Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-vdxz6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T11:00:46.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

14 - Tonal Processes Defined as Tone Sandhi

from Part Three - Phonetic-phonological Issues in Chinese

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 August 2022

By
Jie Zhang
Edited by
Chu-Ren Huang ,
Yen-Hwei Lin ,
I-Hsuan Chen  and
Yu-Yin Hsu
Chu-Ren Huang
Affiliation:
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Yen-Hwei Lin
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
I-Hsuan Chen
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Yu-Yin Hsu
Affiliation:
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Get access

Summary

This chapter reviews the descriptive patterns of tone sandhi in Chinese dialects along with the experimental investigations of what generalizations native speakers make regarding these patterns, how they process them in production and perception, and how children acquire these patterns. Theoretical issues that tone sandhi sheds light on, including the role of typology in synchronic theories, feature representation, productivity and learnability, and the interface between phonology and other domains such as phonetics, processing, and morphosyntax, are also discussed briefly. The chapter focuses on the interdisciplinary nature of tone sandhi research and calls on researchers to take an open and synergistic approach among different methods to gain an comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.

Keywords

tonetone sandhitonal representationproductivitytone acquisition
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Chinese Linguistics , pp. 291 - 312
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ao, Benjamin Xiaoping. 1993. Phonetics and phonology of Nantong Chinese.Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 1990. On the nature of tone. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 1999. The structure of tone. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bao, Zhiming. 2003. Tone, accent, and stress. Review of Chen (2000). Journal of Linguistics 39:147–166.Google Scholar
Barrie, Michael. 2007. Contour tones and contrast in Chinese languages. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16:337–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berko, Jean. 1958. The child’s learning of English morphology. Word 14:150–177.Google Scholar
Boersma, Paul, and Hayes, Bruce. 2001. Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. Linguistic Inquiry 32:45–86.Google Scholar
Chan, Marjorie K. M., and Ren, Hongmo. 1989. Wuxi tone sandhi: From last to first syllable dominance. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 21:35–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, Yufen. 2013. First language attrition: An investigation of Taiwanese tones and tone sandhi. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1930. ə sistim əv “toun-letəz” [A system of “tone letters”]. Le Maître Phonétique 30:24–27.Google Scholar
Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1951. The Cantian idiolect. University of California Publications in Semitic Philology 2:27–44.Google Scholar
Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Jenn-Yeu and Chen, Train-Min. Forthcoming. Mechanism and locus of tone 3 sandhi during Mandarin Chinese spoken word production. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series, no. 26: Studies on tonal aspects of languages.Google Scholar
Chen, Matthew Y. 1987. The syntax of Xiamen tone sandhi. Phonology Yearbook 4:109–150.Google Scholar
Chen, Matthew Y. (ed.) 1987. Special feature: A symposium on Tianjin tone sandhi. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 15:203–307.Google Scholar
Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. Tone sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Si, Zhang, Caicai, McCollum, Adam G., and Wayland, Ratree. 2017. Statistical modelling of phonetic and phonologised perturbation effects in tonal and non-tonal languages. Speech Communication 88:17–38.Google Scholar
Chen, Tsung-Ying. 2010. Some remarks on Contour Tone Units. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 19:103–135.Google Scholar
Chen, Yiya, Shen, Rachel, and Schiller, Niels. 2011. Representation of allophonic tone sandhi variants. In Proceedings of Psycholinguistics Representation of Tone (satellite workshop to International Congress of Phonetic Sciences).Google Scholar
Cheng, Chin-Chuan. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese.The Hague: Mouton.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chien, Yu-Fu, Sereno, Joan, and Zhang, Jie. 2016. Priming the representation of Mandarin tone 3 sandhi words. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 31(2):179–189.Google Scholar
Chien, Yu-Fu, Sereno, Joan, and Zhang, Jie. 2017. What’s in a word: Observing the contribution of underlying and surface representations. Language and Speech 60(4):643–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chuang, Ching-Ting, Chang, Yueh-Chin, and Hsieh, Feng-Fan. 2011. Productivity in Taiwanese tone sandhi redux. In Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Hong Kong, 492–495.Google Scholar
