Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T13:21:24.043Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Enclosing Water: Privatization, Commodification, and Access

from Part V - Resources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2020

Katharine Legun
Affiliation:
Wageningen University and Research, The Netherlands
Julie C. Keller
Affiliation:
University of Rhode Island
Michael Carolan
Affiliation:
Colorado State University
Michael M. Bell
Affiliation:
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines the global political economy of access to drinking water, with particular attention to the implications for environmental and social justice. After reviewing theoretical approaches to the privatization and commodification of drinking water, the chapter examines the institutional and ideological drivers, dynamics, and effects of the enclosure of municipal (tap) water supplies, and the substantial countermovements it has generated, drawing on case studies from both the global South and the North. The chapter briefly reviews the present status of municipal water privatization, and then turns to another major modality of water commodification: bottled water. It explores the dramatic growth of this relatively new commodity, its environmental and social externalities, and the grassroots movements opposing water extraction by the global bottled water industry in specific localities. These countermovements have proven partially successful at reversing, slowing, or preventing privatization, and in posing obstacles to the further commodification of water through bottling. The concluding section discusses the linkages between these various modes of water commodification, and the implications for ensuring the human right to water.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahlers, Rhodante. 2005. “Gender Dimensions of Neoliberal Water Policy in Mexico and Bolivia: Empowering or Disempowering?” pp. 5371 in Opposing Currents: The Politics of Water and Gender in Latin America, edited by Bennett, V, Davila-Poblete, S, and Nieves Rico, M. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Ahlers, Rhodante. 2010. “Fixing and Nixing: The Politics of Water Privatization.Review of Radical Political Economics 42(2):213230.Google Scholar
American Water Works Association. 2012. Buried No Longer: Confronting America’s Water Infrastructure Challenge. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association.Google Scholar
Arup. 2015. In-Depth Water Yearbook 2014–2015. London: Arup.Google Scholar
Augenstein, Seth. 2015. “Christie Signs Law Greenlighting Fast Track Sale of N.J. Public Water Systems.” NJ.com (February 5). Retrieved February 15, 2018 (www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2015/02/christie_signs_law_greenlighting_sales_of_public_water_systems.html).Google Scholar
Bakker, Karen. 2005. “Neoliberalizing Nature? Market Environmentalism in Water Supply in England and Wales.Annals of the Association of American Geographers 95(3):542565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, Karen. 2007. “The ‘Commons’ Versus the ‘Commodity’: Alter-Globalization, Anti-Privatization and the Human Right to Water in the Global South.Antipode 39(3):430455.Google Scholar
Bakker, Karen. 2010. Privatizing Water: Governance Failure and the World’s Urban Water Crisis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, Karen. 2013a. “Neoliberal Versus Postneoliberal Water: Geographies of Privatization and Resistance.Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103(2):253260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bakker, Karen. 2013b. “Constructing ‘Public’ Water: The World Bank, Urban Water Supply, and the Biopolitics of Development.Environment and Planning D-Society & Space 31(2):280300.Google Scholar
Bakker, Karen. 2014. “The Business of Water: Market Environmentalism in the Water Sector.Annual Review of Environment & Resources 39(1):469494.Google Scholar
Barlow, Maude. 2007. Blue Covenant: The Global Water Crisis and the Coming Battle for the Right to Water. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, Maude. 2014. Blue Future: Protecting Water for People and the Planet Forever. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Barlow, Maude and Clarke, Tony. 2002. Blue Gold: The Fight to Stop the Corporate Theft of the World’s Water. New York: The New Press.Google Scholar
