Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T10:35:27.263Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter V - Agrarian conditions in the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

Georg Ostrogorsky
Affiliation:
University of Belgrade
Get access

Summary

East and West in the Roman Empire

The eastern half of the Roman Empire was economically stronger and more thickly populated than the western half, and it survived the crisis in which the latter perished, though only after the most exhausting and difficult external and internal struggles. For even the sounder eastern half of the Roman polity had the same troubles as the western half, and in spite of all their differences the political, as well as the economic, and particularly the agrarian, conditions were in many ways similar. The decline in the population did not make itself felt so severely in the East as in the West, while in the former with its overabundance of cities the growth of latifundia was accomplished more slowly. But here, too, for centuries development was affected by the marked shortage of labour and by the increase in private estates. And here, also, there were the same results – the wide-spread absorption of the state lands and of the small landowner, and the binding of the peasant to the soil. This process was vigorously opposed by the more highly centralized government of the East, but such opposition was limited by the financial needs of the state; and to the very end it remained unsuccessful.

These financial needs of the state were at all times responsible for the moulding of agrarian conditions in Byzantium. The taxation of Diocletian had imposed the hereditary ground tax on the peasant, and the so-called capitatio-iugatio which he created continued throughout the early Byzantine period, linking together the head and ground taxes. Regarded from different points of view caput and iugum denote the same taxable value: the iugum is the piece of land that can feed a caput, and the caput stands for the human labour expended on a iugum. And so the capitatio, just like the iugatio, is related to the actual soil, and a caput cannot represent either townsfolk or the landless. In the same way, a iugum, in order to be taxable, must have its corresponding caput

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1966

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abramson, M. L.Krest' janstvo v vizantijskich oblastjach Južnoj Italii (ix–xi vv.)’ [Peasantry in Byzantine regions of Southern Italy (9th–11th centuries)], in Viz. Vremennik, VII (1953).Google Scholar
Abramson, M. L.Votčina v Južnoj Italii ix–xi vv.’ [Patrimonial property in Southern Italy from the 9th to the 11th century], in Vizantijskie očerki (Moscow–Leningrad, 1961).Google Scholar
Andreades, A. M. Ἱστορία τῃς ἑλληνικῃς δημοσίας οίκονομίας [History of the Greek public economy]. Athens, 1918.
Andreades, A. M.Deux livres récents sur les finances byzantines’, in Byz. Zeitschrift, XXVIII (1928).Google Scholar
Andreades, A. M.The Economic Life of the Byzantine Empire’, in Byzantium, ed. by Baynes, N. H. and Moss, H. L. B., Oxford, 1949.Google Scholar
Angelov, D.Feodalizmǔt vǔv Vizantija’ [The feudalism in Byzantium], in Istoričski pregled, III, 2 (1946–7).Google Scholar
Angelov, D.Prinos kv̌m narodnostnite i pozemleni otnošenija v Makedonija (Epirskija despotat) prez pǔrvata četvǔrt na xiii vek’ [A contribution to the ethnical and agrarian conditions in Macedonia (the Despotate of Epirus) during the first quarter of the 13th century], in Izvestija na Kamarata na narodnata kultura, IV, 3 (1947).Google Scholar
Angelov, D. Agrarnite otnošenija v severna i sredna Makedonija prez XIV vek [Agrarian conditions in North and Middle Macedonia in the 14th century]. Sofia, 1958.
Ashburner, W.The Farmer's Law’, in Joumal of Hellenic Studies, XXX (1910); XXXII (1912).Google Scholar
Ashburner, W.A Byzantine Treatise of Taxation’, in ibid, XXXV (1915). New edition: Dölger, F. Beiträge zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Finanzverwaltung (1927).Google Scholar
Bach, E. Les Lois agraires byzantines du Xe siècle, in Classica et Mediaevalia, V (1942).
Baynes, N. H. The Byzantine Empire. Chap, VI: Land-holding and Taxation. London, 1925, revised 1943.
