Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T17:44:40.877Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

22 - The Phonetics and Phonology of Early Bilinguals

from Part V - The Diversity of Bilingual Speakers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2024

By
Robert Mayr ,
Jonathan Morris  and
Simona Montanari
Edited by
Mark Amengual
Mark Amengual
Affiliation:
University of California, Santa Cruz
Get access

Summary

This chapter provides a thorough, up-to-date review of the literature on the phonetics and phonology of early bilinguals. It pulls together studies from a range of bilingual settings, including bilingual societies and heritage language contexts. While the chapter mostly reviews evidence from adolescent and adult participants, it also makes reference to the child bilingualism literature, where appropriate. The chapter first reviews studies on the accents of early versus late bilinguals, followed by a discussion of the various explanatory accounts for the observed differences between these two groups. Subsequently, the critical significance of early linguistic experience on bilingual speech patterns is considered, with particular reference to the evidence from childhood overhearers and international adoptees. The following sections then review studies comparing simultaneous and early sequential bilinguals, and those exploring the role of language dominance, continued use, the language of the environment in bilinguals’ pronunciation patterns, and the role of sociolinguistic factors in early bilingual speech patterns. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.

Keywords

early bilingualssimultaneous bilingualsearly sequential bilingualsheritage languageminority languagespeech perceptionspeech productionphoneticsphonologylanguage dominancesociolinguistic factorsconsonantsvowelssuprasegmentalsearly linguistic experience
Type
Chapter
Information
The Cambridge Handbook of Bilingual Phonetics and Phonology , pp. 501 - 520
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahamsson, N. & Hyltenstam, K. (2009). Age of onset and nativelikeness in a second language: Listener perception versus linguistic scrutiny. Language Learning, 59, 249–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Azami, S. (2014). From Bengali to English: Sequential bilingualism of a second-generation British Bangladeshi. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 17, 484–497.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Kendi, A. & Khattab, G. (2021). Psycho-social constraints on naturalistic adult second language acquisition. Languages, 6, 129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2016a). The perception and production of language-specific mid-vowel contrasts: Shifting the focus to the bilingual individual in early language input conditions. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20, 133–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2016b). Cross-linguistic influence in the bilingual mental lexicon: Evidence of cognate effects in the phonetic production and processing of a vowel contrast. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amengual, M. (2019). Type of early bilingualism and its effect on the acoustic realization of allophonic variants: Early sequential and simultaneous bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23, 954–970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amengual, M. (2021). The acoustic realization of language-specific phonological categories despite dynamic cross-linguistic influence in bilingual and trilingual speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 149, 1271–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amengual, M. & Chamorro, P. (2015). The effects of language dominance in the perception and production of the Galician mid vowel contrasts. Phonetica, 72, 207–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amengual, M. & Simonet, M. (2020). Language dominance does not always predict cross-linguistic interactions in bilingual speech production. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 10, 847–872.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Au, T. K., Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., & Oh, J. S. (2002). Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychological Science, 13, 238–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Au, T. K., Oh, J. S., Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., & Romo, L. F. (2008). Salvaging a childhood language. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 998–1011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, W. & Trofimovich, P. (2005). Interaction of native- and second-language vowel system(s) in early and late bilinguals. Language and Speech, 48, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birdsong, D. (2007). Native-like pronunciation among late learners of French as a second language. In Bohn, O.-S. & Munro, M., eds., Language Experience in Second Language Speech Learning: In Honor of James Emil Flege. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 99–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birdsong, D. (2014). Dominance and age in bilingualism. Applied Linguistics, 35, 374–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohn, O.-S. & Flege, J. E. (1992). The production of new and similar vowels by adult German learners of English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 14, 131–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bongaerts, T., Mennen, S., & van der Slik, F. (2000). Authenticity of pronunciation in naturalistic second language acquisition: The case of very advanced late learners of Dutch as a second language. Studia Linguistica, 54, 298–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosch, L. & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2003). Simultaneous bilingualism and the perception of a language-specific vowel contrast in the first year of life. Language and Speech, 46, 217–243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Casillas, J. V. & Simonet, M. (2016). Production and perception of the English /æ/–/ɑ/ contrast in switched-dominance speakers. Second Language Research, 32, 171–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chang, C. B., Yao, Y., Haynes, E. F., & Rhodes, R. (2011). Production of phonetic and phonological contrast by heritage speakers of Mandarin. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 129, 3964–3980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choi, J., Cutler, A., & Broersma, M. (2017). Early development of abstract language knowledge: Evidence from perception–production transfer of birth-language memory. Royal Society Open Science, 4, 160660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colantoni, L., Steele, J., & Escudero, P. (2015). Second Language Speech: Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cortés, S., Lleó, C., & Benet, A. (2019). Weighing factors responsible for the production of the Catalan vowel /ε/ versus /e/ contrast in three districts of Barcelona. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23, 1264–1277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darcy, I. & Krüger, F. (2012). Vowel perception and production in Turkish children acquiring L2 German. Journal of Phonetics, 40, 568–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, J. (2020). Spanish phonology in contact with Catalan: On implementations of gradience and discreteness in the study of sociolinguistic variation of laterals. In Rao, R., ed., Spanish Phonetics and Phonology in Contact: Studies from Africa, the Americas, and Spain. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins, pp. 383–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeCasper, A. J. & Spence, M. J. (1986). Parental maternal speech influences newborns’ perception of speech sounds. Infant Behavior and Development, 9, 133–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Houwer, A. (2009). Bilingual First Language Acquisition. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Leeuw, E., Schmid, M. S., & Mennen, I. (2010). The effects of contact on native language pronunciation in an L2 migrant setting. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 33–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Leeuw, E., Tusha, A., & Schmid, M. S. (2017). Individual phonological attrition in Albanian-English late bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 21, 278–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D’Souza, D. (2018). Simultaneous and sequential bilinguals: Cross-domain benefits as measured by behaviour and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging. [Master’s thesis, McGill University].Google Scholar
Einfeldt, M., van de Weijer, J., & Kupisch, T. (2019). The production of geminates in Italian-dominant bilinguals and heritage speakers of Italian. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 10, 177–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1984). The detection of French accent by American listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 76, 692–707.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flege, J. E. (1995). Second language speech learning: Theory, findings, and problems. In Strange, W., ed., Speech Perception and Linguistic Experience: Issues in Cross-Language Research. Baltimore, MD: York Press, pp. 233–272.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. (1999). Age of learning and second-language speech. In Birdsong, D., ed., Second Language Acquisition and the Critical Period Hypothesis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 101–132.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. (2007). Language contact in bilingualism: Phonetic system interactions. In Cole, J. & Hualde, J. I., eds., Laboratory Phonology 9. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 353–381.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E. & Bohn, O.-S. (2021). The revised Speech Learning Model (SLM-r). In Wayland, R., ed., Second Language Speech Learning: Theoretical and Empirical Progress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 3–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E. & Hammond, R. M. (1982). Mimicry of non-distinctive phonetic differences between language varieties. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 5, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E., Munro, M., & MacKay, I. R. A. (1995). Effects of age of second-language learning on the production of English consonants. Speech Communication, 16, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flege, J. E., Schirru, C., & MacKay, I. R. A. (2003). Interaction between the native and second language phonetic subsystems. Speech Communication, 40, 467–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, C. & Rato, A. (2016). Global accent in the Portuguese speech of heritage returnees. Heritage Language Journal, 13, 161–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, A. L., Giocca, V., Ma, L., & Fenn, K. (2008). Perceptual learning of Cantonese lexical tones by tone and non-tone language speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 36, 268–294.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gafter, R. J. & Horesh, U. (2020). Two languages, one variable? Pharyngeal realizations among Arabic-Hebrew bilinguals. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 24, 369–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gnevsheva, K. (2017). Within-speaker variation in passing for a native speaker. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 213–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gruffydd, I. (2022). Astudiaeth o amrywio seinegol a ffonolegol yng nghyd-destun adfywio ieithyddol Cymraeg Caerdydd. [Doctoral dissertation, Cardiff University].Google Scholar
Guion, S. (2003). The vowel systems of Quichua-Spanish bilinguals. Phonetica, 60, 98–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harrington, J. (2006). An acoustic analysis of “happy-tensing” in the Queen’s Christmas broadcasts. Journal of Phonetics, 34, 439–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heselwood, B. & McChrystal, L. (2000). Gender, accent features and voicing in Punjabi-English bilingual children. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics, 8, 45–70.Google Scholar
Hrycyna, M., Lapinskaya, N., Kochetov, A., & Nagy, N. (2011). VOT drift in 3 generations of heritage language speakers in Toronto. Canadian Acoustics, 39, 166–167.Google Scholar
Hyltenstam, K., Bylund, E., Abrahamsson, N., & Park, H. S. (2009). Dominant-language replacement: The case of international adoptees. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 121–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iverson, P., Kuhl, P. K., Akahane-Yamada, R., et al. (2003). A perceptual interference account of acquisition difficulties for non-native phonemes. Cognition, 87, B47–B57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirkham, S. & McCarthy, K. (2021). Acquiring allophonic structure and phonetic detail in a bilingual community: The production of laterals by Sylheti-English bilingual children. International Journal of Bilingualism, 25, 531–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, W. (1995). Language acquisition at different ages. In Magnusson, D., ed., The Lifespan Development of Individuals: Behavioural, Neurobiological, and Psychosocial Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 244–264.Google Scholar