Bellinger, David C. 2016. “Lead Contamination in Flint – an Abject Failure to Protect Public Health.New England Journal of Medicine 374 (March 24):11011103.Google Scholar
Beverage Marketing Corporation. 2017, “Bottled Water Becomes Number-One Beverage in the US, Data from Beverage Marketing Corporation Show.” Retrieved March 10, 2018 (www.beveragemarketing.com/news-detail.asp?id=438).Google Scholar
Bieler, Andreas, and Jordan, Jamie. 2017. “Commodification and ‘the Commons’: The Politics of Privatising Public Water in Greece and Portugal During the Eurozone Crisis.” European Journal of International Relations 24(4):934957. Doi:1354066117728383.Google Scholar
Blow, Charles M. 2016. “The Poisoning of Flint’s Water.” New York Times (January 21), www.nytimes.com/2016/01/21/opinion/the-poisoning-of-flints-water.html.Google Scholar
Bond, Patrick. 2008. “Macrodynamics of Globalisation, Uneven Urban Development and the Commodification of Water.Law, Social Justice and Global Development (An Electronic Law Journal) 11:114.Google Scholar
Bond, Patrick. 2012. “The Right to the City and the Eco-Social Commoning of Water: Discursive and Political Lessons from South Africa.” pp. 190205 in The Right to Water, edited by Sultana, F and Loftus, A. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Butler, Lindsey J., Scammell, Madeleine K. and Benson, Eugene B.. 2016. “The Flint, Michigan, Water Crisis: A Case Study in Regulatory Failure and Environmental Injustice.Environmental Justice 9(4):9397.Google Scholar
Campero Arena, Claudia. 2016. Water Campaigner, Blue Planet Project (Personal Communication). Mexico City, January 30.Google Scholar
Carrozza, Chiara and Fantini, Emanuele. 2016. “The Italian Water Movement and the Politics of the Commons.Water Alternatives-an Interdisciplinary Journal on Water Politics and Development 9(1):99119.Google Scholar
Casarin, Ariel A., Delfino, Jose A. and Delfino, Maria Eugenia. 2007. “Failures in Water Reform: Lessons from the Buenos Aires’s Concession.Utilities Policy 15(4):234247.Google Scholar
Castro, José Esteban. 2007. “Poverty and Citizenship: Sociological Perspectives on Water Services and Public-Private Participation.Geoforum 38:756771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castro, José Esteban. 2008. “Water Struggles, Citizenship and Governance in Latin America.Development 51:7276.Google Scholar
Conca, Ken. 2008. “The United States and International Water Policy.Journal of Environment & Development 17(3):215237.Google Scholar
Drew, Georgina. 2008. “From the Groundwater Up: Asserting Water Rights in India.” Development 51(1): 3741.Google Scholar
Drewnowski, Adam, Rehm, Colin D., and Constant, Florence. 2013. “Water and Beverage Consumption Among Adults in the United States: Cross-Sectional Study Using Data from NHANES 2005–2010.” BMC Public Health 13(1):119 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-1068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Driessen, Travis. 2008. “Collective Management Strategies and Elite Resistance in Cochabamba, Bolivia.Development 51(1):8995.Google Scholar
Dugard, Jackie. 2010. “Can Human Rights Transcend the Commercialization of Water in South Africa? Soweto’s Legal Fight for an Equitable Water Policy.Review of Radical Political Economics 42(2):175194.Google Scholar
Esterl, Mike. 2006. “Dry Hole: Great Expectations for Private Water Fail to Pan Out.” Wall Street Journal (June 26), www.wsj.com/articles/SB115128641717890452.Google Scholar
Food and Water Watch. 2011. Water = Life: How Privatization Undermines the Human Right to Water. Washington, DC: Food and Water Watch.Google Scholar
Food and Water Watch. 2012a. Private Equity Public Inequity: The Public Cost of Private Equity Takeovers of U.S. Water Infrastructure. Washington, DC: Food and Water Watch.Google Scholar
Food and Water Watch. 2012b. Public–Public Partnerships: An Alternative Model to Leverage the Capacity of Municipal Water Utilities. Washington, DC: Food and Water Watch.Google Scholar
Food and Water Watch. 2016. The State of Public Water in the United States. Washington, DC: Food and Water Watch.Google Scholar
Food and Water Watch. 2017a. Take Back the Tap: The Big Business Hustle of Bottled Water. Washington, DC: Food and Water Watch.Google Scholar
