Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T07:46:02.876Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3f - Persia in Europe, apart from Greece

from 3 - The major regions of the empire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

A. Fol
Affiliation:
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
N. G. L. Hammond
Affiliation:
University of Bristol
Get access

Summary

THE NATURE OF OUR INFORMATION

We rely almost entirely on Herodotus. Some have despaired of his account, for instance, of Darius' advance into Scythia, but others have claimed to make some sense of parts of it. We have to be on our guard against Herodotus' own outlook. He saw the actions of Darius as ‘precedents' for those of Xerxes, the centrepiece of his history; and it was in all matters his habit to look for ‘precedents’, e.g. to Cleisthenes' invention of ten Attic tribes. These ‘precedents’ included the revenge-motive for the war (VI. I; VII. 5.2–3), the real aim of conquering all Europe (IV.118.1; VII.8.a2 and 54.2), the disregard of Artabanus' wise advice (IV.83 and VII. 10), the levy from all nations of the empire and conscription in areas newly conquered (IV.83.1 and 96.2; VII.185), the bridging of the waters which separate the two continents (III. 134.4 and IV. 118.1; VII. 33.1), the loyalty to Persia of most but not all Ionian Greeks (IV.137 and VIII.85.1), the failure and flight of the Persian king (IV.135; VIII. 115), and his escape only because the Greeks failed to accept the advice of a leading Greek to destroy the bridge which led to Asia (IV.137.1; VIII.108.2; cf.VIII.97.1).

Some of these ‘precedents’ have rightly been suspected. The revenge-motive arising from Scythian attacks on the Medes in Asia a century or so earlier will hardly account for a Persian king attacking Scythians in Europe. The failure of Darius seems greatly exaggerated. The story of Miltiades advising the destruction of the bridge over the Danube cannot be true in the light of his subsequent history (see below).

