Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T00:13:10.842Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

37 - Expertise and Situation Awareness

from Part VI - Generalizable Mechanisms Mediating Types of Expertise

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 May 2018

K. Anders Ericsson
Affiliation:
Florida State University
Robert R. Hoffman
Affiliation:
Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition
Aaron Kozbelt
Affiliation:
Brooklyn College, City University of New York
A. Mark Williams
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allsop, J., & Gray, R. (2014). Flying under pressure: Effects of anxiety on attention and gaze behavior in aviation. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 6371.Google Scholar
Amalberti, R., & Deblon, F. (1992). Cognitive modeling of fighter aircraft process control: A step towards an intelligent on-board assistance system. International Journal of Man–Machine Systems, 36, 639671.Google Scholar
AOPA (1997). Nall Report: General Aviation Accident Trends and Factors for 1996. Fredrick, MD: Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association Air Safety Foundation.Google Scholar
Ashby, F. G., & Gott, R. E. (1988). Decision rules in the perception and categorization of multidimensional stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 3353.Google Scholar
Bacon, S. J. (1974). Arousal and the range of cue utilization. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 102, 8187.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1972). Selective attention and performance in dangerous environments. British Journal of Psychology, 63, 537546.Google Scholar
Barber, P. J., & Folkard, S. (1972). Reaction time under stimulus uncertainty with response certainty. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 93, 138142.Google Scholar
Bellenkes, A., Wickens, C. D., & Kramer, A. F. (1997). Visual scanning and pilot expertise: The role of attentional flexibility and mental model development. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 68, 569579.Google Scholar
Beller, J., Heesen, M., & Vollrath, M. (2013). Improving the driver–automation interaction: An approach using automation uncertainty. Human Factors, 55, 11301141.Google Scholar
Bolstad, C. A., Endsley, M. R., Howell, C., & Costello, A. (2002). Situation awareness training for general aviation pilots: Final report (SATECH 02–04). Marietta, GA: SA Technologies.Google Scholar
Bolstad, C. A., Foltz, P., Franzke, M., Cuevas, H. M., Rosenstein, M., & Costello, A. M. (2007). Predicting situation awareness from team communications. Paper presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Braune, R. J., & Trollip, S. R. (1982). Towards an internal model in pilot training. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 53, 996999.Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1971). Decision and stress. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Carsten, O., Lai, F. C. H., Barnard, Y., Jamson, A. H., & Merat, N. (2012). Control task substitution in semiautomated driving: Does it matter what aspects are automated? Human Factors, 54, 747761.Google Scholar
Casson, R. W. (1983). Schema in cognitive anthropology. Annual Review of Anthropology, 12, 429462.Google Scholar
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perceptions in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 5581.Google Scholar
Corbetta, M., & Schulman, G. L. (2002). Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 201215.Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1988). Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin, 104, 163191.Google Scholar
Currie, L. (1969). The perception of danger in a simulated driving task. Ergonomics, 12, 841849.Google Scholar
Davis, E. T., Kramer, P., & Graham, N. (1983). Uncertainty about spatial frequency, spatial position, or contrast of visual patterns. Perception and Psychophysics, 5, 341346.Google Scholar
Dreyfus, S. E. (1981). Formal models vs. human situational understanding: Inherent limitations on the modeling of business expertise (ORC 81–3). Berkeley: Operations Research Center, University of California.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1988). Design and evaluation for situation awareness enhancement. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 32nd Annual Meeting (pp. 97101). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1989). Pilot situation awareness: The challenge for the training community. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training Systems Conference (I/ITSC) (pp. 111117). Fort Worth, TX.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1990). A methodology for the objective measurement of situation awareness. Situational Awareness in Aerospace Operations (AGARD-CP-478) (pp. 1/11/9). Neuilly sur Seine: NATO/AGARD.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, 37, 3264.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (2000). Direct measurement of situation awareness: Validity and use of SAGAT. In Endsley, M. R. & Garland, D. J. (eds.), Situation awareness analysis and measurement (pp. 147174). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (2004). Situation awareness: Progress and directions. In Banbury, S. & Tremblay, S. (eds.), A cognitive approach to situation awareness: Theory, measurement and application (pp. 317341). Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (2009). Situation awareness in aviation. In Wise, J. A., Hopkin, V. D., & Garland, D. J. (eds.), Handbook of aviation human factors (2nd edn.) (Chapter 12). London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (2015a). Final reflections: Situation awareness models and measures. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 9, 101111.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (2015b). Situation awareness misconceptions and misunderstandings. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 9, 432.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R. (2017). From here to autonomy: Lessons learned from human–automation research. Human Factors, 59, 527.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R., & Bolstad, C. A. (1994). Individual differences in pilot situation awareness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 4, 241264.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R., Holder, L. D., Leibrecht, B. C., Garland, D. C., Wampler, R. L., & Matthews, M. D. (2000). Modeling and measuring situation awareness in the infantry operational environment. Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R., & Jones, W. M. (2001). A model of inter- and intrateam situation awareness: Implications for design, training and measurement. In McNeese, M., Salas, E., & Endsley, M. (eds.), New trends in cooperative activities: Understanding system dynamics in complex environments (pp. 4667). Santa Monica, CA: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R., & Jones, D. G. (2012). Designing for situation awareness: An approach to human-centered design (2nd edn.). London: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R., & Kiris, E. O. (1995). The out-of-the-loop performance problem and level of control in automation. Human Factors, 37, 381394.Google Scholar
Endsley, M. R., & Robertson, M. M. (1996). Team situation awareness in aviation maintenance. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 10771081). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., & Kintsch, W. (1995). Long term working memory. Psychological Review, 102, 211245.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A., & Lehmann, A. C. (1996). Expert and exceptional performance: Evidence of maximal adaptation to task constraints. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 273305.Google Scholar
Eysenck, M. W. (1982). Attention and arousal: Cognition and performance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Gonzalez, C., & Wimisberg, J. (2007). Situation awareness in dynamic decision making: Effects of practice and working memory. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 1, 5674.Google Scholar
Gorman, J. C., Cooke, N. J., Pederson, H. K., Connor, O. O., & DeJoode, J. A. (2005). Coordinated awareness of situation by teams (CAST): Measuring team situation awareness of a communications glitch. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 274277). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Gugerty, L., & Tirre, W. (1997). Situation awareness: A validation study and investigation of individual differences. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 564568). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Gutzwiller, R. S., & Clegg, B. A. (2013). The role of working memory in levels of situation awareness. Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 7, 141154.Google Scholar
Hergeth, S., Lorenz, L., Vilimek, R., & Krems, J. F. (2016). Keep your scanners peeled: Gaze behavior as a measure of automation trust during highly automated driving. Human Factors, 58, 509519.Google Scholar
Hinsley, D., Hayes, J. R., & Simon, H. A. (1977). From words to equations, meaning and representation in algebra word problems. In Carpenter, P. & Just, M. (eds.), Cognitive processes in comprehension (pp. 89106). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hockey, G. R. J. (1986). Changes in operator efficiency as a function of environmental stress, fatigue and circadian rhythms. In Boff, K., Kaufman, L., & Thomas, J. (eds.), Handbook of perception and performance (Vol. 2, pp. 44/4144/49). New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar
Holland, J. H., Holyoak, K. F., Nisbett, R. E., & Thagard, P. R. (1986). Induction: Processes of inference, learning and discovery. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Horswill, M. S., & McKenna, F. P. (2004). Drivers’ hazard perception ability: Situation awareness on the road. In Banbury, S. & Tremblay, S. (eds.), A cognitive approach to situation awareness: Theory, measurement and application (pp. 155174). Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Janis, I. L. (1982). Decision making under stress. In Goldberger, L. & Breznitz, S. (eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 6987). New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Jones, D. G., & Endsley, M. R. (1996). Sources of situation awareness errors in aviation. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 67, 507512.Google Scholar
