Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-22T08:57:37.782Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part I - Race, Racism, and Identity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2023

Edited by
Yamonte Cooper  and
Erica Holmes
Yamonte Cooper
Affiliation:
El Camino College, Torrance, California
Erica Holmes
Affiliation:
Antioch University, Los Angeles
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Black Couples Therapy
Clinical Theory and Practice
 , pp. 9 - 82
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aborampah, O. (1989). Black male–female relationships. Journal of Black Studies, 19, 320–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, J. P., & Dressler, W. W. (1988). Perceptions of injustice in a black community: Dimensions and variations. Human Relations, 41, 753–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, M., & West, C. (2012). The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New Press.Google Scholar
Allen, R. L., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2001). Consequences of the Black sense of self. Journal of Black Psychology, 27, 3–28.Google Scholar
Allen, R. L., Dawson, M. C., & Brown, R. E. (1989). A schema-based approach to modeling an African American racial belief system. American Political Science Review, 83, 421–441.Google Scholar
Allen, R. L., & Hatchett, S. (1986). The media and social reality effects: self and system orientations of Blacks. Communication Research, 13, 97–123.Google Scholar
Allen, R. L., Thornton, M. C., & Watkins, S. C. (1992). An African American racial belief system and social structural relationships: A test of invariance. National Journal of Sociology, 6(2), 157–186.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J. A., & Hopkins, R. (1990). African Americans and European American cultural differences assessed by the worldview. Paradigm: An Empirical Analysis, 14, 38–52.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A. (1982). On the racial disproportionality of United States’ prison populations. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 73(3), 1259–1281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boyd-Franklin, N. (1989). Black families in therapy: A multisystems approach. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Boyd-Franklin, N., & Franklin, A. J. (1998). African American couples in therapy. In McGoldrick, M. & Hardy, K. V. (Eds.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (pp. 268–281). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Broman, C. L. (1993). Race differences in marital well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 724–732.Google Scholar
Broman, C. L., Neighbors, H. W., & Jackson, J. S. (1988). Racial group identification among black adults. Social Forces, 67, 146–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charles, K. K., & Luoh, M. C. (2010). Male incarceration, the marriage market, and female outcomes. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(3), 614–627. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00022Google Scholar
Chestnut, C. (2009). The study of internalized stereotypes among African American couples [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Drexel University.Google Scholar
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V., & Williams, D. R. (1999). Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model. American Psychologist, 54(10), 805–816.Google Scholar
Cross, W. E. Jr. (1995). The psychology of Nigrescence: Revisiting the Cross model. In Ponterotto, J. G., Casa, J. M., Suzuki, L. A., & Alexander, C. M. (Eds.), Handbook of Multicultural Counseling (pp. 93–122). Sage.Google Scholar
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Abraham, W. T., Gardner, K. A., Melby, J. N., Bryant, C., & Conger, R. D. (2003). Neighborhood context and financial strain as predictors of marital interaction and marital quality in African American couples. Personal Relationships, 10, 389–409.Google Scholar
Darity, W. (2005). Stratification economics: The role of intergroup inequality. Journal of Economics and Finance, 29(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02761550Google Scholar
Darity, W., Dietrich, J., & Guilkey, D. K. (2001). Persistent advantage or disadvantage?: Evidence in support of the intergenerational drag hypothesis. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 60(2), 435–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/1536-7150.00070Google Scholar
Du Bois, W. E. B. (1964). The souls of Black folk. Fawcett. (Original work published 1903)Google Scholar
Eichler, T. P. (2004). Race and incarceration in Delaware: A preliminary consideration. Delaware Center for Justice; Metropolitan Wilmington Urban League. http://www.prisonpolicy.org/scans/RaceIncarceration.pdfGoogle Scholar
Franklin, C. W. (1980). White racism as the cause of Black male-female conflict: A critique. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 4, 42–49.Google Scholar
Gatewood, W. B. Jr. (1988). Aristocrats of color: south and north, the black elite, 1880–1920. Journal of Southern History, 54, 3–20.Google Scholar
Hardy, K. V. (2001). The African American experience and the healing of relationships. https://dulwichcentre.com.au/articles-about-narrative-therapy/african-american-experience/Google Scholar
Jewell, K. S. (1983). Black male/female conflict: Internalization of negative definition transmitted through imagery. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 7, 43–48.Google Scholar