Clements, G. N., Michaud, Alexis, and Patin, Cédric. 2011. Do we need tone features?In Tones and features: Phonetic and phonological perspectives, ed. Goldsmith, John A., Hume, Elizabeth V., and Wetzels, Leo, 3–24. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Coetzee, Andries, and Kawahara, Shigeto. 2013. Frequency biases in phonological variation. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 31(1):47–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiCanio, Christian. 2014. Triqui tonal coarticulation and contrast preservation in tonal phonology. In Proceedings of the Workshop on the Sound Systems of Mexico and Central America, ed. Bennett, Ryan, Dockum, Rikker, Gasser, Emily, Goldenberg, Dolly, Kasak, Ryan, and Patterson, Patrick. New Haven, CT: Yale University. http://ling.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/ssmca-proceedings/papers/DiCanio-2014-Triqui-SSMCA.pdf.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 1990. A formal study of syllable, tone, stress and domain in Chinese languages. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 1993. Rime length, stress, and association domains. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 2:1–44.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 1994a. Syllabic weight and syllabic duration: A correlation between phonology and phonetics. Phonology 11:1–24.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 1994b. Against contour tones. Linguistic Inquiry 25:555–608.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 1999. Metrical structure and tone: Evidence from Mandarin and Shanghai. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8:1–38.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 2007. The phonology of Standard Chinese, 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duanmu, San. 2009. Syllable structure: The limits of variation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dufour, Sophie. 2008. Phonological priming in auditory word recognition: When both controlled and automatic processes are responsible for the effects. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology 62(1):33–41.Google Scholar
Flemming, Edward, and Cho, Hyesun. 2017. The phonetic specification of contour tones: Evidence from the Mandarin rising tone. Phonology 34(1):1–40.Google Scholar
Frisch, Stefan A., and Zawaydeh, Bushra. 2001. The psychological reality of OCP-place in Arabic. Language 77:91–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gao, Jing. 2004. The changing sandhi rules in Tianjin dialect. In Lu, Jilun(ed.), Phonetic and phonological studies on Tianjin dialect, 193–247. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Goldwater, Sharon, and Mark, Johnson. 2003. Learning OT constraint ranking using a maximum entropy model. In Proceedings of the Stockholm Workshop on Variation within Optimality Theory, ed. Spenader, Jennifer, Eriksson, Anders, and Dahl, Osten, 111–120. Stockholm: Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce, and White, James. 2015. Saltation and the P-map. Phonology 32(2):1–36.Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce, Zuraw, Kie, Siptár, Péter, and Londe, Zsuzsa. 2009. Natural and unnatural constraints in Hungarian vowel harmony. Language 85:822–863.Google Scholar
Hsiao, Yuchau E. 1991. Syntax, rhythm, and tone: A triangular relationship. Taipei: Crane.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Hsin-I. 1970. The psychological reality of tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese. In Papers from the 6th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. Campbell, Mary Anne, 489–503. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Hsin-I. 1975. How generative is phonology. In The transformational-generative paradigm and modern linguistic theory, ed. Koerner, Ernst Frideryk Konrad, 109–144. Amsterdam: Benjamins.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Hsin-I. 1976. On the unreality of some phonological rules. Lingua 38:1–19.Google Scholar
Hsu, Hui-Chuan. 1989. Phonological acquisition of Taiwanese: A longitudinal case study. Master’s dissertation, National Tsing Hua University.Google Scholar
Jäger, Gerhard. 2007. Maximum entropy models and stochastic optimality theory. In Architectures, rules, and preferences: Variations on themes by Joan W. Bresnan, ed. Zaenen, Annie, Simpson, Jane, Holloway King, Tracy, Grimshaw, Jane, Maling, Joan, and Manning, Chris, 467–479. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
King, Brian. 1980. The acquisition of tone in Taiwanese.Master’s dissertation, Fu Jen University.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul. 1973. Abstractness, opacity, and global rules. In Three dimensions of linguistic theory, ed. Fujimura, Osamu, 57–86. Tokyo: TEC Company.Google Scholar
Lahiri, Aditi, Jongman, Allard, and Sereno, Joan. 1990. The pronominal clitic [dər] in Dutch: A theoretical and experimental approach. In Yearbook of morphology, vol. 3, ed. Booij, Geert E. and van Marle, Jaap, 115–127. Dordrecht: Foris.Google Scholar
Li, Charles N., and Thompson, Sandra A.. 1977. The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 4(2):185–199.Google Scholar
Li, Zhiqiang. 2003. The phonetics and phonology of tone mapping in a constraint -based approach. Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar
Lin, Hui-shan. 2008. Variable directional applications in Tianjin tone sandhi. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 17:181–226.Google Scholar
Lin, Jo-wan. 1994. Lexical government and tone group formation in Xiamen Chinese. Phonology 11: 237–275.Google Scholar
Lin, Yen-Hwei. 2007. The sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lu, Jilun. (ed.) 2004. Phonetic and phonological studies on Tianjin dialect. Beijing: Beijing Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott. 2004. Non-computable functions in optimality theory. In Optimality theory in phonology, ed. McCarthy, John J., 141–164. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott, and Pater, Joe. 2012a. Structure and substance in artificial-phonology learning,part I: Structure. Language and Linguistic Compass 6(11):686–701.Google Scholar