Knightly, L. M., Jun, S.-A., Oh, J. S., & Au, T. K. (2003). Production benefits of childhood overhearing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114, 465–474.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolly, M.-J., Leemann, A., & Dellwo, V. (2014). Foreign accent recognition based on temporal information in low pass-filtered speech. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (Interspeech), Singapore, pp. 2175–2179. kolly14_interspeech.pdf (isca-archive.org).Google Scholar
Kornder, L. & Mennen, I. (2021a). Longitudinal developments in bilingual second language acquisition and first language attrition of speech: The case of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Languages, 6, 61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornder, K. & Mennen, I. (2021b). Listeners’ linguistic experience affects the degree of perceived nativeness of first language pronunciation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 717615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kupisch, T., Barton, D., Hailer, K., et al. (2014). Foreign accent in adult simultaneous bilinguals. Heritage Language Journal, 11, 123–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T., Kolb, N., Rodina, Y., & Urek, O. (2021). Foreign accent in pre- and primary school heritage bilinguals. Languages, 6, 96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kupisch, T., Lloyd-Smith, A., & Stangen, I. (2020). Foreign accent in Turkish heritage speakers in Germany. In Bayram, F., ed., Turkish as a Heritage Language in Europe. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 207–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lenneberg, E. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd-Smith, A., Einfeldt, M., & Kupisch, T. (2020). Italian-German bilinguals: The effects of HL use on accent in the early-acquired languages. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24, 289–304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, A. A. N., Stoel-Gammon, C., & Wassink, A. B. (2009). Production of high vowels in Canadian English and Canadian French: A comparison of early bilingual and monolingual speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 37, 374–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, A. A. N. & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2010). What is the impact of age of second language acquisition on the production of consonants and vowels among childhood bilinguals? International Journal of Bilingualism, 14, 400–421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R. & Escudero, P. (2010). Explaining individual variation in L2 perception: Rounded vowels in English learners of German. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 13, 279–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R., Howells, G., & Lewis, R. (2015). Asymmetries in phonological development: The case of word-final cluster acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children, Journal of Child Language, 42, 146–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, R., Jones, D., & Mennen, I. (2014). Speech learning in bilinguals: Consonant cluster acquisition. In Thomas, E. & Mennen, I., eds., Advances in the Study of Bilingualism. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters, pp. 3–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R., López-Bueno, L., Vázquez Fernández, M., & Tomé Lourido, G. (2019). The role of early experience and continued language use in bilingual speech production: A study of Galician and Spanish mid vowels by Galician-Spanish bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 72, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R. & Montanari, S. (2015). Cross-linguistic interaction in trilingual phonological development: The role of the input in the acquisition of the voicing contrast. Journal of Child Language, 42, 1006–1035.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, R., Morris, J., Mennen, I., & Williams, D. (2017). Disentangling the effects of long-term language contact and individual bilingualism: The case of monophthongs in Welsh and English. International Journal of Bilingualism, 21, 245–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R., Price, S., & Mennen, I. (2012). First language attrition in the speech of Dutch-English bilinguals: The case of monozygotic twin sisters. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 687–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R., Sánchez, D., & Mennen, I. (2020). Does teaching your native language abroad increase L1 attrition of speech? The case of Spaniards in the United Kingdom. Languages, 5, 41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R. & Siddika, A. (2018). Inter-generational transmission in a minority language setting: Stop consonant production by Bangladeshi heritage children and adults. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22, 255–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, R., Siddika, A., Morris, J., & Montanari, S. (2021). Bilingual phonological development across generations: Segmental accuracy and error patterns in second- and third-generation British Bengali children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 63, 106140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, K. & de Leeuw, E. (2021). Prosodic patterns in Sylheti-English bilinguals. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 44(2), 562–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, K., Evans, B. G., & Mahon, M. (2013). Acquiring a second language in an immigrant community: The production of Sylheti and English stops and vowels by London-Bengali speakers. Journal of Phonetics, 41, 344–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, K. M., Rosen, S., Mahon, M., & Evans, B. G. (2014). Speech perception and production by sequential bilingual children: A longitudinal study of VOT acquisition. Child Development, 85, 1965–1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, B. (1977). Second-language learning in children. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 438–459.