Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-03T16:46:25.330Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter Five - Avian responses to transitional habitats in temperate cultural landscapes: woodland edges and young-growth

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2012

By
Robert J. Fuller
Edited by
Robert J. Fuller
Robert J. Fuller
Affiliation:
British Trust for Ornithology, Norfolk
Get access

Summary

Various kinds of edges and early successional vegetation are characteristic elements of human-modified landscapes. These landscape elements have large effects on the local composition of bird communities and can be thought of as contrasting types of transition. Edges are the spatial transition at the boundary zone between two different vegetation types, whereas land abandonment and woodland management trigger a temporal vegetation transition. This chapter discusses factors influencing variation in the bird communities associated with woodland edges, lowland scrub and young managed woodland. The emphasis is on north west Europe, but extensive comparison is made with processes operating in North America. Bird communities of edges and different types of young-growth are superficially similar, but their associated resources and the processes operating within them may vary substantially.

In recent decades a huge research effort has focused on avian edge effects for the reason that these are widely considered to be one of the main mechanisms by which habitat fragmentation reduces habitat quality for interior forest species (see also Chapter 4). Surprisingly little work on edge effects has been undertaken in Europe, where forest fragmentation is predominantly an ancient phenomenon. By comparison with edges, young-growth habitats have received relatively little attention from ecologists, though this has recently started to change in North America, where reduction of early successional habitats and declines in associated bird species are evident (Askins, 2001; Brawn et al., 2001; Hunter et al., 2001). There is also a growing concern that population declines are emerging in several young-growth species in Britain (Fuller et al., 2007). Looking to the future, it will become important to develop a more refined understanding of how birds and other organisms use and respond to young-growth. The creation of habitat networks designed as climate change adaptation measures will need to encompass diverse habitat structures of which young-growth will probably form a major component (Ausden and Fuller, 2009).

Type
Chapter
Information
Birds and Habitat
Relationships in Changing Landscapes
 , pp. 125 - 149
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Albrecht, T. 2004 Edge effect in wetland-arable land boundary determines nesting success of Scarlet Rosefinches () in the Czech RepublicAuk 121 361CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anders, A. D.Faaborg, J.Thompson, F. R. 1998 Postfledging dispersal, habitat use, and home-range size of juvenile Wood ThrushesAuk 115 349CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrén, H. 1992 Corvid density and nest predation in relation to forest fragmentation: a landscape perspectiveEcology 73 794CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrén, H. 1995 Effects of landscape composition on predation rates at habitat edgesMosaic Landscapes and Ecological ProcessesHansson, L.Fahrig, L.Merriam, G.225LondonChapman and HallCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Askins, R. A. 2001 Sustaining biological diversity in early successional communities: the challenge of managing unpopular habitatsWildlife Soc. Bull. 29 407Google Scholar
Ausden, M.Fuller, R. J. 2009 Birds and habitat change in Britain. Part 2: past and future conservation responsesBrit. Birds 102 52Google Scholar
Bairlein, F.Berthold, P.Querner, U.Schlenker, R. 1980 Die Brutbiologie der Grasmücken , , und in Mittel- und N-EuropaJ. Ornithol. 121 325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bamford, R. 1986 Broadleaved edges within conifer forest. The importance to bird lifeQ. J. Forestry 80 115Google Scholar
Bátáry, P.Báldi, A. 2004 Evidence of an edge effect on avian nest successConserv. Biol. 18 389CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Å.Pärt, T. 1994 Abundance of breeding farmland birds on arable and set-aside fields at forest edgesEcography 17 147CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birks, H. J. B. 2005 Mind the gap: how open were European primeval forestsTrends Ecol. Evol. 20 154CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blake, J. G.Hoppes, W. G. 1986 Influence of resource abundance on use of tree-fall gaps by birds in an isolated woodlotAuk 103 328Google Scholar
Blondel, J.Aronsen, J.Bodiou, J.-Y.Boeuf, G. 2010 The Mediterranean Region: Biological Diversity in Space and TimeOxfordOxford University PressGoogle Scholar