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, P. B.The spread of rabies into Europe, and the probable origin of this disease in antiquity’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 1977 Google ScholarPubMed
Adcock, F. E. The Greek and Macedonian Art of War. Berkeley–Los Angeles, 1957 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aly, W. Volksmärchen, Sage und Novelle bei Herodot und seinen Zeitgenossen. 2nd edn ed. Huber, L. . Göttingen, 1969 Google Scholar
Balcer, J. M.The date of Herodotus iv. 1. Darius’ Scythian expedition’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 76 (1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balcer, J. M.The Persian occupation of Thrace 519–419 B.C.; the economic effects’, Actes du lle Congrès International des Etudes du Sud-Est européen, 24254. Athens, 1972 Google Scholar
Beloch, K. J. Griechische Geschichte. 4 vols, in 8. Strassburg–Berlin, 1912–27 Google Scholar
Bengtson, H. and others. The Greeks and the Persians: from the Sixth to the Fourth Centuries. London–New York, 1969 (Trans, of Griechen und Perser: die Mittelmeerwelt im Altertum. Frankfurt am Main, 1965)Google Scholar
Boardman, J. The Greeks Overseas. 2nd edn. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Boer, W. . ‘Herodot und die Systeme der Chronologie’, Mnemosyne ser. iv 20 (1967)Google Scholar
Bogaert, R. Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Leiden, 1966 Google Scholar
Breitenbach, H. R.Xenophon von Athen’ in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– ser.2, ix a 2 (1966)Google Scholar
Briant, P.Colonisation hellénistique et populations indigènes’, Klio 60 (1978)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burn, A. R. Persia and the Greeks: the Defence of the West, c. 546–478 B.C. 2nd edn, with a Postscript by Lewis, D. M. . London–Stanford, 1984 Google Scholar
Calmeyer, P.The subject of the Achaemenid tomb reliefs’, in Procs. of the 3rd Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran, 23342. Tehran, 1974 Google Scholar
Cameron, G. G.Darius, Egypt and “The Lands beyond the Sea”’, Journal of New Eastern Studies 2 (1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carter, E. and Stolper, M. W. Elam: Surveys of Political History and Archaeology (University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Near Eastern Studies 25). Berkeley, 1984 Google Scholar
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, 1971 Google Scholar
Castritius, H.Die Okkupation Thrakiens durch die Perser und der Sturz des athenischen Tyrannen Hippias’, Chiron 2 (1972)Google Scholar
Cook, J. M. The Persian Empire. London, 1983 Google Scholar
Danov, CM. Alt-Thrakien. Berlin, 1976 Google Scholar
Drews, R.The fall of Astyages and Herodotus’ chronology of the eastern kingdoms’, Historia 18 (1969)Google Scholar
Drews, R. The Greek Accounts of Eastern History. Cambridge, Mass., 1973 Google Scholar
Filow, B. Die archaische Nekropole von Trebenischte. Berlin, 1925 Google Scholar
Fol, A.Road Enos-Kabile-Haem: The Megaliths’, Thracia 11 (= Monumenta Thraciae Antiquae 3). Sofia, 1979. (In Bulgarian)Google Scholar
Fol, A.Thraco-Scythica’, Studia Thracica I. Sofia, 1975. (In Bulgarian)Google Scholar
Fol, A. Political History of the Thracians from the end of the second millennium to the end of the 5th century B.C. Sofia, 1972. (In Bulgarian)Google Scholar
Fol, A. Thrace and the Thracians. London, 1977 Google Scholar
Fornara, C. W. Herodotus. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Francis, E. D.Greeks and Persians: the art of hazard and triumph’, in Ancient Persia: The Art of an Empire, ed. Schmandt-Besserat, D. , 5386. Malibu, 1980 Google Scholar
Freeman, E. A. History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy. 2nd edn. London, 1893 Google Scholar
Giannelli, G. La spedizione di Serse da Terme a Salamina. Milan, 1924 Google Scholar
Gomme, A. W. , Andrewes, A. and Dover, K. J. A Historical Commentary on Thucydides iv. Oxford, 1945–81 Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. Das Verhältnis der ausserherodoteischen Überlieferung zu Herodot. Bonn, 1963 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F.Greek tyrants and Achaemenid polities’, in The Craft of the Ancient Historian: Essays in Honor of Chester G. Starr, edd. Eadie, J. W. and Ober, J. , 79123. Lanham, 1985 Google Scholar
Graf, D. F.Medism: the origin and significance of the term’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 104 (1984)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L.Studies in Greek chronology of the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.’, Historia 4 (1955)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L.The extent of Persian occupation in Thrace’, Chiron (1980)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L.The lettering and the iconography of “Macedonian” coinage’, in c 546 Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. A History of Greece to 322 B.C. 2nd edn. Oxford, 1967 (3rd edn 1986)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. A History of Macedonia 1 (Oxford, 1972) and (with G. T. Griffith) 11 (Oxford, 1979)Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L. Atlas of the Greek and Roman World in Antiquity. New Jersey, 1983 Google Scholar
Hammond, N. G. L ‘The Philaids and the Chersonese’, The laws of Kleisthenes n.s. 6 (1956)Google Scholar
Herzfeld, E. E. The Persian Empire: Studies in the Geography and Ethnography of the ancient Near East. Wiesbaden, 1968 Google Scholar
Hirsch, S. W. The Friendship of the Barbarians: Xenophon and the Persian Empire. Hanover–London, 1985 Google Scholar
Homeyer, H.Zu den Anfängen der Griechischen Biographie’, Philologus 106 (1962)Google Scholar
How, W. W. and Wells, J. A Commentary on Herodotus. Oxford, 1912 Google Scholar
