Mass shootings: Definitions and trends. RAND Gun Policy in America. www.rand.org/research/gun-policy/analysis/essays/mass-shootings.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sommer, F., Vincenz, L., & Herbert, S. (2014). Bullying, romantic rejection, and conflict with teachers: The critical role of social dynamics in the development of school shootings – a systemic review. International Journal of Development Science, 8(1–2), 3–24.Google Scholar
Sommers, Z. (2016). Missing white woman syndrome: An empirical analysis of race and gender disparities in online news coverage of missing persons. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 106(2), 275–314.Google Scholar
Stillman, S. (2007). The missing white girl syndrome: Disappeared women and media activism. Gender and Development, 15(3), 491–502.Google Scholar
Stone, M. H. (2001). Serial sexual homicide: Biological, psychological, and sociological aspects. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(1), 1–18.Google Scholar
Storr, A. (1968). Human aggression. Penguin.Google Scholar
Suomalinen, L., et al. (2010). A controlled follow-up study of adolescents exposed to a school shooting: Psychological consequences after four months. European Psychiatry, 26(8), 490–497.Google Scholar
Sykes, G. M. (1974). The rise of critical criminology. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 65, 206–213.Google Scholar
Thorensen, S., et al. (2012). The day Norway cried: Proximity and distress in Norwegian citizens following the 22nd July 2011 terrorist attacks in Oslo and on Utøya Island. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 3(1), 19709.Google Scholar
Taylor, M. A. (2018). A comprehensive study of mass murder precipitants and motivations of offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(2), 427–449.Google Scholar
Vinas-Racionero, R., Schlesinger, L. B., Scalora, M. J., & Jarvis, J. P. (2017). Youthful familicidal offenders: targeted victims, planned attacks. Journal of Family Violence, 32(5), 535–542.Google Scholar
Von Krafft-Ebing, R., & Chaddock, C. (1894). Psychopathia sexualis. Davis.Google Scholar
Warf, B., & Waddell, C. (2002). Heinous spaces, perfidious places: The sinister landscapes of serial killers. Social & Cultural Geography, 3(3), 323–345.Google Scholar
Watson, S. W. (2007). Boys, masculinity and school violence: Reaping what we sow. Gender and Education, 19(6), 729–737.Google Scholar
White, S. G. (2017). Case study: The Isla Vista Campus community mass murder. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management, 4(1), 20–47.Google Scholar
Wolfgang, M. E. (1961). Pioneers in criminology: Cesare Lombroso. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 52(4), 361–391.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×