Brazaitis, G.Roberge, J.-M.Angelstam, P.Marozas, V.Petelis, G. 2005 Age-related effects of clear-cut-old forest edges on bird communities in LithuaniaScand. J. Forest Res. 20 59CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brawn, J. D.Robinson, S. K.Thompson, F. R. 2001 The role of disturbance in the ecology and conservation of birdsAnnu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 32 251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, S. J.Aebischer, N. J. 2004 Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves in Britain, and implications for conservationIbis 146 125CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, N. H. K. 2007 Influences of restock age and habitat patchiness on Tree Pipits breeding in Breckland pine plantationsIbis 149 193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chalfoun, A. D.Ratnaswamy, M. J.Thompson, F. R. 2002 Songbird nest predators in forest-pasture edge and forest interior in a fragmented landscapeEcol. Appl. 12 858Google Scholar
Chalfoun, A. D.Thompson, F. R.Ratnaswamy, M. J. 2002 Nest predators and fragmentation: a review and meta-analysisConserv. Biol. 16 306CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Champlin, T. B.Kilgo, J. C.Moorman, C. E. 2009 Food abundance does not determine bird use of early-successional habitatEcology 90 1586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, R. B.King, D. I.DeStefano, S. 2009 Scrub-shrub bird habitat associations at multiple spatial scales in beaver meadows in MassachusettsAuk 126 186CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cody, M. L. 1985 Habitat selection in the Sylviine warblers of western Europe and north AfricaHabitat Selection in BirdsCody, M. L.85LondonAcademic PressGoogle Scholar
Creegan, H. P.Osborne, P. E. 2005 Gap-crossing decisions of woodland songbirds in Scotland: an experimental approachJ. Appl. Ecol. 42 678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGraaf, R. M. 1992 Effects of even-aged management on forest birds at northern hardwood stand interfacesFor. Ecol. Manage. 47 95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desrochers, A.Fortin, M. J. 2000 Understanding avian responses to forest boundaries: a case study with chickadee winter flocksOikos 91 376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Desrochers, A.Hannon, S. J. 1997 Gap crossing decisions by forest songbirds during the post-fledging periodConserv. Biol. 11 1204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donovan, T. M.Jones, P. W.Annand, E. M.Thompson, F. R. 1997 Variation in local scale edge effects: mechanisms and landscape contextEcology 78 2064CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunning, J. B.Danielson, B. J.Pulliam, H. R. 1992 Ecological processes that affect populations in complex landscapesOikos 65 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elle, O. 2002 Microhabitat selection and dispersion suggest interspecific competition between Blackcap and Garden Warbler in a wood-meadow ecotoneVogelwelt 123 9Google Scholar
Elle, O. 2003 Quantification of the integrative effect of ecotones as exemplified by the habitat choice of Blackcap and Whitethroat ( and , Sylviidae)J. Ornithol. 144 271Google Scholar
Esseen, P.-A.Renhorn, K.-E. 1998 Edge effects on an epiphytic lichen in fragmented forestsConserv. Biol. 12 1307CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eybert, M. C.Constant, P.Lefeuvre, J. C. 1995 Effects of changes in agricultural landscape on a breeding population of linnets L. living in adjacent heathlandBiol. Conserv. 74 195CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenske-Crawford, T. J.Niemi, G. J. 1997 Predation of artificial ground nests at two types of edges in a forest-dominated landscapeCondor 99 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finegan, B. 1984 Forest successionNature 312 109CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fink, A. D.Thompson, F. R.Tudor, A. A. 2006 Songbird use of regenerating forest, glade, and edge habitat typesJ. Wildlife Manage. 70 180CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaspohler, D. J.Temple, S. A.Rosenfield, R. N. 2001 Species-specific edge effects on nest success and breeding bird density in a forested landscapeEcol. Appl. 11 32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J. 1987
Fuller, R. J. 1995 Bird Life of Woodland and ForestCambridgeCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J. 2000 Influence of treefall gaps on distributions of breeding birds within interior old-growth stands in Białowieża Forest, PolandCondor 102 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J.Ausden, M. 2008 Birds and habitat change in Britain. Part 1: a review of losses and gains in the twentieth centuryBrit. Birds 101 644Google Scholar
Fuller, R. J.Gillings, S.Whitfield, D. P. 1999 Responses of breeding birds to expansion of scrub in the eastern Scottish Highlands: preliminary implications for conservation strategiesVogelwelt 120 53Google Scholar
