In the late 410s or early 420s, in an epistle that is no longer extant, a monk in Gaul named Leporius, motivated by a desire to avoid attributing change and the human condition to God in the incarnation, wrote that he was disinclined to confess that God was born of a woman. Instead, he preferred to say that a perfect human being was born along with God rather than as God. The epistle sought to demonstrate this basic point and related Christological consequences through the interpretation of several key passages of scripture. But the form of Christological dualism that he advocated soon came to be deemed aberrant. When he refused to recant his views, Proculus, bishop of Marseilles, and Cillenius, a bishop of an unknown see in southern Gaul, formally rebuked Leporius in circumstances that remain unclear, and expelled him from Gaul. Along with two disciples named Domninus and Bonus, he took refuge in North Africa with Augustine.