Kelly, S., & Floyd, F. J. (2001). The effects of negative racial stereotypes and Afrocentricity on couple relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 156, 110–123.Google Scholar
LaRossa, R., & Reitzes, D. C. (1993). Symbolic interactionism and family studies. In Boss, P., Doherty, W., LaRossa, R., Schumm, W., & Steinmetz, S. (Eds.), Sourcebook of family themes and methods: A contextual approach (pp. 135–163). Plenum.Google Scholar
Lawson, E., & Thompson, A. (1994). Historical and Social correlates of African American divorce: Review of the literature and implication for research. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 18(2), 91–103.Google Scholar
Locke, H. J. (1947). Predicting marital adjustment by comparison of a divorced and happily married group. American Sociological Review, 12, 187–191.Google Scholar
Locke, H. J., & Wallace, K. M. (1959). Short marital adjustment and prediction test: their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.Google Scholar
Locke, H. J., & Williamson, R. C. (1958). Marital adjustment: A factor analysis study. American Sociological Review, 23, 562–569.Google Scholar
Lynch, C., & Blinder, M. (1983). The romantic relationship: Why and how people fall in love, the way couples connect, and why they break apart. Family Therapy, 10, 91–104.Google Scholar
Markowski, E. M., & Greenwood, P. D. (1984). Marital adjustment as a correlate of social interest. Individual Psychology Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research and Practice, 40, 300–308.Google Scholar
McCarthy, I. C., & Byrne, N. O. (2008). A fifth-province approach to intercultural issues in an Irish context: Marginal illumination. In McGoldrick, M. & Hardy, K. V. (Eds.), Re-visioning family therapy: Race, culture, and gender in clinical practice (pp. 327–343). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
McRoy, S., & Fisher, V. L. (1982). Marital adjustment of graduate student couples. Family Relations, 31, 37–41.Google Scholar
Meredith, W. H., Abbott, D. A., & Adams, S. L. (1986). Family violence: Its relation to marital and parental satisfaction and family strengths. Journal of Family Violence, 1, 299–305.Google Scholar
Nobles, W. W. (1973). Psychological research and the black self-concept: A critical review. Journal of Social Issues, 29, 11–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nobles, W. W. (1991). Extended self: Rethinking the so-called Negro self-respect. In Jones, R. L. (Ed.), Black psychology (3rd ed., pp. 295–304). Cobb and Henry Publishers.Google Scholar
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Okazawa-Rey, M., Robinson, T., & Ward, J. V. (1986). Black women and the politics of skin color and hair. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 14, 13–14.Google Scholar
Olson, D. H. (1999). Overview of manual: In David Olson’s prepare/enrich counselor’s manual, Version 2000 (pp. 1–21). Life Innovations.Google Scholar
Parham, T. A., & Helms, J. E. (1985). The relationship of racial, identity attitudes to self actualization of black students and objective states. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 431–440.Google Scholar
Pinderhughes, E. (1989). Understanding race, ethnicity & power: The key to efficacy in clinical practice. The Free Press.Google Scholar
Pinderhughes, E. (2002). African American marriage in the 20th century. Family Process, 41, 269–282.Google Scholar
Pinderhughes, E. (2008). Black genealogy revisited: Restorying an African American family. In McGoldrick, M. & Hardy, K. V. (Eds.), Revisioning family therapy: race, culture and gender in clinical practice (pp. 114–134). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Reis, H. T., & Patrick, B. C. (1996). Attachment and intimacy: Component processes. In Higgins, E. T. & Kruglanski, A. W. (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 523–563). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Reis, H. T., & Shaver, P. (1988). Intimacy as an interpersonal process. In Duck, S. (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 367–389). Wiley.Google Scholar
Sellers, R. M. (1993). A call to arms for researchers studying racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 19(3), 327–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, J. A. (1987). The dissolution of romantic relationships: Factors involved in relationship stability and emotional distress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 683–692.Google Scholar
Simpson, J.A. (1990). Attachment theory in modern evolutionary perspective. In Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical application (pp. 115–140). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.Google Scholar
Spanier, G. B. (2001). Dyadic Adjustment Scale user’s manual. Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Spanier, G. B., & Cole, C. L. (1976). Toward clarification and investigation of marital adjustment. International Journal of the Sociology of the Family, 6, 121–146.Google Scholar
SPSS, Inc. (2005). SPSS base 15.0 user guide. SPSS.Google Scholar
Steinberg, R. J., Hojjat, M., & Barnes, M. L. (2001). Empirical aspects of a theory of love as a story. European Journal of Personality, 15(3), 1–20.Google Scholar
Taylor, J. (1990). Relationship between internalized racism and marital satisfaction. The Journal of Black Psychology, 16, 45–53.Google Scholar
Taylor, J., & Zhang, X. (1990). Cultural identity in maritally distressed and nondistressed black couples. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 14, 205–213.Google Scholar
