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14 - The family in the late Roman world

from PART III - EAST AND WEST: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2008

By
Andrea Giardina
Edited by
Averil Cameron ,
Bryan Ward-Perkins  and
Michael Whitby
Andrea Giardina
Affiliation:
Professor of Roman History, University of Rome La Sapienza
Averil Cameron
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Bryan Ward-Perkins
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Michael Whitby
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
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Summary

CHRISTIANITY AND LAWS ON THE FAMILY

Before Constantine, no Roman emperor, not even Augustus, had displayed such a strong ambition to reshape family legislation and initiate thereby an extensive project of moral reconstruction: pudor tutus, munita coniugia was how a panegyrist pithily expressed it as early as 321. In some respects, Constantinian legislation merely brought to completion tendencies that had been operative for some time; in others, it was more innovative. On the whole, it aimed at asserting principles of rigour, order and temperance in family relationships. Often it revealed a somewhat darker side, betraying both acute perception and ill-concealed pessimism, and alongside the wishful imperatives we also find realistic laws concerning concrete situations. The frequency and variety of these measures testify to the importance of political policy on these issues.

Constantine’s laws had three principal aims, all closely interlinked: to safeguard celibacy, to encourage the matrimonium iustum and to protect infants and minors. The first was accomplished by repealing the Augustan marriage laws, which had penalized celibates and childless couples (by restricting their ability to receive inheritances and legacies) and provided incentives to matrimony and procreation. A variety of measures contributed towards achieving the second aim: socially mixed unions and concubinage were repressed; greater significance was attributed to the promise of marriage; abduction was severely punished; accusations of adultery could no longer be made by outsiders, but only by the husband or by the wife’s close male relatives; adultery was punished by death.

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The Cambridge Ancient History , pp. 392 - 415
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2001

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