Moreton, Elliott, and Pater, Joe. 2012b. Structure and substance in artificial-phonology learning,part II: Substance. Language and Linguistic Compass 6(11): 702–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Politzer-Ahles, Stephen, and Jie, Zhang. Forthcoming. Evidence for the role of tone sandhi in Mandarin speech production. Journal of Chinese Linguistics monograph series, no. 26: Studies on tonal aspects of languages.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan, and Smolensky, Paul. 1993/2004. Optimality theory: Constraint interaction in generative grammar.Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Prom-on, Santitham, Yi, Xu, and Thipakorn, Bundit. 2009. Modeling tone and intonation in Mandarin and English as a process of target approximation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 125:405–424.Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elizabeth, and Shen, Tong. 1990. Prosodic domains in Shanghai Chinese. In The phonology–syntax connection, ed. Inkelas, Sharon and Zec, Draga, 313–337. Chicago, IL: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Shi, Feng, and Wang, Ping. 2004. New changes in Tianjin tones 天津聲調的新變化. In The joy of research: A festschrift in honor of Professor William S.-Y. Wang on his seventieth birthday, ed. Shi, Feng and Shen, Zhongwei, 176–188. Tianjin: Nankai University Press.Google Scholar
Shih, Chi-lin. 1997. Mandarin third tone sandhi and prosodic structure. In Studies in Chinese phonology, ed. Wang, Jialing and Smith, Norval, 81–123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Simpson, Andrew, and Zoe, Wu. 2002. IP-raising, tone sandhi and the creation of s-final particles: Evidence for Cyclic Spell-Out. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 11:1–45.Google Scholar
Soh, Hooi Ling. 2001. The syntax and semantics of phonological phrasing in Shanghai and Hokkien. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 10:37–80.Google Scholar
Smolensky, Paul, and Legendre, Géraldine. 2006. The harmonic mind: From neural computation to Optimality-Theoretic grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Steriade, Donca. 2008. The phonology of perceptibility effects: The p-map and its consequences for constraint organization. In The nature of the word: Studies in honor of Paul Kiparsky, ed. Hanson, Kristin and Inkelas, Sharon, 151–179. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Tang, Ping, Yuen, Ivan, Rattanasone, Nan Xu, Gao, Liqun, and Demuth, Katherine. 2019. The acquisition of phonological alternations: The case of the Mandarin tone sandhi process. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:1495–1526.Google Scholar
Tsay, Jane. 2001. An investigation of Taiwanese tonal acquisition. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Selected NSC Projects in General Linguistics, 237–255. Taipei: National Science Council.Google Scholar
Wan, I-Ping, and Jeri, Jaeger. 1998. Speech errors and the representation of tone in Mandarin Chinese. Phonology 15:417–461.Google Scholar
Wang, Chiung-Yao. 2011. Children’s acquisition of tone 3 sandhi in Mandarin. Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Wang, H. Samuel 王旭. 1993. On the psychological status of Taiwanese tone sandhi 台語變調的心理特性. Tsinghua Journal of Chinese Studies 清華學報 23:175–192.Google Scholar
Wang, Jialing王嘉齡. 2002. Optimality theory and the tone sandhi and light syllables in the Tianjin dialect 優選論和天津話的連讀變調及輕聲. Studies of the Chinese Language 中國語文 2002(4):363–371.Google Scholar
Wang, Ping. 汪平. 1988. Tone sandhi in Changzhou dialect 常州方言的連讀變調. Dialects 方言 1988(3):177–194.Google Scholar
Wang, William S.-Y. 1967. Phonological features of tone. International Journal of American Linguistics 33:93–105.Google Scholar
Wee, Lian-Hee. 2010. A percolative account of Tianjin tone sandhi. Language and Linguistics 11:21–64.Google Scholar
Wee, Lian-Hee. 2022. Tonal processes conditioned by morphosyntax. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 313–335. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
White, James. 2014. Evidence for a learning bias against salutatory phonological alternations. Cognition 130:96–115.Google Scholar
Wilson, Colin. 2006. Learning phonology with substantive bias: An experimental and computational study of velar palatalization. Cognitive Science 30: 945–982.Google Scholar
Wong, Puisan. 2012. Acoustic characteristics of three-year-olds’ correct and incorrect monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tone productions. Journal of Phonetics 40:141–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Baohua and Tang, Zhenzhu 許寶華, 湯珍珠. 1988. A grammar of inner city Shanghai 上海市區方言志. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Press.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi. 1994. Production and perception of coarticulated tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96:2240–2253.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi. 1998. Consistency of tone-syllable alignment across different syllable structures and speaking rates. Phonetica 55.179–203.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi. 2001. Fundamental frequency peak delay in Mandarin. Phonetica 58.26–52.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi. 2005. Speech melody as articulatorily implemented communicative functions. Speech Communication 46:220–251.Google Scholar