Terman, L. (1938). Psychological factors in marital happiness. McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Turner, R. J., & Noh, S. (1983). Class and psychological vulnerability among women: The significance of social support and personal control. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(1), 2–15.Google Scholar
Udry, J. R., Bauman, K. E., & Chase, C. (1971). Skin color, status, and mate selection. American Journal of Sociology, 76, 722–733.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2000 ). Statistical abstract of the United States (114th ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). Current Population Survey 2008 annual social and economic (ASEC) supplement. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cps/techdocs/cpsmar08.pdfGoogle Scholar
West, C. (1993). Race matters. Vintage Books, Random House.Google Scholar
White, B. B. (1989). Gender differences in marital communication patterns. Family Process, 28, 89–106.Google Scholar
White, J. M., & Kline, D. M. (2002). Family theories (2nd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar
Whiting, J. B., & Crane, D. R. (2003). Distress and divorce: Establishing cutoff scores for the marital stress inventory. Contemporary Family Therapy, 2, 195–205.Google Scholar
Zeifman, D., & Hazan, C. (1997). Attachment: The bond in pair-bonds. In Simpson, J. A. & Kenrick, D. (Eds.), Evolutionary social psychology (pp. 237–263). Erlbaum.Google Scholar

References

Abrams, J. A., Hill, A., & Maxwell, M. (2019). Underneath the mask of the strong Black woman schema: Disentangling influences of strength and self-silencing on depressive symptoms among US Black women. Sex Roles, 80(9–10), 517–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018-0956-yGoogle Scholar
Abrams, J. A., Maxwell, M., Pope, M., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2014). Carrying the world with the grace of a lady and the grit of a warrior: Deepening our understanding of the “Strong Black Woman” schema. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(4), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684314541418Google Scholar
Bailey-Fakhoury, C., & Frierson, M. (2014). Black women attending predominantly White institutions: Fostering their academic success using African American motherwork strategies. Journal of Progressive Policy & Practice, 2(3), 213–228.Google Scholar
Barr, A. B., Culatta, E., & Simons, R. L. (2013). Romantic relationships and health among African American young adults: Linking patterns of relationship quality over time to changes in physical and mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54(3), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146513486652Google Scholar
Battle, J., & Ashley, C. (2008). Intersectionality, heteronormativity, and Black lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) families. Black Women, Gender & Families, 2(1), 1–24.Google Scholar
Black, A. R., & Peacock, N. (2011). Pleasing the masses: Messages for daily life management in African American women’s popular media sources. American Journal of Public Health, 101(1), 144–150.Google Scholar
Brown, D. L., & Tylka, T. L. (2011). Racial discrimination and resilience in African American young adults: Examining racial socialization as a moderator. Journal of Black Psychology, 37(3), 259–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798410390689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, T. L., Linver, M. R., Evans, M., & DeGennaro, D. (2009). African–American parents’ racial and ethnic socialization and adolescent academic grades: Teasing out the role of gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9362-zCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, N. T., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2008). Effects of racial and sexual harassment on work and the psychological well-being of African American women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.137Google Scholar
Burton, L. M., & Tucker, M. B. (2009). Romantic unions in an era of uncertainty: A post-Moynihan perspective on African American women and marriage. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 621(1), 132–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716208324852Google Scholar
Childs, E. C. (2005). Looking behind the stereotypes of the “angry black woman”: An exploration of Black women’s responses to interracial relationships. Gender & Society, 19(4), 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205276755Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. (1986). Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of Black feminist thought. Social Problems, 33(6), s14–s32. https://doi.org/10.2307/800672Google Scholar
Collins, P. H. (2012). Just another American story? The first Black first family. Qualitative Sociology, 35(2), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-012-9225-5Google Scholar
Cutrona, C. E., Russell, D. W., Burzette, R. G., Wesner, K. A., & Bryant, C. M. (2011). Predicting relationship stability among midlife African American couples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 814–825. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025874Google Scholar
Davis, D. R., & Maldonado, C. (2015). Shattering the glass ceiling: The leadership development of African American women in higher education. Advancing Women in Leadership, 35. https://doi.org/10.21423/awlj-v35.a125Google Scholar
Davis, S. M. (2015). The “Strong Black Woman Collective”: A Developing theoretical framework for understanding collective communication practices of black women. Women’s Studies in Communication, 38(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/07491409.2014.953714Google Scholar