Food and Water Watch. 2017b. Water Injustice: Economic and Racial Disparities in Access to Safe and Clean Water in the United States. Washington, DC: Food and Water Watch.Google Scholar
Frederick, Franklin. 2018. “Water: The Warning Coming from South Africa.” Dawn News (February 15). Retrieved February 28, 2018 (www.thedawn-news.org/2018/02/27/water-the-warning-coming-from-south-africa/).Google Scholar
Gentile, Annie. 2008. “Mayors Push Benefits of Cities’ Tap Water.American City & County 123(9):1820.Google Scholar
Girard, Richard. 2009. “Bottled Water Industry Targets a New Market: The Global South.” AlterNet, June 15. Accessed September 1, 2011. www.alternet.org/module/printversion/140671.Google Scholar
Glassman, Jim. 2006. “Primitive Accumulation, Accumulation by Dispossession, Accumulation by ‘Extra-Economic’ Means.Progress in Human Geography 30(5):608625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleick, Peter H., Wolff, Gary, Chalecki, Elizabeth L, and Reyes, Rachel. 2002. The New Economy of Water: The Risks and Benefits of Globalization and Privatization of Fresh Water. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute.Google Scholar
Gleick, Peter H. 2010. Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Gleick, Peter H., and Cooley, Heather S. 2009. “Energy Implications of Bottled Water.” Environmental Research Letters 4(1):16. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/1/014009.Google Scholar
Godoy, Emilio. 2010. “Mexico: Soaring Bottled Water Use Highlights Mistrust of Tap Water.” Inter Press Service, www.globalissues.org/news/2010/09/23/7056.Google Scholar
Goff, Matthew and Crow, Ben. 2014. “What Is Water Equity? The Unfortunate Consequences of a Global Focus on ‘Drinking Water’.Water International 39(2):159171.Google Scholar
Goldman, Michael. 2005. Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization. New Haven CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Goldman, Michael. 2007. “How ‘Water for All!’ Policy Became Hegemonic: The Power of the World Bank and Its Transnational Policy Networks.Geoforum 38:786800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Gomez, Francisco, Garcia-Rubio, Miguel A., and Gonzalez-Martinez., Jesús 2014. “Beyond the Public-Private Controversy in Urban Water Management in Spain.Utilities Policy 31:19.Google Scholar
Greene, Joshua Cullen. 2014. “The Bottled Water Industry in Mexico.” Master of Global Policy Studies Master’s thesis, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Greiner, Patrick. 2016. “Social Drivers of Water Utility Privatization in the United States: An Examination of the Presence of Variegated Neoliberal Strategies in the Water Utility Sector.Rural Sociology 81(3):387406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, David, Lobina, Emanuele and De la Motte., Robin 2009. Making Water Privatisation Illegal: New Laws in Netherlands and Uruguay. London: Public Service International Research Unit.Google Scholar
Hall, David, Lobina, Emanele and Corral, Violeta. 2011. Trends in Water Privatization. London: Public Services International Research Unit.Google Scholar
Harris, Leila M. 2013. “Variable Histories and Geographies of Marketization and Privatization.” pp. 118–32 in Contemporary Water Governance in the Global South: Scarcity, Marketization and Participation, edited by Harris, L. M., Goldin, J. A., and Sneddon, C. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harvey, David. 2003. The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hawkins, Gay. 2017. “The Impacts of Bottled Water: An Analysis of Bottled Water Markets and their Interactions with Tap Water Provision.” WIREs Water 4 (3). doi:10.1002/wat2.1203.Google Scholar
Jaffee, Daniel, and Newman, Soren. 2013a. “A Bottle Half Empty: Bottled Water, Commodification, and Contestation.Organization & Environment 26(3):318335.Google Scholar
Jaffee, Daniel, and Newman, Soren. 2013b. “A More Perfect Commodity: Bottled Water, Global Accumulation, and Local Contestation.Rural Sociology 78(1):128.Google Scholar
Jaffee, Daniel, and Case, Robert A.. 2018. “Draining Us Dry: Scarcity Discourses in Contention over Bottled Water Extraction.Local Environment 23(4):485501.Google Scholar
Kishimoto, Satoko, and Petitjean, Olivier. 2017. Reclaiming Public Services: How Cities and Citizens Are Turning Back Privatisation. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.Google Scholar