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLaughlin, B. (1984). Second-Language Acquisition in Childhood, Vol. 1: Preschool Children, 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Mennen, I., Kelly, N., Mayr, R., & Morris, J. (2020). The effects of home language and bilingualism on the realization of lexical stress in Welsh and Welsh English. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 3038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montanari, S., Mayr, R., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2018). Bilingual speech sound development during the preschool years: The role of language proficiency and cross-linguistic relatedness. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 61, 2467–2486.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montanari, S., Mayr, R., & Subrahmanyam, K. (2020). Speech and language outcomes in low-SES Spanish-English bilingual preschoolers: The role of maternal education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(5), 1590–1608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mora, J. C. & Nadeu, M. (2012). L2 effects on the perception and production of a native vowel contrast in early bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16, 484–500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. (2017). Sociophonetic variation in a long‐term language contact situation: /l/‐darkening in Welsh‐English bilingual speech. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 21(2), 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. (2021). Social influences on phonological transfer: /r/ variation in the repertoire of Welsh-English bilinguals. Languages, 6(2), 97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. (2022). Fundamental frequency range in the bilingual repertoire of traditional and new Welsh speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 26(5), 564–583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munro, M. J., Derwing, T. M., & Burgess, C. S. (2003). The detection of foreign accent in backwards speech. In Solé, M. J., Recasens, D., & Romero, J., eds., Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Barcelona: Causal Productions, pp. 535–538.Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2013). Phonetic variation, sound change, and identity in Scottish Gaelic. [Doctoral dissertation, University of Glasgow].Google Scholar
Nance, C. (2020). Bilingual language exposure and the peer group: Acquiring phonetics and phonology in Gaelic medium education. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24, 360–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nance, C., McLeod, W., O’Rourke, B., & Dunmore, S. (2016). Identity, accent aim, and motivation in second language users: New Scottish Gaelic speakers’ use of phonetic variation. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 20, 164–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oh, J., Jun, S.-A., Knightly, L., & Au, T. K. (2003). Holding on to childhood language memory. Cognition, 86, B53–B64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pallier, C., Dehaene, S., Poline, J.-B., et al. (2003). Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: Can a second language replace the first? Cerebral Cortex, 13, 155–161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paradis, J. (2001). Do bilingual two-year-olds have separate phonological systems? International Journal of Bilingualism, 5, 19–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, J., Genesee, F., & Crago, M. (2021). Dual Language Development and Disorders: A Handbook on Bilingualism and Second Language Learning, 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.Google Scholar
Pierce, L. J., Chen, J.-K., Delcenserie, A., Genesee, F., & Klein, D. (2015). Past experience shapes ongoing neural patterns for language. Nature Communications, 6, 1–11.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polinsky, M. (2018). Heritage Languages and Their Speakers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramírez, M. & Simonet, M. (2018). Language dominance and the perception of the Majorcan Catalan /ʎ/–/ʒ/ contrast: Asymmetrical phonological representations. International Journal of Bilingualism, 22, 638–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiz-Felter, R., Cooperson, S. J., Bedore, L. M., & Peña, E. D. (2016). Influence of current input–output and age of first exposure on phonological acquisition in early bilingual Spanish-English-speaking kindergarteners. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 51, 368–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scovel, T. (1988). A Time to Speak: A Psycholinguistic Inquiry into the Critical Period for Human Speech. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Sebastián-Gallés, N., Echeverría, S., & Bosch, L. (2005). The influence of initial exposure on lexical representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 52, 240–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, M. (2010). Dark and clear laterals in Catalan and Spanish: Interaction of phonetic categories in early bilinguals. Journal of Phonetics, 38, 663–678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simonet, M. & Amengual, A. (2020). Increased language co-activation leads to enhanced cross-linguistic phonetic convergence. International Journal of Bilingualism, 24, 208–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. L., Hayes-Harb, R., Bruss, M., & Harker, A. (2009). Production and perception of voicing and devoicing in similar German and English word pairs by native speakers of German. Journal of Phonetics, 37, 257–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tomé Lourido, G. & Evans, B. G. (2019). The effects of language dominance switch in bilinguals: Galician new speakers’ speech production and perception. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 22, 637–654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ventureyra, V., Pallier, C., & Yoo, H. (2004). The loss of first language phonetic perception in adopted Koreans. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 17, 79–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werker, J. F. & Tees, R. C. (1984). Cross-language speech perception: Evidence for perceptual reorganization during the first year of life. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yip, V. (2013). Simultaneous language acquisition. In Grosjean, F. & Ping, L., eds., The Psycholinguistics of Bilingualism. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, pp. 119–136.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×