Davis, S., & Tucker-Brown, A. (2013). Effects of black sexual stereotypes on sexual decision making among African American women. Journal of Pan African Studies, 5(9), 111–128.Google Scholar
Dozier, R. (2010). Accumulating disadvantage: The growth in the black–white wage gap among women. Journal of African American Studies, 14, 279–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-010-9122-5Google Scholar
Friend, C. A., Hunter, A. G., & Fletcher, A. C. (2011). Parental racial socialization and the academic achievement of African American children: A cultural-ecological approach. Journal of African American Studies, 15(1), 40–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-010-9124-3Google Scholar
Furdyna, H. E., Tucker, M. B., & James, A. D. (2008). Relative spousal earnings and marital happiness among African American and White women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(2), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00485.xGoogle Scholar
Gooden, A. S. (2016). Black women in couples and families. In Lebow, J., Chamber, A., & Breunlin, D. C. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of couple & family therapy (pp. 285–289). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49425-8_702Google Scholar
Harknett, K., & McLanahan, S. S. (2004). Racial and ethnic differences in marriage after the birth of a child. American Sociological Review, 69(6), 790–811. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240406900603Google Scholar
Harrington, E. F., Crowther, J. H., & Shipherd, J. C. (2010). Trauma, binge eating, and the “strong Black woman.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019174Google Scholar
Henry, W. J. (2008). Black female millennial college students: Dating dilemmas and identity development. Multicultural Education, 16(2), 17–21.Google Scholar
Hill, S. A. (2006). Marriage among African American women: A gender perspective. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 37(3), 421–440. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.37.3.421Google Scholar
Hirsh, E., & Lyons, C. J. (2010). Perceiving discrimination on the job: Legal consciousness, workplace context, and the construction of race discrimination. Law & Society Review, 44(2), 269–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2010.00403.xGoogle Scholar
hooks, b. (2001). All about love: New visions. Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
hooks, b. (2002). Communion: The female search for love. Perennial.Google Scholar
Hurt, T. R., McElroy, S. E., Sheats, K. J., Landor, A. M., & Bryant, C. M. (2014). Married Black men’s opinions as to why Black women are disproportionately single: A qualitative study. Personal Relationships, 21(1), 88–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12019Google Scholar
Johnson, K. R., & Loscocco, K. (2015). Black marriage through the prism of gender, race, and class. Journal of Black Studies, 46(2), 142–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714562644Google Scholar
Jones, C., & Shorter-Gooden, K. (2003). The Sisterella Complex: Black women and depression (pp. 120–146). In Shifting: The double lives of black women in America. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Jones, M. K., Leath, S., Settles, I. H., Doty, D., & Conner, K. (2022). Gendered racism and depression among Black women: Examining the roles of social support and identity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 28(1), 39–48.https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000486Google Scholar
King, A. E., & Allen, T. T. (2009). Personal characteristics of the ideal African American marriage partner: A survey of adult Black men and women. Journal of Black Studies, 39(4), 570–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934707299637Google Scholar
Kogan, S. M., Lei, M. K., Grange, C. R., Simons, R. L., Brody, G. H., Gibbons, F. X., & Chen, Y. F. (2013). The contribution of community and family contexts to African American young adults’ romantic relationship health: A prospective analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(6), 878–890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9935-3Google Scholar
Marks, L. D., Hopkins, K., Chaney, C., Monroe, P. A., Nesteruk, O., & Sasser, D. D. (2008). “Together, we are strong”: A qualitative study of happy, enduring African American marriages. Family Relations, 57(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2008.00492.xGoogle Scholar
McDaniel, A., DiPrete, T. A., Buchmann, C., & Shwed, U. (2011). The black gender gap in educational attainment: Historical trends and racial comparisons. Demography, 48(3), 889–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0037-0Google Scholar
Mechoulan, S. (2011). The external effects of black male incarceration on black females. Journal of Labor Economics, 29(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1086/656370Google Scholar
Nelson, T., Cardemil, E. V., & Adeoye, C. T. (2016). Rethinking strength: Black women’s perceptions of the “Strong Black Woman” role. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(4), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316646716Google Scholar
OkCupid. (2014). Race and attraction, 2009–2014. Medium. https://theblog.okcupid.com/race-and-attraction-2009-2014-107dcbb4f060 [post no longer available]Google Scholar
Parks, S. (2010). Fierce angels: The strong black woman in American life and culture. Random House Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Pinderhughes, E. B. (2002). African American marriage in the 20th century. Family Process, 41(2), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41206.xGoogle Scholar