Fuller, R. J.Peterken, G. F. 1995 Woodland and scrubManaging Habitats for ConservationSutherland, W. J.Hill, D. A.327CambridgeCambridge University PressCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J.Smith, K. W.Grice, P. V.Currie, F. A.Quine, C. P. 2007 Habitat change and woodland birds in Britain: implications for management and future researchIbis 149 261CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J.Warren, M. S. 1991 Conservation management in ancient and modern woodlands: responses of fauna to edges and rotationsThe Scientific Management of Temperate Communities for ConservationSpellerberg, I. F.Goldsmith, F. B.Morris, M. G.445OxfordBlackwell Scientific PublicationsGoogle Scholar
Fuller, R. J.Whittington, P. A. 1987 Breeding bird distribution within Lincolnshire ash-lime woodlands: the influence of rides and the woodland edgeActa Oecol. 8 259Google Scholar
Gates, J. E.Gysel, L. W. 1978 Avian nest dispersion, and fledging success in field-forest ecotonesEcology 59 871CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gillings, S.Fuller, R. J.Balmer, D. E. 2000 Breeding birds in scrub in the Scottish Highlands: variation in community composition between scrub type and successional stageScott. Forestry 54 73Google Scholar
Gillings, S.Fuller, R. J.Henderson, A. C. B. 1998 Avian community composition and patterns of bird distribution within birch-heath mosaics in north-east ScotlandOrnis Fennica 75 27Google Scholar
Gil-Tena, A.Brotons, L.Saura, S. 2010 Effects of forest landscape change and management on the range expansion of forest bird species in the Mediterranean regionFor. Ecol. Manage. 259 1338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, C. H.Levey, D. J.Loftis, D. L. 2007 Fruit production in mature and recently regenerated forests of the AppalachiansJ. Wildlife Manage. 71 321CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haila, Y.Hanski, I. K. 1987 Habitat and territory overlap of breeding passerines in the mosaic environment of small islands in the BalticOrnis Fennica 64 37Google Scholar
Hanski, I. K.Fenske, T. J.Niemi, G. J. 1996 Lack of edge effect in nesting success of breeding birds in managed forest landscapesAuk 113 578CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, L. 1983 Bird numbers across edges between mature conifer forest and clearcuts in central SwedenOrnis Scand. 14 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawrot, R. Y.Niemi, G. J. 1996 Effects of edge type and patch shape on avian communities in a mixed conifer-hardwood forestAuk 113 586Google Scholar
Helle, P.Fuller, R. J. 1988 Migrant passerine birds in European forest successions in relation to vegetation height and geographical positionJ. Anim. Ecol. 57 565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helle, P.Mönkkönen, M. 1990 Forest successions and bird communities: theoretical aspects and practical implicationsBiogeography and Ecology of Forest Bird CommunitiesKeast, A.The HagueSPB Academic Publishing bvGoogle Scholar
Herrera, C. M. 1984 A study of avian frugivores, bird-dispersed plants, and their interaction in Mediterranean scrublandsEcol. Monogr. 54 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, J. J.Allison, H. M.Walmsley, C. A.Gaywood, M.Thurgate, G. 2007 Conserving biodiversity in a Changing Climate: Guidance on Building Capacity to AdaptLondonDepartment for Environment and Rural AffairsGoogle Scholar
Huhta, E.Jokimäki, J.Helle, P. 1998 Predation on artificial nests in a forest dominated landscape – the effects of nest type, patch size and edge structureEcography 21 464CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, W. C.Buehler, D. A.Canterbury, R. A.Confer, J. L.Hamel, P. B. 2001 Conservation of disturbance-dependent birds in eastern North AmericaWildlife Soc. Bull. 29 440Google Scholar
Imbeau, L.Drapeau, P.Mönkkönen, M. 2003 Are forest birds categorised as “edge species” strictly associated with edgesEcography 26 514CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, D. W.Odum, E. P. 1956 Breeding bird populations in relation to plant succession on the Piedmont of GeorgiaEcology 37 50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, V. R. 1947 Breeding birds of the forest edge in IllinoisCondor 49 45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jordano, P. 1982 Migrant birds are the main seed dispersers of blackberries in southern SpainOikos 38 183CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirby, K. J. 2004 A model of a natural wooded landscape in Britain as influenced by large herbivore activityForestry 77 405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lahti, D. C. 2001 The “edge effect on nest predation” hypothesis after twenty yearsBiol. Conserv. 99 365CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laurance, W. F. 2000 Do edge effects occur over large spatial scalesTrends in Ecol. Evol. 15 134CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lay, D. W. 1938 How valuable are woodland clearings to birdlifeWilson Bull. 50 254Google Scholar
Lindell, C. A.Riffell, S. K.Kaiser, S. A. 2007 Edge responses of tropical and temperate birdsWilson J. Ornithol. 119 205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorimer, C. G. 2001 Historical and ecological roles of disturbance in eastern North American forests: 9000 years of changeWildlife Soc. Bull. 29 425Google Scholar