Bees, N. A. Σερβικὰ καὶ βυζαντιακὰ γρὰμματα Mετεώρου [Serbian and Byzantine documents from the Monastery of Meteora], in Bυζαντίς II (1911–2).Google Scholar
Bell, H. I.The Byzantine Servile State in Egypt’, in Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, IV (1917).Google Scholar
Bell, H. I.An Epoch in the Agrarian History of Egypt’, in Recueil d'études égyptologiques dédiées à la mémoire de I. Fr. Champollion (Bibl. de l'École des Hautes Études, fase 234, 1922).Google Scholar
Bezobrazov, P. V.Patmosskaja piscovaja kniga’ [The terrier of Patmos], in Viz. Vremennik, VII (1900).Google Scholar
Bezobrazov, P. V.Afonskie dokumenty’ [Documents from Athos], in Viz. Obozrenie, I (1915).Google Scholar
Binon, St. Les origines légendaires et l'histoire de Xéropotamou et de St Paul de l'Athos. Louvain, 1942.
Bompaire, J. Actes de Xéopotamore. Paris, 1964.
Bratianu, G. I. Études byzantines d'histoire économique et sociale. Paris, 1938.
Bréhier, L.Les populations rurales au ixe siècle d'après l'hagiographie byzantine’, in Byzantion, I (1924).Google Scholar
Brentano, L.Die byzantinische Volkswirtschaft’, in Schmollers Jahrb., XLI (1917).Google Scholar
Charanis, P.On the Social Structure of the Later Roman Empire, in Byzantion, XVII (1944–5).Google Scholar
Charanis, P.The Monastic Properties and the; State in the Byzantine Empire’, in Dumbarton Oaks Papers, IV (1948).Google Scholar
Charanis, P.On the Social Structure and Economic Organization of the Byzantine Empire in the Thirteenth Century and Later’, in Byzantinoslavica, XII (1951).Google Scholar
Choniates, Michael.Hypomnestikon’, in Migne, , P.G. CXL. New edition: Stadtmüller, G. Michael Chomiates (1934).Google Scholar
Chronicle of Morea, ed. Schmitt, John. London, 1904.
Constantinescu, N. A.Question agraire dans l'Empire byzantin’, in Revue hist. du sud-est europ. 1 (1924).Google Scholar
Constantinescu, N. A.Réforme social ou réforme fiscale? Une hypothèse pour expliquer la disparition du servage de la glèbe dans l'Empire byzantin’, in Bull. de la Section Hist. de l'Acad. Roumaine, XI (1924).Google Scholar
Constantinescu, N. A.La communauté de village byzantin et ses rapports avec le petit Traité fiscal byzantin’, in ibid., XIII (1927).Google Scholar
Dansturp, G.The State and Landed Property in Byzantium to 1250’, in Classica et Mediaevalia, VIII (1946).Google Scholar
Diehl, Ch. Etudes sur l'administration byzantine dans l'exarchat de Ravenne. Paris, 1888.
Diehl, Ch. L'Afrique byzantine. Paris, 1896.
Diehl, Ch. Byzantium: Greatness and Decline (with Introduction and Bibliography by Charanis, P.). Rutgers University Press, 1957.
Dölger, F. Aus den Schatzkammern des Heiligen Berges. Munich, 1948.
Dölger, F.Sechs byzantinische Praktika des 14. Jahrhunderts für das Athoskloster Iberon’, in Abh. d. Bayer. Akad. d. Wiss., Philos-hist. Klasse, N.F. 28. Munich, 1949.Google Scholar
Dölger, F. Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches, I–IV. Munich–Berlin, 1924, 1925, 1932, 1960.
Dölger, F. Beiträge zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Finanzverwaltung, besonders des 10. und 11. Jahrhunderts. Leipzig–Berlin, 1927.
Dölger, F.Die Frage des Grundeigentums in Byzanz’, in Bull. of the Intern. Committee of Hist. Sciences, V (1933); reprinted in Byzanz und die europäische Staatenwelt, Ettal, 1953.Google Scholar
Dölger, F. Byzantinische Diplomatik. 20 Aufsätze zum Urkundenwesen der Byzantiner. Ettal, 1956.
Dölger, F. Παραπορά. 30 Aufsätze zur Geschichte, Kultur und Sprache des byzantinischen Reiches. Ettal, 1961.
Ferradou, A. Des biens des monastères à Byzance. Bordeaux, 1896.
Florinskij, T. Afonskie akty [Documents from Athos]. St Petersburg, 1880.
Fourmy, M. H. and Leroy, M.La vie de Philarète’, in Byzantion, IX (1934).Google Scholar
Frejdenberg, M. M.Razvitie feodal'nych otnošenij v vizantijskoj derevne v xi–xii vv.’ [Development of feudal relations in the Byzantine village in the 11th and 12th centuries], in Učenye zapiski Velikolukskogo gos. ped. inst. I (1956).Google Scholar
Frejdenberg, M. M.Ekskussija v Vizantii xi–xii vv.’ [Immunity in Byzantium in the 11th and 12th centuries], in ibid, III (1958).Google Scholar
Gelzer, M. Studien zur byzantinischen Verwaltung Ägyptens. Leipzig, 1909.