Huber, L.Herodots Homerverständis’, Synusia. Festgabe für W. Schadewaldt, edd. Flashar, H. and Gaiser, K. , 2952. Neske, 1965 Google Scholar
Immerwahr, H. R. Form and Thought in Herodotus. Cleveland, 1960 Google Scholar
Jacoby, F.Herodotos’, Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893– Suppl. 11 (1913) (= Griechische Historiker, 7164. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F.Ktesias’, in Pauly–Wissowa–Kroll–Mittelhaus, , Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertum swissen schaft. Stuttgart, 1893xi (1922) (= Griechische Historiker, 31132. Stuttgart, 1956)Google Scholar
Jacoby, F. Abhandlmgen zur griechischen Geschichtsschreibung, ed. Leiden, H. , 1956 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, F. Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, 3 pts in 15 vols. Berlin, 1926; Leiden, 1943–58 3 2.Google Scholar
Jeffery, L. H. Archaic Greece. London, 1976 Google Scholar
Jochmus, A.Notes on a journey into the Balkan, or Mount Haemus, in 1847’, Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 24 (1854)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraay, C. M. and Hirmer, M. Greek Coins. London, 1966 Google Scholar
Lewis, D. M. Sparta and Persia. Leiden, 1977 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Littauer, M. A. and Crouwel, J. H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden, 1979 Google Scholar
Mayrhofer, M. Supplement zur Sammlung der altpersischen Inschriften. Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 338, 7. Vienna, 1978 Google Scholar
Mazzarino, S. Fra Oriente e Occidente. Florence, 1947 Google Scholar
Meiggs, R. The Athenian Empire. Oxford, 1972 Google Scholar
Merker, I. L.The ancient kingdom of Paionia’, Balkan Studies 6 (1965)Google Scholar
Mihailov, G.La Thrace et la Macédoine jusqu'à l'invasion 10 des Celtes’, in Ancient Macedonia 1. Thessaloniki, 1970 Google Scholar
Miller, M.Herodotus as chronographer’, Klio 46 (1965)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, B. M.Herodotus and Samos’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 95 (1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. D.Tradizione e invenzione in Ctesia’, in Quarto Contributo alla Storia degli Studi Classici e del Mondo Antico, 181212. Rome, 1969 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A.Eastern elements in post-exilic Jewish and Greek historiography’, in Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography, 2535. Oxford, 1977 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A.Persian empire and Greek freedom’ in The Idea of Freedom: Essays in honour of Isaiah Berlin, ed. Ryan, A. , 13951. Oxford, 1979 Google Scholar
Momigliano, A. Alien Wisdom: the Limits of Hellenization, Cambridge, 1975 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Momigliano, A. The Development of Greek Biography. Harvard, 1971 Google Scholar
Muhly, J. D. Review of a 14, Journal of New Eastern Studies 35 (1976)Google Scholar
Murray, O. Early Greece. London, 1980 Google Scholar
Myres, J. L. Herodotus: Father of History. Oxford, 1953 Google Scholar
Neugebauer, O. The Exact Sciences in Antiquity. Princeton, 1957 Google Scholar
Price, M. J. and Waggoner, N. Archaic Greek Coinage: the Asyut Hoard. London, 1975 Google Scholar
Price, M. Coins of the Macedonians. London, 1974 Google Scholar
Pugliese Carratelli, G.Greek inscriptions of the Middle East’, East and West 16 (1966)Google Scholar
Σίνδοζ: κατάλογοζ τῖ7zgr; ἐκθέσηζ. Archaeological Museum, Thessaloniki 1985 Google Scholar
Samsaris, D. K. Ἱστορικὴ γεωγραφία τῖζ Ἀνατολικῖζ Mακεδονίαζ κατὰ τὴν ἀρχαιότηα. Thessaloniki, 1976 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H.The death of Cyrus: Xenophon's Cryopaedia as a source for Iranian history’, in Papers in Honour of Professor Mary Boyce, ed. Bivar, A. D. H. (Acta Iranica: Hommages et Opera Minora ii), 11. Leiden, 1985 Google Scholar
Sancisi-Weerdenburg, H. Yauna en Persai: Grieken en Perzen in een ander perspectief. Groningen, 1980 Google Scholar
Sandars, N. K. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the ancient Mediterranean, 1250–1150 B.C. London, 1978 Google Scholar
Snodgrass, A. M. The Dark Age of Greece. Edinburgh, 1971 Google Scholar
Starr, C. G. Greeks and Persians in the Fourth Century B.C. Ann Arbor, 1979 Google Scholar
Strasburger, H.Herodots Zeitrechnung’, Historia 5 (1956) (= Herodot, ed. Marg, W. , 688736. 2nd edn. Darmstadt, 1965)Google Scholar
Strasburger, H. Die Wesensbestimmung der Geschichte durch die antike Geschichtsschreibung (= Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Goethe-Universität, J. W. , Frankfurt 5, no. 3. 1966)Google Scholar
Strassmaier, J. N.Einige chronologische Daten aus astronomischen Rechnungen’, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie 7 (1892)Google Scholar
Tarn, W. W. Alexander the Great. Cambridge, 1948 Google Scholar
Unger, E.Der Dariusstele am Tearos’, Archäologischer Anzeiger 1915, 3ff Latomus Collection LatomusGoogle Scholar
Vansina, J. Oral Tradition. Trans. Wright, H. M. . London, 1965 Google Scholar
Venedikov, I. and Gerassimov, T. Thracian Art Treasures. London, 1975 Google Scholar
Venedikov, I.La campagne de Darius contre les Scythes à travers la Thrace’, Studia Balcanica 1 (1979)Google Scholar
Vigneron, I. P. Le cheval dans l'antiquité. Nancy, 1968 Google Scholar
Wade-Gery, H. T. Essays in Greek History. Oxford, 1958 Google Scholar
Walser, G. Hellas und Iran. Darmstadt, 1984 Google Scholar
Weissbach, F. H. Die Keilinschriften der Achdmeniden (Vorderasiatische Bibliothek 3). Leipzig, 1911 Google Scholar
West, M. L. Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. Oxford, 1971 Google Scholar
Wolf, Eric R. Peasants. Englewood Cliffs, 1966 Google Scholar
Youroukova, Y. and Athanassov, A. Coins of the Ancient Thracians (British Archaeological Reports Suppl. Series 4). Oxford, 1976 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×