Robinson, A. R. (2007). Why does the slave ever love? The subject of romance revisited in the neoslave narrative. The Southern Literary Journal, 40(1), 39–57.Google Scholar
Shorter-Gooden, K. (2009). Therapy with African American men and women. In Neville, H. A., Tynes, B. M., & Utsey, S. O. (Eds.), Handbook of African American psychology (pp. 445–458). Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Simons, R. L., Simons, L. G., Lei, M. K., & Landor, A. M. (2012). Relational schemas, hostile romantic relationships, and beliefs about marriage among young African American adults. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(1), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407511406897Google Scholar
Smiley, C., & Fakunle, D. (2016). From “brute” to “thug:” The demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3–4), 350–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1129256Google Scholar
Stackman, V. R., Reviere, R., & Medley, B. C. (2016). Attitudes toward marriage, partner availability, and interracial dating among Black college students from historically Black and predominantly White institutions. Journal of Black Studies, 47(2), 169–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934715623520Google Scholar
Stanley, S. M., Rhoades, G. K., & Whitton, S. W. (2010). Commitment: Functions, formation, and the securing of romantic attachment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2(4), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2010.00060.xGoogle Scholar
Staples, R. (1985). Changes in black family structure: The conflict between family ideology and structural conditions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1005–1013. https://doi.org/10.2307/352344Google Scholar
Thomas, A. J., & King, C. T. (2007). Gendered racial socialization of African American mothers and daughters. The Family Journal, 15(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480706297853Google Scholar
Walker-Barnes, C. (2009). The burden of the strong Black woman. Journal of Pastoral Theology, 19(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1179/jpt.2009.19.1.002Google Scholar
Wallace, D. M. (2007). It’s a MAN thang”: Black male gender role socialization and the performance of masculinity in love relationships. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 1(7), 11–22.Google Scholar
Wang, M. T., & Huguley, J. P. (2012). Parental racial socialization as a moderator of the effects of racial discrimination on educational success among African American adolescents. Child Development, 83(5), 1716–1731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01808.xGoogle Scholar
Watson, N. N., & Hunter, C. D. (2016). “I had to be strong”: Tensions in the strong black woman schema. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(5), 424–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798415597093CrossRefGoogle Scholar
West, L. M., Donovan, R. A., & Daniel, A. R. (2016). The price of strength: Black college women’s perspectives on the strong Black woman stereotype. Women & Therapy, 39(3–4), 390–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2016.1116871Google Scholar
Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2010). Superwoman schema: African American women’s views on stress, strength, and health. Qualitative Health Research, 20(5), 668–683. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310361892Google Scholar

References

Akbar, N. (2003). Akbar papers in African psychology. Mind Productions.Google Scholar
Applewhite, S., & Littlefield, M. B. (2015). The role of resilience and anti-resilience behaviors in the romantic lives of Black same-gender-loving (SGL) men. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 2(2), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2016.0005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azibo, D. (1996). African psychology in historical perspective & related commentary. Africa World Press.Google Scholar
Baldwin, J., & Bell, Y. (1985). The African self-consciousness scale: An Afrocentric personality questionnaire. Western Journal of Black Studies, 9(2), 61–68.Google Scholar
Barry, M., Threats, M., Blackburn, N., LeGrand, S., Dong, W., Pulley, D., Sallabank, G., Harpers, G., Hightow-Weidman, L., Bauermeister, J., & Muessig, K. (2018). “Stay strong! keep ya head up! move on! it gets better!!!!”: Resilience processes in the healthMpowerment online intervention of young Black gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men. AIDS Care, 30(S5), S27–S38. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1510106Google Scholar
Bozard, R. Jr., & Sanders, C. (2017). The GRACE model of counseling: Navigating intersections of affectional orientation and Christian spirituality. In Ginicola, M. M., Smith, C., & Filmore, J. M. (Eds.), Affirmative counseling with LGBTQI+ people (pp. 313–327). American Counseling Association. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375517.ch23Google Scholar
Braithwaite, S., & Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). Romantic relationships and mental health. Current Opinion in Psychology, 13, 120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.001Google Scholar
Calabrese, S. K., Rosenberger, J. G., Schick, V. R., & Novak, D. S. (2015). Pleasure, affection, and love among Black men who have sex with men (MSM) versus MSM of other races: Countering dehumanizing stereotypes via cross-race comparisons of reported sexual experience at last sexual event. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 2001–2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0405-0Google Scholar