Glykatzi-Ahrweiler, H.La politique agraire des empereurs de Nicée’, in Byzantion, XXVIII (1958).Google Scholar
Glykatzi-Ahrweiler, H.La concession des droits, incorporels. Donations conditionneles, in Actes du XIIe Congrès Intern. des Études byzantines, Ochride 1961, vol. II, Belgrade 1964.Google Scholar
Gorjanov, B. T.Vizantijskoe krest'janstvo pri Paleologach’ [The Byzantine peasantry under the Palaeologi], in Viz. Vremennik, III (1950).Google Scholar
Gorjanov, B. T.Pozdnevizantijskij immunitet’ [The late Byzantine immunity], in ibid. XI (1956); XII (1957).Google Scholar
Gorjanov, B. T. Pozdnevizantijskij feodalizm [The late Byzantine feudalism]. Moscow, 1962.
Goudas, M. Bυζαντιακὰ ἕγγραφα τΰς ἐν Ἑθῳ ίεῳς μονΰς τοû Bατοπεδaὶςου [Byzantine documents from the monastery of Vatopedi on Athos], in Ἠπετηρὶς Ἠταιρεας Bυζαντονῶν σπουδὼν [Annual of the Society of Byzantine Studies], IV (1927).Google Scholar
Guillou, A. Les archives de Saint-Jean-Prodrome sur le mont Ménécée. Paris, 1955.
Hardy, E. R. The Large Estates of Byzantine Egypt. New York, 1931.
Hartmann, L. M. Untersuchungen zur Gescichte der byzantinischen Verwaltung in Italien. Leipzig, 1889.
Jakovenko, P. K istorii immuniteta v Vizantii [Contribution to the history of immunity in Byzantium]. Jur'ev, 1908.
Jakovenko, P. Gramoty Novogo Monastyrja na ostrove Chiose [Documents from Nea Mone in Chios]. Jur'ev, 1917.
Karayaknopulos, J. Das Finanzwesen des frühbyzaotinischen Staates. Munich, 1958.
Každan, A. P.Vizantijskoe sel'skoe poselenie’ [Byzantine rural settlement], in Viz. Vremennik, II (1949).Google Scholar
Každan, A. P. Agrarnye otnošenija v Vizantii XIII–XIV vv. [Agrarian conditions in Byzantium in the 13th and 14th centuries]. Moscow, 1952.
Každan, A. P.K voprosu ob osobennostjach feodal'noj sobstvennosti v Vizantii viii–x vv.’ [On the particularities of the feudal property in Byzantium from the 8th to the 10th century], in Viz. Vremennik, X (1956).Google Scholar
Každan, A. P. Derevnja i gorod v Vizantii IX–X vv. [City and village in Byzantium in the 9th and 10th centuries]. Moscow, 1960.
Každan, A. P.Ekskussija i ekskussaty v Vizantii x–xii vv.’ [Immunity and immunists in Byzantium from the 10th to the 12th century], in Viz. očerki (Moscow, 1961).Google Scholar
Kekaumenos, . Strategikon, ed. Vasiljevskij, V. and Jernstedt, V.. St Petersburg, 1896.
Ktenas, Chr. Χρυσόβουλλον λόγοι τῳς όν Ἐθῳ ίερῳς μονς τοᾶ Δ хεiα;ίου [Golden Bulls from the monastery of Dochiariou], in Ὲπετηοὶς Ὲταiρείας Bυζαυτιυ Σπονδῶν, IV (1927).Google Scholar
Laskaris, M. Vatopedskata gramota na car Ivan Asenja II [The Vatopedi document of the Tsar Ivan Asen ii]. Sofia, 1930.
Laskaris, M. Actes serbes de Vatopédi. Prague, 1935.