Lorimer, C. G.White, A. S. 2003 Scale and frequency of natural disturbances in the northeastern US: implications for early successional forest habitats and regional age distributionsFor. Ecol. Manage. 185 41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. L.Thibault, J. C. 1996 Coexistence in Mediterranean warblers: ecological differences or interspecific territorialityJ. Biogeogr. 23 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, T. E.Karr, J. R. 1986 Patch utilization by migrating birds: resource orientatedOrnis Scand. 17 165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClanahan, T. R.Wolfe, R. W. 1993 Accelerating forest succession in a fragmented landscape: the role of birds and perchesConserv. Biol. 7 279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCollin, D. 1998 Forest edges and habitat selection in birds: a functional approachEcography 21 247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moen, J.Jonsson, B. G. 2003 Edge effects on liverworts and lichens in forest patches in a mosaic of boreal forest and wetlandConserv. Biol. 17 380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Møller, A. P. 1989 Nest site selection across field-woodland ecotones: the effect of nest predationOikos 56 240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, S. R.Turner, A. J.Brown, V. K. 2000 The Nature Conservation Value of Scrub in BritainPeterboroughJoint Nature Conservation Committee (UKGoogle Scholar
Murcia, C. 1995 Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservationTrends Ecol. Evol. 10 58CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nour, N.Matthysen, E.Dhondt, A. A. 1993 Artificial nest predation and habitat fragmentation: different trends in bird and mammal predatorsEcography 16 111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagen, R. W.Thompson, F. R.Burhans, D. E. 2000 Breeding and post-breeding habitat use by forest migrant songbirds in the Missouri OzarksCondor 102 738CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parr, R.Watson, A. 1988 Habitat preferences of Black Grouse on moorland-dominated ground in North-east ScotlandArdea 76 175Google Scholar
Paton, P. W. C. 1994 The effect of edge on avian nest success: how strong is the evidenceConserv. Biol. 8 17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterken, G. F. 1996 Natural Woodland: Ecology and Conservation in Northern Temperate RegionsCambridgeCambridge University PressGoogle Scholar
Pietzarka, U.Roloff, A. 1993 Forest edge management in consideration of natural vegetation dynamicsForstarchiv 64 107Google Scholar
Ries, L.Sisk, T. D. 2004 A predictive model of edge effectsEcology 85 2917CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ries, L.Sisk, T. D. 2010 What is an edge species? The implications of sensitivity of habitat edgesOikos 119 1636CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, S. K.Thompson, F. R.Donovan, T. M.Whitehead, D. R.Faaborg, J. 1995 Regional forest fragmentation and the nesting success of migratory birdsScience 267 1987CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodewald, A. D. 2002 Nest predation in forested regions: landscape and edge effectsJ. Wildlife Manage. 66 634CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodewald, A. D.Brittingham, M. C. 2002 Habitat use and behaviour of mixed species landbird flocks during fall migrationWilson Bull. 114 87CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodewald, P. G.Brittingham, M. C. 2004 Stopover habitats of landbirds during fall: use of edge-dominated and early-successional forestsAuk 121 1040CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodewald, P. G.Brittingham, M. C. 2007 Stopover habitat use by spring migrant landbirds: the roles of habitat structure, leaf development, and food availabilityAuk 124 1063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodewald, A. D.Vitz, A. C. 2005 Edge-and area-sensitivity of shrubland birdsJ. Wildlife Manage. 69 681CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodewald, A. D.Yahner, R. H. 2001 Avian nesting success in forested landscapes: influence of landscape composition, stand and nest-patch microhabitat, and biotic interactionsAuk 118 1018CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodewald, A. D.Yahner, R. H. 2001 Influence of landscape composition on avian community structure and associated mechanismsEcology 82 3493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriguez, A.Andrén, H.Jansson, G. 2001 Habitat-mediated predation risk and decision making of small birds at forest edgesOikos 95 383CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santos, T.Tellería, J. L.Virgos, E. 1999 Dispersal of Spanish juniper by birds and mammals in a fragmented landscapeEcography 22 193CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlossberg, S.King, D. I. 2008 Are shrubland birds edge specialistsEcol. Appl. 18 1325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schlossberg, S.King, D. I.Chandler, R. B.Mazzei, B. A. 2010 Regional synthesis of habitat relationships in shrubland birdsJ. Wildlife Manage. 74 1513CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sirami, C.Brotons, L.Burfield, I.Fonderflick, J.Martin, J.-L. 2008 Is land abandonment having an impact on biodiversity? A meta-analytical approach to bird distribution changes in the north-western MediterraneanBiol. Conserv. 141 450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sisk, T. D.Battin, J. 2002 Habitat edges and avian ecology: geographic patterns and insights for western landscapesStud. Avian Biol. 25 30Google Scholar