Jones, D. G., Quoetone, E. M., Ferree, J. T., Magsig, M. A., & Bunting, W. F. (2003). An initial investigation into the cognitive processes underlying mental projection. Proceedings of the 47th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 596600). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Jones, R. A. (1977). Self-fulfilling prophecies: Social, psychological and physiological effects of expectancies. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kaber, D. B., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science, 5, 113153.Google Scholar
Keinan, G. (1987). Decision making under stress: Scanning of alternatives under controllable and uncontrollable threats. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 639644.Google Scholar
Klein, G. A., Calderwood, R., & Clinton-Cirocco, A. (1986). Rapid decision making on the fire ground. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society (pp. 576580). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Kuipers, A., Kappers, A., van Holten, C. R., van Bergen, J. H. W., & Oosterveld, W. J. (1990). Spatial disorientation incidents in the R.N.L.A.F. F16 and F5 aircraft and suggestions for prevention. Situational awareness in aerospace operations (AGARD-CP-478) (pp. OV/E/1OV/E/16). Neuilly sur Seine, France: NATO – AGARD.Google Scholar
Ma, R., & Kaber, D. (2005). Situation awareness and workload in driving while using adaptive cruise control and a cell phone. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35, 939953.Google Scholar
Mann, D. T., Williams, A. M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C. M. (2007). Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Expertise Psychology, 29, 457478.Google Scholar
Mayer, R. E. (1983). Thinking, problem solving, cognition. New York: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
McGrath, C. (1997). Elders on ice. New York Times Magazine, March 23.Google Scholar
McKenna, F., & Crick, J. L. (1991). Hazard perception in drivers: A methodology for testing and training. University of Reading, Transport and Road Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
McKenna, F., & Crick, J. L. (1994). Developments in hazard perception. London: Department of Transport.Google Scholar
McKenna, F., & Farrand, P. (1999). The role of automaticity in driving. In Grayson, G. B. (ed.), Behavioural research in road safety IX. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Medin, D. L., Altom, M. W., & Murphy, T. D. (1984). Given versus induced category representations: Use of prototype and exemplar information in classification. Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 10, 333352.Google Scholar
Merat, N., Jamson, A. H., Lai, F. C. H., & Carsten, O. (2012). Highly automated driving, secondary task performance, and driver state. Human Factors, 54, 762771.Google Scholar
Mourant, R. R., & Rockwell, T. H. (1972). Strategies of visual search by novice and experienced drivers. Human Factors, 14, 325335.Google Scholar
Najm, W. G., Mironer, M., Koziol, J. S., Wang, J. S., & Knipling, R. R. (1995). Examination of target vehicular crashes and potential ITS countermeasures. Report for Volpe National Transportation Systems Center.Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.Google Scholar
Norman, G., Eva, K., Brooks, L., & Hamstra, S. (2006). Expertise in medicine and surgery. In Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., Hoffman, R. R., & Feltovich, P. J. (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 339354). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
North, J. S., Ward, P., Ericsson, K. A., & Williams, A. M. (2011). Mechanisms underlying skilled anticipation and recognition in a dynamic and temporally constrained domain. Memory, 19, 155168.Google Scholar
NTSB (1989). General aviation accidents involving visual flight rules flight into instrument meteorological conditions (NTSB/SR–89/01). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.Google Scholar
NTSB. (1998). 1997 U.S. airline fatalities down substantially from previous year; general aviation deaths rise. NTSB Press Release February 24 (SB 98-12). Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board.Google Scholar
O’Hare, D. (1997). Cognitive ability determinants of elite pilot performance. Human Factors, 39, 540552.Google Scholar
Orasanu, J., Dismukes, R. K., & Fischer, U. (1993). Decision errors in the cockpit. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 363367). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Orasanu, J., & Fischer, U. (1997). Finding decisions in natural environments: The view from the cockpit. In Zsambok, C. E. & Klein, G. (eds.), Naturalistic decision making (pp. 343357). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Palmer, S. E. (1975). The effects of contextual scenes on the identification of objects. Memory & Cognition, 3, 519526.Google Scholar
Pelz, D. C., & Krumpat, E. (1974). Caution profile and driving record of undergraduate males. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 6, 4558.Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., Nissen, J. M., & Ogden, W. C. (1978). Attended and unattended processing modes: The role of set for spatial location. In Pick, H. L. & Saltzman, E. J. (eds.), Modes of perceiving and processing (pp. 137157). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Press, M. (1986). Situation awareness: Let’s get serious about the clue-bird. Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar
Prince, C., & Salas, E. (1998). Situation assessment for routine flight and decision making. International Journal of Cognitive Ergonomics, 1, 315324.Google Scholar
Quimby, A. R., Maycock, G., Carter, I. D., Dixon, R., & Wall, J. G. (1986). Perceptual abilities of accident involved drivers (Research Report No. 27). Crowthorne: Transport and Road Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Rouse, W. B., & Morris, N. M. (1985). On looking into the black box: Prospects and limits in the search for mental models (DTIC #AD-A159080). Atlanta, GA: Center for Man–Machine Systems Research, Georgia Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Sabey, B. E., & Staughton, G. C. (1975). Interacting roles of road environment, vehicle and road user in accidents. Paper presented to the 5th International Conference of the International Association of Accident and Traffic Medicine, London.Google Scholar
Schriver, A. T., Morrow, D. G., Wickens, C. D., & Talleur, D. A. (2008). Expertise differences in attentional strategies related to pilot decision making. Human Factors, 50, 864878.Google Scholar
Schulz, C. M., Endsley, M. R., Kochs, E. F., Gelb, A. W., & Wagner, K. J. (2013). Situation awareness in anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 118, 729742.Google Scholar
Schulz, C. M., Krautheim, V., Hackemann, A., Kreuzer, M., Kochs, E. F., & Wagner, K. J. (2016). Situation awareness errors in anesthesia and critical care in 200 cases of a critical incident reporting system. BMC Anesthesiology, 16, 110.Google Scholar
Schutte, P. C., & Trujillo, A. C. (1996). Flight crew task management in non-normal situations. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 244248). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Sethumadhavan, A. (2009). Effects of automation types on air traffic controller situation awareness and performance. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 15). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Shattuck, L., Graham, J., Merlo, J., & Hah, S. (2000). Cognitive integration: An investigation of how expert and novice commanders process battlefield data. In Benedict, M. E. (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Federated Laboratory Symposium on Displays and Interactive Displays Consortium. Adelphi, MD: U.S. Army Research Laboratory.Google Scholar
Sohn, Y. W., & Doane, S. M. (2004). Memory processes of flight situation awareness: Interactive roles of working memory capacity, long-term working memory and expertise. Human Factors, 46, 461475.Google Scholar
Stein, E. S. (1992). Air traffic control visual scanning (DOT/FAA/CT-TN92/16). Atlantic City International Airport, NJ: Federal Aviation Administration William J. Hughes Technical Center.Google Scholar
Strater, L. D., Endsley, M. R., Pleban, R. J., & Matthews, M. D. (2001a). Measures of platoon leader situation awareness in virtual decision making exercises (Research Report 1770). Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute.Google Scholar
Strater, L. D., Jones, D. G., & Endsley, M. R. (2001b). Analysis of infantry situation awareness training requirements (SATech 01–15). Marietta, GA: SA Technologies.Google Scholar
Sulistayawati, K., Wickens, C. D., & Chui, Y. P. (2011). Prediction in situation awareness: Confidence bias and underlying cognitive abilities. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 21, 153174.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. M., Endsley, M. R., & Henderson, S. (1996). Situational awareness workshop report. In Hayward, B. J. & Lowe, A. R. (eds.), Applied aviation psychology: Achievement, change and challenge (pp. 447454). Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Treisman, A., & Paterson, R. (1984). Emergent features, attention and object perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 10, 1231.Google Scholar
Trollip, S. R., & Jensen, R. S. (1991). Human factors for general aviation. Englewood, CO: Jeppesen Sanderson.Google Scholar
Underwood, G., Chapman, P., Bowden, K., & Crundall, D. (2002). Visual search while driving: Skill and awareness during inspection of the scene. Transportation Research, Part F, 5, 8797.Google Scholar
Wickens, C. D. (1992). Engineering psychology and human performance (2nd edn.). New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Wiggens, M., Connan, N., & Morris, C. (1995). Self-perceptions of weather-related decision-making ability amongst pilots. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology (pp. 845850). Columbus, OH.Google Scholar
Williams, A. M., North, J. S., & Hope, E. R. (2012). Identifying the mechanisms underpinning recognition of structured sequences of action. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65, 19751992.Google Scholar
Wright, M. C., Taekman, J. M., & Endsley, M. R. (2004). Objective measure of situation awareness in a simulated medical environment. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13 (Suppl. 1), 6571.Google Scholar
Xiao, Y., & Moss, J. (2001). Practices of high reliability teams: Observations in trauma resuscitation. Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (pp. 395399). Santa Monica, CA.Google Scholar
Yu, C. S., Wang, E. M., Li, W. C., & Braithwaite, G. (2014). Pilots’ visual scan patterns and situation awareness in flight operations. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 85, 798–714.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×