Lauriotes, Alexandros.Aθωῖτις στοά [Documents from Athos], in Vizantijskij Vremennik, V (1898).Google Scholar
Lefebure des Noëttes, Ct.Le systeme d'attelage du cheval et du boeuf à Byzance et les conséquences de son emploi’, in Mélanges Diehl, 1 (Paris, 1930).Google Scholar
Lemerle, P.Esquisse pour une histoire agraire de Byzance: les sources et les problèmes, in Revue historique. CCXIX, 1 (1958); CCXIX, 2 (1958).Google Scholar
Levčenko, M. V.Materialy dlja vnutrennej istorii Vostočno-Rimskoj imperii v–vi vv.’ [Materials for the inner history of the Eastern Roman Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries], in Viz. Sbornik (Moscow–Leningrad, 1945).Google Scholar
Levčenko, M. V.Cerkovnye imuščestva v Vostočno-Rimskoj imperii v–vi vv.’ [Church property in the Eastern Roman Empire from the 5th to the 7th century], in Viz. Vremennik, II (1949).Google Scholar
Lipšic, E. E.Vizantijskoe krest'janstvo i slayjanskaja kolonizacija’ [The Byzantine peasantry and the Slav colonization], in Viz. Sbornik (1945).Google Scholar
Lipšic, E. E.O putjach formirovanija feodal'noj sobstvennosti i feodal'noj zavisimosti v balkanskich i maloazijskich provincijach Vizantii’ [On the ways of formation of feudal property and feudal dependence in the Byzantine provinces on the Balkans and in Asia Minor], in Viz. Vremnnik, XIII (1958).Google Scholar
Lipšic, E. E. Očerki istorii vizantijskogo obščestva i kul'tury, VIII-pervaja polovina IX veka [Essays on history of the Byzantine society and civilisation in the 8th and the first half of the 9th century]. Moscow–Leningrad, 1961.
Litavrin, G. G. Bolgarija i Vizantija v XI–XII vv. [Bulgaria and Byzantium in the 11th and 12th centuries]. Moscow, 1960.
Malafosse, J.Les lois agraires à l'époque byzantine. Tradition et exégèse’, in Recueil de l'Acad. de Législation, XIX. Toulouse, 1949.Google Scholar
Meyer, Ph. Haupturkunden für die Geschichte der Athosklöster. Leipzig, 1894.
Miklosich, F. and Müller, J. Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi, I–VI, Vienna, 1860–90.
Monnier, H.Études de droit byzantin. L'épibolé’, in Nouv. revue hist. de droit français et étranger, XVI (1892); XVIII (1894); XIX (1895).Google Scholar
Mošin, V.Akti iz svetogorskih arhiva’ [Documents from the archives of Mt Athos], in Spomenik of the Serbian Academy of Sciences, XCI, 1939.Google Scholar
Mošin, V. and Sovre, A. Supplementa ad acta graeca Chilandarii. Ljubljana, 1948.
Mutafčiev, P.Vojniški zemi i vojnici v Vizantija prez xiii–xiv v.’ [Military estates and soldiers in Byzantium in the 13th and 14th centuries], in Spisanie of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, XXVIII (1923).Google Scholar
Novaković, St.Pronijari i baštinci’ [Pronoiars and patrimonial proprietors], in Glas of the Serbian Academy, 1 (1887).Google Scholar
Osipova, K. A.Razvitie feodal'noj sobstvennosti na zemlju i zakrepoščenie krest'janstva v Vizantii x v.’ [Development of the feudal landed property and peasant servility in Byzantium in the 10th century], in Viz. Vremennik, X (1956).Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.Die ländliche Steuergemeinde des byzantinischen Reiches im 10. Jahrhundert’, in Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. XX (1927).Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.Das Steuersystem im byzantinischen Altertum und Mittelalter’, in Byzantion, VI (1931).Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.Le grand domaine dans l'Empire byzantin’, in Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin, IV (1949).Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G. Pour l'histoire de la féodalité byzantine. Brussels, 1954.
Ostrogorsky, G. Quelques probèmes d'histoire de la paysannerie byzantine. Brussels, 1956.