Klein, Naomi. 2007. The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism. Toronto: Knopf Canada.Google Scholar
Kloppenburg, Jack R. 2004. First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology, 1492–2000 (2nd Ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Kornberg, Dana. 2016. “The Structural Origins of Territorial Stigma: Water and Racial Politics in Metropolitan Detroit, 1950s-2010s.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 40(2):263283.Google Scholar
Kurland, Nancy B. and Zell, Deone. 2011. “Water and Business: A Taxonomy and Review of the Research.Organization & Environment 23(3):316353.Google Scholar
Lagos, Marisa. 2014. “S.F. Supervisors Back Ban on Sale of Plastic Water Bottles.” San Francisco Chronicle (March 5), www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/S-F-supervisors-back-ban-on-sale-of-plastic-5289089.php.Google Scholar
Laville, Sandra, and Taylor, Matthew. 2017. A Million Bottles a Minute: World’s Plastic Binge “as Dangerous as Climate Change.” The Guardian (June 28).Google Scholar
Laxer, Gordon, and Soron, Dennis. 2006. Not for Sale: Decommodifying Public Life. Peterborough, Canada: Broadview.Google Scholar
Lederer, Edith. 2010. “Access to Clean Water Is ‘Human Right,’ Says U.N.” The Independent (July 30), www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/access-to-clean-water-is-human-right-says-un-2039083.html.Google Scholar
Liddle, Elisabeth S., Mager, Sarah M., and Nel, Etienne L.. 2014. “The Importance of Community-Based Informal Water Supply Systems in the Developing World and the Need for Formal Sector Support.” The Geographical Journal. doi:10.1111/geoj.12117.Google Scholar
Lobina, Emanuele, Terhorst, Philipp and Popov, Vladimir. 2011. “Policy Networks and Social Resistance to Water Privatization in Latin America.Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences 10:1925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loftus, Alex. 2009. “Rethinking Political Ecologies of Water.Third World Quarterly 30(5):953968.Google Scholar
Mack, Elizabeth A. and Wrase, Sarah. 2017. “A Burgeoning Crisis? A Nationwide Assessment of the Geography of Water Affordability in the United States.PLoS One 12(1). Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169488.Google Scholar
Malkin, Elisabeth. 2012. “Bottled-Water Habit Keeps Tight Grip on Mexicans.” New York Times (July 17), www.nytimes.com/2012/07/17/world/americas/mexicans-struggle-to-kick-bottled-water-habit.html.Google Scholar
Marx, Karl. 1867. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. Chicago, IL: Charles H. Kerr & Co.Google Scholar
McDonald, David A. 2016. “To Corporatize or Not to Corporatize (and If So, How?).Utilities Policy 40:107114.Google Scholar
Mehta, Lyla, Allouche, Jeremy, Nicol, Alan, and Walnycki, Anna. 2014. “Global Environmental Justice and the Right to Water: The Case of Peri-Urban Cochabamba and Delhi.Geoforum 54:158166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehta, Lyla. 2016. “Why Invisible Power and Structural Violence Persist in the Water Domain.IDS Bulletin 47(5):3142.Google Scholar
Mercille, Julien and Murphy, Enda. 2015. “Conceptualising European Privatisation Processes after the Great Recession.Antipode 48(3):685704.Google Scholar
Miller, DeMond Shondell and Wesley, Nyjeer. 2016. “Toxic Disasters, Biopolitics, and Corrosive Communities: Guiding Principles in the Quest for Healing in Flint, Michigan.Environmental Justice 9(3):6975.Google Scholar
Milman, Oliver. 2016. “Millions Exposed to Dangerous Lead Levels in US Drinking Water, Report Finds.” The Guardian (June 28), www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/28/lead-drinking-water-level-nrdc-report-flint-crisis.Google Scholar
Narain, Vishal. 2014. “Whose Land? Whose Water? Water Rights, Equity and Justice in a Peri-Urban Context.Local Environment 19(9):974989.Google Scholar
Nelson, Paul. 2017. “Citizens, Consumers, Workers, and Activists: Civil Society During and after Water Privatization Struggles.Journal of Civil Society 13(2):202221.Google Scholar
NRDC. 1999. Bottled Water: Pure Drink or Pure Hype? Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council.Google Scholar