Smedshaug, C. A.Lund, S. E.Brekke, A.Sonerud, G. A.Rafoss, T. 2002 The importance of the farmland-forest edge for area use of breeding Hooded Crows as revealed by radio telemetryOrnis Fennica 79 1Google Scholar
Smith, R. J.Hatch, M. I. 2008 A comparison of shrub-dominated and forested habitat use by spring migrating landbirds in northeastern PennsylvaniaCondor 110 682CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, S. B.McPherson, K. H.Backer, J. M. 2007 Fruit quality and consumption by songbirds during autumn migrationWilson J. Ornithol. 119 419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snow, B.Snow, D. 1988 Birds and Berries: A Study of an Ecological InteractionCaltonPoyserGoogle Scholar
Sperry, J. H.Cimprich, D. A.Peak, R. G.Weatherhead, P. J. 2009 Is nest predation on two endangered bird species higher in habitats preferred by snakesEcoscience 16 111CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, S. E.Koons, D. N.Rotella, J. J.Willey, D. W. 2003 Effects of habitat fragmentation on avian nesting successBiol. Conserv. 115 101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suarez, A. V.Pfennig, K. S.Robinson, S. K. 1997 Nesting success of a disturbance-dependent songbird on different kinds of edgesConserv. Biol. 11 928CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suthers, H. B.Bickal, J. M.Rodewald, P. G. 2000 Use of successional habitat and fruit resources by songbirds during autumn migration in central New JerseyWilson Bull. 112 249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svenning, J.-C. 2002 A review of natural vegetation openness in north-western EuropeBiol. Conserv. 104 133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellería, J. L.Ramirez, A.Pérez-Tris, J. 2005 Conservation of seed-dispersing migrant birds in Mediterranean habitats: shedding light on patterns to preserve processesBiol. Conserv. 124 493CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tellería, J. L.Ramirez, A.Pérez-Tris, J. 2008 Fruit tracking between sites and years by birds in Mediterranean wintering groundsEcography 31 381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, F. R. 2007 Factors affecting nest predation on forest songbirds in North AmericaIbis 149 98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, F. R.Burhans, D. E. 2004 Differences in predators of artificial and real songbird nests: evidence of bias in artificial nest studiesConserv. Biol. 18 373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, F. R.DeGraaf, R. M. 2001 Conservation approaches for woody, early successional communities in the eastern United StatesWildlife Soc. Bull. 29 483Google Scholar
Thompson, J. N.Willson, M. F. 1979 Evolution of temperate fruit/bird interactions: phenological strategiesEvolution 33 973CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeloff, D.van Geel, B. 2007 Abandonment of farmland and vegetation succession following the Eurasian plague pandemic of AD1347–52J. Biogeogr. 34 575CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vera, F. W. M. 2000 Grazing Ecology and Forest HistoryWallingfordCABI PublishingCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Villard, M.-A. 1998 On forest-interior species, edge avoidance, area sensitivity, and dogmas in avian conservationAuk 115 801Google Scholar
Vitz, A. C.Rodewald, A. D. 2007 Vegetative and fruit resources as determinants of habitat use by mature-forest birds during the postbreeding periodAuk 124 494CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weatherhead, P. J.Carfagno, G. L. F.Sperry, J. H.Brawn, J. D.Robinson, S. K. 2010 Linking snake behavior to nest predation in a Midwestern bird communityEcol. Appl. 20 234CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilkin, T. A.Garant, D.Gosler, A. G.Sheldon, B. C. 2007 Edge effects in the Great Tit: analyses of long-term data with GIS techniquesConserv. Biol. 21 1207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, A. M.Fuller, R. J.Day, C.Smith, G. 2005 Nightingales in scrub habitats in the southern fens of East Anglia, England: associations with soil type and vegetation structureIbis 147 498CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodward, A. A.Fink, A. D.Thompson, F. R. 2001 Edge effects and ecological traps: effects on shrubland birds in MissouriJ. Wildlife Manage. 65 668CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×