Ostrogorsky, G.Das byzantinische Kaiserreich in seiner inneren Struktur’, in Historia Mundi, VI (1958).Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.K istorii immuniteta v Vizantii’, in Viz. Vremennik, XIII (1958)Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G. French translation: ‘Pour l'histoire de l'immunité à Byzance’, in Byzantion, XXVIII (1958).Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G.Vizantijska seoska opitina’, in Glas of the Servian Academy of Sciences and Arts, CCL (1961)Google Scholar
Ostrogorsky, G. French translation: ‘La commune rurale byzantine,’ in Byzantion, XXXIL (1962).Google Scholar
Pančenko, B. A.Krest'janskaja sobstvennost' v Vizantii’ [The peasant property in Byzantium], in Izvestija of the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople, IX (1904).Google Scholar
Petit, L.Actes de Pantocrator’, in Vizantijskij Vremennik, X (1903).Google Scholar
Petit, L.Typicon de Grégoire Pacourianos’, in ibid, XI (1904).Google Scholar
Petit, L. and Korablev, B.Actes de Chilandar’, in ibid, XVII (1911); XIX (1912).Google Scholar
Petit, L. and Regel, W.Actes d'Esphigménou’, in ibid, XII (1906).Google Scholar
Piguievskaja, N. V., Lipsic, E. E., Sjuzjumov, M. Ja., and Každan, A. P.Gorod i derevnja v Vizantii v iv–xii vv.’ [City and village in Byzantium from the 4th to the 12th century], in Actes du XIIe Congrès Intern. des Études byzantines, Ochride 1961, vol. I, Belgrade, 1963.Google Scholar
Regel, W., Kurtz, E., and Korablev, B.Actes de Zographou’, in ibid, XIII (1907).Google Scholar
Regel, W., ‘Actes de Philothée’, in ibid, XX (1913).Google Scholar
Regel, W. Χρυσόβoυλλα κα;ὶ γάμματα τῃς ἐν τῷ Ἐγίῳ Ὄρει Ἄθῳ ῳερᾶς καὶ σεβαμίας μονς του Bατοπεδιου [Golden Bulls and documents from the monastery of Vatopedi on Mt Athos]. St Petersburg, 1898.
Rostovtzeff, M. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford, 1926.
Rouillard, G. and Collomp, P. Actes de Lavra, I. Paris, 1937.
Rouillard, G. L'administration civile de l'Egypte byzantine. 2nd ed. Paris, 1928.
Rouillard, G.Les archives de Lavra’, in Byzantion, III (1926).Google Scholar
Rouillard, G.Recensement de terre sous les premiers Paléologues’, in ibid, XII (1937).Google Scholar
Rouillard, G.L'épibolé au temps d'Alexis Ier Comnène’, in ibid, X (1935).Google Scholar
Rouillard, G. La vie rurale dans l'Empire byzantin. Paris, 1953.
Rudakov, A. P. Očerki vizantijskoj kul'tury po dannym grečeskoj agiograjii [Sketches of Byzantine civilisation based upon Greek hagiography]. Moscow, 1917.
Sathas, K. Bibliotheca graeca medii aevi, I–VII. Venice-Paris, 1862–94.
Setton, K. M.On the Importance of Land Tenure and Agrarian Taxation in the Byzantine Empire, from the Fourth Century to the Fourth Crusade, in American Journal of Philology’, LXXVI (1953).Google Scholar
Sjuzjumov, M. Ja.O charaktere i suščnosti vizantijskoj obščiny po Zemledel'českomu zakonu’ [On the character and the essence of the Byzantine community according to the Farmer's Law], in Viz. Vremennik, X (1956).Google Scholar
Sjuzjumov, M. Ja.Bor'ba za puti razvitija feodal'nych otnošenij v Vizantii’ [Struggle for the ways of the development of feudal relations in Byzantium], in Viz. očerki (1961).Google Scholar
Sokolov, I.Krupnye i melkie vlasteli v Fessalii’ [The greater and lesser nobles of Thessaly], in Viz. Vremennik, XXIV (1923).Google Scholar
Sokolov, I.Materialy po zemel'no-chozjajstvennomu bytu Vizantii’ [Materials for the agrarian conditions of Byzantium], in Izvestija Akad. Nauk. SSSR, (1931), No. 6.Google Scholar
Solov'ev, A. V.Fessalijskie archonty v xiv v.’ [The archons of Thessaly in the 14th century], in Byztantinoslavica, IV (1932).Google Scholar
Solovjev, A. and Mošin, V. Grčke povelje srpskih vladara [Greek documents of the Serbian rulers]. Belgrade, 1936.
Stadtmüiller, G.Michael Choniates, Metropolit von Athen’, in Orientalia Christiana, XXX, 2 (1934).Google Scholar
Stadtmüiller, G.Landesverteidigung und Siedlungspolitik im oströmischen Reich’, in Bull. de l'Inst. archéol. bulgare, IX (1935).Google Scholar
Stein, E. Studien zur Geschichte des byzantinischen Reiches. Stuttgart, 1919.