Oaten, James, and Patidar, Som. 2020. Delhi is Facing a Water Crisis. Ahead of Day Zero, the City’s Residents Have Turned to the Mafia and Murder. ABC News (February 8). Accessed March 11, 2020, www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-08/delhi-water-crisis-leads-to-mafia-murder-and-mutiny/11931208Google Scholar
O’Reilly, Kathleen. 2011. “‘They Are Not of This House’: The Gendered Costs of Drinking Water’s Commodification.Economic and Political Weekly 46(18):4955.Google Scholar
Parag, Y., and Roberts, J. T.. 2009. “A Battle against the Bottles: Building, Claiming, and Regaining Tap-Water Trustworthiness.Society & Natural Resources 22(7):625–36.Google Scholar
Peck, Jamie. 2015. Austerity Urbanism: The Neoliberal Crisis of American Cities. New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.Google Scholar
Pempetzoglou, Maria and Patergiannaki, Zoi. 2017. “Debt-Driven Water Privatization: The Case of Greece.European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 5(1):102111.Google Scholar
Perreault, Tom. 2013. “Dispossession by Accumulation? Mining, Water and the Nature of Enclosure on the Bolivian Altiplano.Antipode 45(5):10501069.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierce, Gregory. 2015. “Beyond the Strategic Retreat? Explaining Urban Water Privatization’s Shallow Expansion in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Journal of Planning Literature 30(2):119131.Google Scholar
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Pulido, Laura. 2016. “Flint, Environmental Racism, and Racial Capitalism.” Capitalism Nature Socialism. 17(3): 116. Doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2016.1213013.Google Scholar
Ranganathan, Malini and Balazs, Carolina. 2015. “Water Marginalization at the Urban Fringe: Environmental Justice and Urban Political Ecology across the North-South Divide.Urban Geography 36:403423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranganathan, Malini. 2016. “Thinking with Flint: Racial Liberalism and the Roots of an American Water Tragedy.Capitalism Nature Socialism 27(3):1733.Google Scholar
Rankin, Jennifer and Smith, Helena. 2015. “The Great Greece Fire Sale.” The Guardian (July 24), www.theguardian.com/business/2015/jul/24/greek-debt-crisis-great-greece-fire-saleGoogle Scholar
Rector, Josiah. 2016. “Neoliberalism’s Deadly Experiment: In Michigan, Privatization and Free-Market Governance Has Left 100,000 People Without Water.” Jacobin (October 21), www.jacobinmag.com/2016/10/water-detroit-flint-emergency-management-lead-snyder-privatization/.Google Scholar
Roberts, Adrienne. 2008. “Privatizing Social Reproduction: The Primitive Accumulation of Water in an Era of Neoliberalism.Antipode 40(4):535560.Google Scholar
Robinson, Joanna. 2013. Contested Water: The Struggle Against Water Privatization in the United States and Canada. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rodwan, John G. 2017. “Bottled Water 2016: No. 1 and Growing: U.S. And International Developments and Statistics.Bottled Water Reporter 57(4) (July/Aug):1221.Google Scholar
Romano, Sarah T. 2012. “From Protest to Proposal: The Contentious Politics of the Nicaraguan Anti-Water Privatization Social Movement.Bulletin of Latin American Research 31(4):499514.Google Scholar
Rosemann, Nils. 2005. Drinking Water Crisis in Pakistan and the Issue of Bottled Water: The Case of Nestlé’s “Pure Life.” Berne, Switzerland: ActionAid.Google Scholar
Ruiters, Greg. 2007. “Contradictions in Municipal Services in Contemporary South Africa: Disciplinary Commodification and Self-Disconnections.Critical Social Policy 27(4):487508.Google Scholar
Rushe, Dominic. 2014. “Blow to Detroit’s Poorest as Judge Rules Water Shutoffs Can Continue.” The Guardian (September 29), www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/29/detroit-water-shutoffs-legal-judge-bankruptcy-revenue.Google Scholar
Sitisarn, Savarin. 2012. “Political Ecology of the Soft Drink and Bottled Water Business in India; a Case Study of Plachimada.” Master’s thesis, Lund University.Google Scholar
Sloan, Carrie. 2016. “How Wall Street Caused a Water Crisis in America’s Cities.” The Nation (March 11), www.thenation.com/article/how-wall-street-caused-a-water-crisis-in-americas-cities/.Google Scholar
Smith, Laila and Hanson, Susan. 2003. “Access to Water for the Urban Poor in Cape Town: Where Equity Meets Cost Recovery.Urban Studies 40(8):1517.Google Scholar