Xu, Yi, and Albert, Lee. 2022. Tonal processes defined as articulatory-based contextual tonal variation. In The Cambridge handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. Huang, Chu-Ren, Lin, Yen-Hwei, Chen, I-Hsuan, and Hsu, Yu-Yin, 275–290. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Yan, Hanbo. 2018. The nature of variation in tone sandhi patterns of Shanghai and Wuxi Wu.Beijing/Berlin: Peking University Press/Springer.Google Scholar
Yan, Hanbo, and Zhang, Jie. 2016. Pattern substitution in Wuxi tone sandhi and its implication for phonological learning. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 3:1–45.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira. 1980/1990. The tonal phonology of Chinese.Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Published 1990, New York, NY: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira. 1989. Contour tones. Phonology 6:149–174.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira. 1995. Tone in East Asian languages. In Handbook of theoretical phonology, ed. Goldsmith, John A., 476–494. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira. 1999. Feet, tonal reduction and speech rate at the word and phrase level in Chinese. In Phrasal phonology, ed. Kager, Rene and Zonneveld, Wim, 171–194. Nijmegen: Nijmegen University Press.Google Scholar
Yip, Moira. 2004. Phonological markedness and allomorph selection in Zahao. Language and Linguistics 5:969–1001.Google Scholar
You, Rujie 游汝杰. 2006a. On the classification and mixed nature of the Shanghai dialect 上海話在吳語分區的地位—兼論上海話的混合方言性質. Dialects 方言 2006:72–78.Google Scholar
You, Rujie 游汝杰. 2006b. The social functions and harmonic coexistence of dialects and Standard Chinese 方言和普通話的社會功能與和諧發展. Rhetoric Learning 修辭學習 2006:1–8.Google Scholar
Yue-Hashimoto, Anne O. 1987. Tone sandhi across Chinese dialects. In Wang Li memorial volumes, English volume, ed. Chinese Language Society of Hong Kong, 445–474. Hong Kong: Joint Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Zhang, Caicai, Xia, Quansheng, and Peng, Gang. 2015. Mandarin third tone sandhi requires more effortful phonological encoding in speech production: Evidence from an ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics 33:149–162.Google Scholar
Zhang, Hongming. 1992. Topics in Chinese phrasal tonology. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, San Diego.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie. 2007. A directional asymmetry in Chinese tone sandhi systems. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 16:259–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Jie. 2010. Issues in the analysis of Chinese tone. Language and Linguistics Compass 4(12):1137–1153.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie. 2014. Tones, tonal phonology, and tone sandhi. In The handbook of Chinese linguistics, ed. James Huang, C.-T., Audrey Li, Y.-H., and Simpson, Andrew, 443–464. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie. 2016. Using nonce-probe tests and auditory priming to investigate speakers’ phonological knowledge of tone sandhi. In Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages, ed. DiCanio, Christian, Malins, Jeff, Good, Jeff, Michelson, Karin, Jaeger, Jerri, and Keily, Holly, 12–18. International Speech Communication Association (ISCA) Archives. www.isca-speech.org/archive/TAL_2016.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie. 2019. Speakers treat transparent and opaque alternation patterns differently: Evidence from Chinese tone sandhi. In Proceedings of the 36th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. Stockwell, Richard, O’Leary, Maura, Xu, Zhongshi, and Zhou, Z. L., 22–40. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie, and Lai, Yuwen. 2010. Testing the role of phonetic knowledge in Mandarin tone sandhi. Phonology 27:153–201.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie, Lai, Yuwen, and Sailor, Craig. 2011. Modeling Taiwanese speakers’ knowledge of tone sandhi in reduplication. Lingua 121:181–206.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie, and Liu, Jiang. 2011. Tone sandhi and tonal coarticulation in Tianjin Chinese. Phonetica 68(3):161–191.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie, and Liu, Jiang. 2016. The productivity of variable disyllabic tone sandhi in Tianjin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 25(1):1–35.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jie, and Meng, Yuanliang. 2016. Structure-dependent tone sandhi in real and nonce words in Shanghai Wu. Journal of Phonetics 54(1):169–201.Google Scholar
Zhang, Ning. 1997. The avoidance of the third tone sandhi in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6:293–338.Google Scholar
Zhu, Hua, and Dodd, Barbara. 2000. The phonological acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language 27:3–42.Google Scholar
Zhu, Xiaonong. 2006. A grammar of Shanghai Wu. Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Zuraw, Kie. 2000. Patterned exceptions in phonology. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Zuraw, Kie. 2007. The role of phonetic knowledge in phonological patterning: Corpus and survey evidence from Tagalog infixation. Language 83(2):73–97.Google Scholar
Zuraw, Kie. 2010. A model of lexical variation and the grammar with application to Tagalog nasal substitution. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 28(2):417–472.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×