Carballo-Diéguez, A., Dowsett, G., Ventuneac, A., Remien, R., Balan, I., Dolezal, C., Luciano, O., & Lin, P. (2006). Cybercartography of popular Internet sites used by New York City men who have sex with men interested in bareback sex. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18(6), 475–489. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.6.475Google Scholar
Carrico, A. W., Storholm, E. D., Flentje, A., Arnold, E. A., Pollack, L. M., Neilands, T. B., Rebchook, G. M., Peterson, J. L., Eke, A., Johnson, W., & Kegeles, S. (2017). Spirituality/religiosity, substance use, and HIV testing among young black men who have sex with men. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 174, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.024Google Scholar
Crawford, I., Allison, K. W., Zamboni, B. D., & Soto, T. (2002). The influence of dual-identity development on the psychosocial functioning of African-American gay and bisexual men. Journal of Sex Research, 39(3), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552140CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DuBois, S., Guy, A., & Legate, N. (2018). Testing the partnership-health association among African American men who have sex with men. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 4(4), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2018.0010Google Scholar
Eisikovits, Z., & Koren, C. (2010). Approaches to and outcomes of dyadic interview analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 20(12), 1642–1655. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732310376520Google Scholar
English, D., Carter, J. A., Forbes, N., Bowleg, L., Malebranche, D. J., Talan, A. J., & Rendina, H. J. (2020). Intersectional discrimination, positive feelings, and health indicators among Black sexual minority men. Health Psychology, 39(3), 220–229. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000837Google Scholar
Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2014). I say a little prayer for you: Praying for partner increases commitment in romantic relationships. Journal of Family Psychology, 28(5), 587–593. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034999Google Scholar
Foster, M. L., Arnold, E., Rebchook, G., & Kegeles, S. M. (2011). “It’s my inner strength”: Spirituality, religion and HIV in the lives of young African American men who have sex with men. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 13(9), 1103–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2011.600460Google Scholar
Garrett-Walker, J. J., & Torres, V. M. (2017). Negative religious rhetoric in the lives of Black cisgender queer emerging adult men: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(13), 1816–1831. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1267465Google Scholar
Gonzales, G., & Ortiz, K. (2015). Health insurance disparities among racial/ethnic minorities in same-sex relationships: An intersectional approach. American Journal of Public Health, 105, 1106–1113. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302459Google Scholar
Graham, L. F., Braithwaite, K., Spikes, P., Stephens, C., & Edu, U. (2009). Exploring the mental health of Black men who have sex with men. Community Mental Health Journal, 45, 272–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-009-9186-7Google Scholar
Griffin, H. (2006). Their own receive them not: African American lesbians and gays in African American churches. The Pilgrim Press.Google Scholar
Grov, C., Saleh, L. D., Lassiter, J. M., & Parsons, J. (2015). Challenging race-based stereotypes about gay and bisexual men’s sexual behavior and perceived penis size and size satisfaction. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 12 , 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-015-0190-0Google Scholar
Helminiak, D. (2000). What the Bible really says about homosexuality. Alamo Square Press.Google Scholar
Jiwatram-Negrón, T., & El-Bassel, N. (2014). Systematic review of couple-based HIV intervention and prevention studies: Advantages, gaps, and future directions. AIDS and Behavior, 18(10), 1864–1887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0827-7Google Scholar
Kastanis, A., & Wilson, B. (2014). Race/ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic wellbeing of individuals in same-sex couples. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/71j7n35tGoogle Scholar
Kenny, D., & Ledermann, T. (2010). Detecting, measuring, and testing dyadic patterns in the actor–partner interdependence model. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019651Google Scholar
Kousteni, I., & Anagnostopoulos, F. (2020). Same-sex couples’ psychological interventions: A systematic review. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 2, 136–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2019.1667937Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M. (2014). Extracting dirt from water: A strengths-based approach to religion for African American same-gender-loving men. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(1), 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-012-9668-8Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M. (2015). Reconciling sexual orientation and Christianity: Black same-gender loving men’s experiences. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 18, 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2015.1056121Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., Brewer, R., & Wilton, L. (2019). Black sexual minority men’s disclosure of sexual orientation is associated with exposure to homonegative religious messages. American Journal of Men’s Health, 13(1), 1557988318806432. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318806432Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., Brewer, R., & Wilton, L. (2020). Toward a culturally-specific spirituality for Black sexual minority men. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(6–7), 482–513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420948993Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., Dacus, J. D., & Johnson, M. O. (2021). A systematic review of Black American same-sex couples research: Laying the groundwork for culturally-specific research and interventions. Journal of Sex Research, 59(5), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.1964422Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., & Mims, I. (2022). “The awesomeness and the vastness of who you really are:” A culturally distinct framework for understanding the link between spirituality and health for Black sexual minority men. Journal of Religion and Health, 61, 3076–3097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01297-4Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., & Parsons, J. (2016). Religion and spirituality’s influences on HIV syndemics among MSM: A systematic review and conceptual model. AIDS and Behavior, 20(2), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1173-0Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., Saleh, L., Grov, C., Starks, T., Ventuneac, A., & Parsons, J. T. (2019). Spirituality and multiple dimensions of religion are associated with mental health in gay and bisexual men: Results from the One Thousand Strong Cohort. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 11(4), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000146Google Scholar
Lassiter, J. M., Saleh, L., Starks, T., Grov, C., Ventuneac, A., & Parson, J. (2017). Race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and education are associated with gay and bisexual men’s religious and spiritual participation and beliefs: Results from the One Thousand Strong cohort. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(4), 468–476. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000143Google Scholar
Lebow, J. L., & Diamond, R. M. (2019). Brief history of couple and family therapy. In Fiese, B. H., Celano, M., Deater-Deckard, K., Jouriles, E. N., & Whisman, M. A. (Eds.), APA handbook of contemporary family psychology: Family therapy and training (pp. 3–18). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000101-001Google Scholar
Lee, L. (n.d.). Kemetic teachings: Principles of Maat. Retrieved October 13, 2022, from https://www.spiritquestwithlinda.com/blog/principles-of-maatGoogle Scholar
LGBT Demographic Data Interactive. (2019, January). LGBT data & demographics. Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/visualization/lgbt-stats/Google Scholar
Mahoney, A. (2010). Religion in families 1999 to 2009: A relational spirituality framework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(4), 805–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00732.xGoogle Scholar
Mangena, F. (n.d.). Hunhu/ubuntu in the traditional thought of southern Africa. International encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved October 13, 2022, from https://www.iep.utm.edu/hunhu/Google Scholar
Mark, J. J. (2016, September 15). Ma’at. World history encyclopedia. https://www.ancient.eu/Ma%27at/Google Scholar
Matthews, D., Smith, J., Brown, A., & Malebranche, D. (2016). Reconciling epidemiology and social justice in the public health discourse around the sexual networks of Black men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 106(5), 808–814. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303031Google Scholar
Mays, A., Cochran, S., & Zamudio, A. (2004). HIV prevention research: Are we meeting the needs of African American men who have sex with men? Journal of Black Psychology, 30(1), 78–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798403260265CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, R. (2005). An appointment with god: AIDS, place, and spirituality. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490509552255Google Scholar
Montgomery, D., Fine, M., & James-Myers, L. (1990). The development and validation of an instrument to assess an optimal Afrocentric world view. Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984900171004Google Scholar
Morgan, D. L., Ataie, J., Carder, P., & Hoffman, K. (2013). Introducing dyadic interviews as a method for collecting qualitative data. Qualitative Health Research, 23(9), 1276–1284. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732313501889Google Scholar
Myers, L. J. (1993). Understanding an Afrocentric world view: Introduction to an optimal psychology. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Neblett, E. W., Seaton, E. K., Hammond, W. P., & Townsend, T. G. (2010). Underlying mechanisms in the relationship between Africentric worldview and depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57(1), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017710Google Scholar
Nobles, W., Goddard, L., & Gilbert, D. (2009). Culturecology, women, and African-centered HIV prevention. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(2), 228–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798409333584Google Scholar