Snitow, Alan, Kaufman, Deborah and Fox, Michael. 2007. Thirst: Fighting the Corporate Theft of Our Water. San Francisco, CA: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Spronk, Susan and Webber, Jeffery R.. 2007. “Struggles against Accumulation by Dispossession in Bolivia: The Political Economy of Natural Resource Contention.Latin American Perspectives 34(2):3147.Google Scholar
Spronk, Susan. 2015. “Roots of Resistance to Urban Water Privatisation in Bolivia: The ‘New Working Class’, the Crisis of Neoliberalism, and Public Services.” pp. 2951 in Crisis and Contradiction: Marxist Perspectives on Latin America in the Global Political Economy, edited by Spronk, S. J. and Webber, J. R.. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.Google Scholar
Subramaniam, Mangala and Williford, Beth. 2012. “Contesting Water Rights: Collective Ownership and Struggles against Privatization.Sociology Compass 6(5):413424.Google Scholar
Sultana, Farhana. 2011. “Suffering for Water, Suffering from Water: Emotional Geographies of Resource Access, Control and Conflict.Geoforum 42:163172.Google Scholar
Sultana, Farhana, and Loftus, Alex, eds. 2012. The Right to Water: Politics, Governance, and Social Struggles. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar
Swyngedouw, Erik. 2005. “Dispossessing H2O: The Contested Terrain of Water Privatization.Capitalism Nature Socialism 16(1):8198.Google Scholar
Swyngedouw, Erik. 2009. “The Political Economy and Political Ecology of the Hydro-Social Cycle.Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 142(1):5660.Google Scholar
Szasz, Andrew. 2007. Shopping Our Way to Safety: How We Changed from Protecting the Environment to Protecting Ourselves. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Terhorst, Philipp, Olivera, Marcela and Dwinell, Alexander. 2013. “Social Movements, Left Governments, and the Limits of Water Sector Reform in Latin America’s Left Turn.Latin American Perspectives 40:5569.Google Scholar
The Guardian. 2017. “Jeremy Corbyn’s Nationalisation Plans Are Music to Ears of Public.” The Guardian (October 1), www.theguardian.com/business/2017/oct/01/jeremy-corbyn-nationalisation-plans-voters-tired-free-marketsGoogle Scholar
Transparency Market Research. 2018. “Global Bottled Water Market is Projected to Reach US$307.2 Billion by 2024.” Press Release (April). Retrieved July 2, 2018 (www.transparencymarketresearch.com/pressrelease/bottled-water-market.htm).Google Scholar
UNDP. 2006. “Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis.” New York: United Nations Development Program.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1992. “Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development.” New York: United Nations.Google Scholar
Vail, John. 2010. “Decommodification and Egalitarian Political Economy.Politics & Society 38(3):310346.Google Scholar
Varghese, Shiney. 2007. Privatizing U.S. Water. Minneapolis, MN: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.Google Scholar
Vidal, John. 2006. “Big Water Companies Quit Poor Countries.” The Guardian (March 22), www.theguardian.com/world/2006/mar/22/globalisation.water.Google Scholar
Vilas, Carlos. 2004. “Water Privatization in Buenos Aires.NACLA Report on the Americas 38(1):3442.Google Scholar
Wait, Isaac W. and Petrie, William A.. 2017. “Comparison of Water Pricing for Publicly and Privately Owned Water Utilities in the United States.Water International 42(8):967980.Google Scholar
Watts, Jonathan. 2018. “Cape Town Faces Day Zero: What Happens When the City Turns Off the Taps?” The Guardian (February 3), www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/feb/03/day-zero-cape-town-turns-off-taps.Google Scholar
WHO and UNICEF. 2017. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2005. Infrastructure Development: The Roles of the Public and Private Sectors; World Bank Group’s Approach to Supporting Investments in Infrastructure. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Zurita, Maria D. M., Thomsen, Dana C, Smith, Timothy F et al. 2015. “Reframing Water: Contesting H2O Within the European Union.Geoforum 65: 170178.Google Scholar
Zwarteveen, Margreet Z. and Boelens, Rutgerd. 2014. “Defining, Researching and Struggling for Water Justice: Some Conceptual Building Blocks for Research and Action.Water International 39(2):143158.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×