Stein, E.Untersuchungen zur spätbyzantinischen Verfassungs- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte’, in Mitteilungen zur Osmanischen Geschichte, II (1923–5).Google Scholar
Stein, E.Vom Altertum im Mittelalter. Zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Finanz-verwaltung’, in Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. XXI (1928).Google Scholar
Stein, E.Paysannerie et grands domaines dans l'Empire byzantin’, in Recueil de la Société Jean Bodin, Brussels, 1937.Google Scholar
Svoronos, N. G. Recherches sur le cadastre byzantin et la fiscalité aux XIe et XIIe siècles: le cadastre de Thèbes. Athens–Paris, 1959.
Tafel, G. L. F. and Thomas, G. M. Urkunden zur âlteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig, I–III. Vienna, 1856–7.
Udal'cova, Z. V. Italija i Vizantija v VI veke [Italy and Byzantium in the 6th century]. Moscow, 1959.
Uspenskij, F. I.Vizantijskie zemlemery’ [Byzantine surveyors], in Trudy VI archeol. s'ezda v Odesse 1884 g., II (1888).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, F. I.Akt otvoda zemli monastyrju Bogorodicy Milostivoj’ [A document of assignement of land for the monastery of Eleusa], in Izvestija of the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople, I (1896).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, F. I. and Beneševič, V. Actes de Vazélon. Leningrad, 1927.
Uspenskij, F. I.Značenie vizantijskoj i južnoslavjanskoj pronii’ [The significance of Byzantine and Southern-Slav pronoia], in Sbornik V.N. Lamanskomu. St Petersbrug, 1883.Google Scholar
Uspenskij, F. I.K istorii krest'janskogo zemlevladenija v Vizantii’ [Contribution to the history of peasant landownership in Byzantium], in Žurnal Min. Nar. Prosv. CCXXV (1883).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, F. I.Sledy piscovych knig v Vizantii’ [Traces of terriers in Byzantium], in ibid, XXCCV (1883); CCXXXI (1884); CCXL (1885).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, F. I.Mnenija i postanovlenija konstantinopol'skich pomestnych saborov xi i xii v. o razdače cerkovnych imuščestv’ [Judgements and decrees of the Byzantine local synods of the 11th and 12th centuries touching the bestowal of church property], in Izvestija of the Russian Archaeological Institute in Constantinople, V (1900).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, F. I.Social'naja evoljucija i feodalizacija Vizantii’ [Social evolution and feudalization of Byzantium], in Annaly, II (1923).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, K. N.Ekskussija-immunitet v vizantijskoj imperii’ [Immunity in the Byzantine Empire], in Viz. Vremennik, XXIII (1917–22).Google Scholar
Uspenskij, P. Vostok christianskij. Istorija Afona [The Christian East. A history of Athos]. I–III. Kiev, 1871.
Vasil'evskij, V. G.Materialy k vnutrennej istorii vizantijskogo gosudarstva’ [Materials for the inner history of the Byzantine state], in Žurnal Min. Nar. Prosv. CCII (1879); CCX (1880).Google Scholar
Vasiliev, A. A.On the Question of Byzantine Feudalism’, in Byzantion, VIII (1933).Google Scholar
Vernadskij, G. V.Zametki o krest'janskoj obščine v Vizantii’ [Observations on the peasant community in Byzantium], in Učenye zapiski russk. učebn. kolleg. v Prage, 1, 2 (1924).Google Scholar
Vernadskij, G. V.Sur l'origine de la Loi agraire’, in Byzantion, II (1925).Google Scholar
Višnjakova, A.Chozjajstvennaja organizacija mon. Lemviotissy’ [The economic organization of the monastery of Lemviotissa], in Viz. Vremennik, XXV (1927).Google Scholar
Xanalatos, D. A. Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte Makedoniens im Mittelalter, hauptsächlich auf Grund der Briefe des Erzbischofs Theophylaktos von Achrida. Munich, 1937.
Zachariä von Lingenthal, K. E. Geschichte des griechisch-römischen Rechts. 3. Aufl. Berlin, 1892; reprinted: Aalen in Württemberg, 1955.
Zachariae a Lingenthal, C. E. Jus Graeco-Romanum, I, III. Lipsiae, 1856, 1857 = Zepos, J. and , P. Jus graecoromanum, IV, I. Athens, 1931.
Zakythinos, D. A.Processus de féodalité’, in L'Hellénisme contemporain, II, 2 (1948).Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×