Obasi, E. M., Flores, L. Y., & James-Myers, L. (2009). Construction and initial validation of the Worldview Analysis Scale (WAS). Journal of Black Studies, 39(6), 937–961. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934707305411Google Scholar
Parham, T., Ajamu, A., & White, J. (2016). Psychology of Blacks: Centering our perspectives in the African consciousness (4th ed.). Routledge.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center. (2014). The religious landscape study. https://www.pewforum.org/about-the-religious-landscape-study/Google Scholar
Phillips, F. B. (1990). NTU psychotherapy: An Afrocentric approach. The Journal of Black Psychology, 17, 55–74.Google Scholar
Pinch, G. (2002). Egyptian mythology: A guide to the gods, goddesses, and traditions of ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Piper-Mandy, E., & Rowe, T. (2010). Educating African-centered psychologists: Towards a comprehensive paradigm. Journal of Pan African Studies, 3(8), 5–23.Google Scholar
Pitt, R. (2010a). “Killing the messenger”: Religious Black gay men’s neutralization of anti-gay religious messages. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 49(1), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01492.xGoogle Scholar
Pitt, R. (2010b). “Still looking for my Jonathan”: Gay Black men’s management of religious and sexual identity conflicts. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903285566Google Scholar
Poteat, T., & Lassiter, J. M. (2019). Positive religious coping predicts self-reported HIV medication adherence at baseline and twelve-month follow-up among Black Americans living with HIV in the southeastern United States. AIDS Care, 31(8), 958–964. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1587363Google Scholar
Quinn, K., Dickson-Gomez, J., & Kelly, J. (2016). The role of the Black church in the lives of young Black men who have sex with men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 18(5), 524–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1091509Google Scholar
Saylor, C. (2004). The circle of health: A health definition model. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 22(2), 98–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010104264775Google Scholar
Sitter, K. C. (2017). Taking a closer look at photovoice as a participatory action research method. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 28(1), 36–48.Google Scholar
Super, J. T., & Jacobson, L. (2011). Religious abuse: Implications for counseling lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 5, 180–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2011.632739Google Scholar
Tan, J., Campbell, C., Conroy, A., Tabrisky, A., Kegeles, S., & Dworkin, S. (2018). Couple-level dynamics and multilevel challenges among Black men who have sex with men: A framework of dyadic HIV care. AIDS Patient and STDs, 32(11), 459–467. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0131Google Scholar
Van Dyk, G. A. J., & Nefale, M. C. (2005). The split-ego experience of Africans: Ubuntu therapy as a healing alternative. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 15(1), 48–66. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0479.15.1.48Google Scholar
Wade, R., & Harper, G. (2017). Young black gay/bisexual and other men who have sex with men: A review and content analysis of health-focused research between 1988 and 2013. American Journal of Men’s Health, 11(5), 1388–1405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988315606962Google Scholar
Walker, J. J., Longmire-Avital, B., & Golub, S. (2015). Racial and sexual identities as potential buffers to risky sexual behavior for Black gay and bisexual emerging adult men. Health Psychology, 34(8), 841–846. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000187Google Scholar
Ward, E. (2005). Homophobia, hypermasculinity and the US African American church. Culture, Health & Sexual Orientation, 7, 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050500151248Google Scholar
Washington, K. (2010). Zulu traditional healing, Afrikan worldview and the practice of ubuntu: Deep thought for Afrikan/Black psychology. Journal of Pan African Studies. 3(8), 24–39.Google Scholar
Wilson, D., Olubadewo, S., & Williams, V. (2016). Ubuntu: A framework for African American male positive mental health. In Ross, W. (Ed.), African American male series. Counseling in African American males: Effective therapeutic interventions and approaches (pp. 61–80). Information Age Publishing.Google Scholar
Wilson, D., & Williams, V. (2013). Ubuntu: Development and framework of a specific model of positive mental health. Psychology Journal, 10(2), 80–100.Google Scholar
Wilson, P., Valera, P., Martos, A., Wittlin, N., Munoz-Laboy, M., & Parker, R. (2016). Contributions of qualitative research in informing HIV/AIDS interventions targeting Black MSM in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 53(6), 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1016139Google Scholar
Wilson, P., Wittlin, N., Muñoz-Laboy, M., & Parker, R. (2011). Ideologies of Black churches in New York City and the public health crisis of HIV among Black men who have sex with men. Global Public Health, 6(Suppl. 2) S227–S242. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2011.605068Google Scholar
Wynn, R., & West-Olatunji, C. (2008). Culture-centered case conceptualization using NTU psychotherapy with an African American gay male client. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 2(4), 308–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538600802501995Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×