Meyers, M. A., & Chen, P. -Y. (2014). Biological materials science: Biological materials, bioinspired materials, and biomaterials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ratner, B. D. (2013). A history of biomaterials. In Ratner, B. D., Hoffman, A. S., Schoen, F. J., & Lemons, J. E. (Eds.), Biomaterials science: An introduction to materials in medicine (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Jakab, P. L. (2013). Leonardo da Vinci’s codex on the flight of birds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.Google Scholar

Padfield, G. D., & Lawrence, B. (2003). The birth of flight control: An engineering analysis of the Wright Brothers’ 1902 glider. The Aeronautical Journal, 107, 697–718.Google Scholar

de Barros, H. L. (2006). Santos-Dumont and the invention of the airplane. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology and Brazilian Center for Research in Physics.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D., & Taylor, J. D. (1974). The mechanical behaviour of some molluscan hard tissues. Journal of Zoology, 173, 395–406.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D. (1976). Further studies on the mechanical properties of mollusc shell material. Journal of Zoology, 180, 445–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chen, P. Y., Joanna, M. K., & Meyers, M. A. (2012). Biological materials: Functional adaptations and bioinspired designs. Progress in Materials Science, 57, 1492–1704.Google Scholar

Wegst, U. G. K., Bai, H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2015). Bioinspired structural materials. Nature Materials, 14, 23–36.Google Scholar

Beese, A. M., Sarkar, S., Nair, A., et al. (2013). Bio-inspired carbon nanotube-polymer composite yarns with hydrogen bond-mediated lateral interactions. ACS Nano, 7, 3434–3446.Google Scholar

Rahbar, N., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2011). Design of functionally graded dental multilayers. Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 34, 887–897.Google Scholar

Martini, R., & Barthelat, F. (2016). Stretch-and-release fabrication, testing, and optimization of a flexible ceramic armor inspired from fish scales. Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 11, 066001. doi:10.1088/1748-3190/11/6/066001.Google Scholar

Huang, M., Rahbar, N., Wang, R., Thompson, R. D., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2007). Bioinspired design of dental multilayers. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 464, 315–320.Google Scholar

Li, L., & Ortiz, C. (2015). A natural 3D interconnected laminated composite with enhanced damage resistance. Advanced Functional Materials, 25, 3463–3471.Google Scholar

Wang, L. F., & Boyce, M. C. (2010). Bioinspired structural material exhibiting post-yield lateral expansion and volumetric energy dissipation during tension. Advanced Functional Materials, 20, 3025–3030.Google Scholar

Dooley, C., & Taylor, D. (2017). Self-healing materials: What can nature teach us? Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures, 40, 655–669.Google Scholar

Niu, X., Rahbar, N., Farias, S., & Soboyejo, W. (2009). Bio-inspired design of dental multilayers: Experiments and model. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 2, 596–602.Google Scholar

Wang, R. Z., Suo, Z., Evans, A. G., Yao, N., & Aksay, I. A. (2001). Deformation mechanisms in nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 16, 2485–2493.Google Scholar

Farmer, B. L., Holmes, D. M., Vandeperre, L. J., Stearn, R. J., & Clegg, W. J. (2002). The growth of bamboo-structured carbon tubes using a copper catalyst. MRS Proceedings, 740, I3.8. doi: 10.1557/PROC-740-I3.8.Google Scholar

Tan, T., Rahbar, N., Allameh, S. M., et al. (2011). Mechanical properties of functionally graded hierarchical bamboo structures. Acta Biomaterialia, 7, 3796–3803.Google Scholar

Du, J., Niu, X., Rahbar, N., & Soboyejo, W. (2013). Bio-inspired dental multilayers: Effects of layer architecture on the contact-induced deformation. Acta Biomaterialia, 9, 5273–5279.Google Scholar

Moored, K. W., Dewey, P. A., Leftwich, M. C., Bart-Smith, H., & Smits, A. J. (2011). Bioinspired propulsion mechanisms based on manta ray locomotion. The Marine Technology Society Journal, 45, 110–118.Google Scholar

Gemmell, B. J., Colin, S. P., Costello, J. H., & Dabiri, J. O. (2015). Suction-based propulsion as a basis for efficient animal swimming. Nature Communications, 6, 8790. doi: 10.1038/ncomms9790.Google Scholar

Fish, F. E., Howle, L. E., & Murray, M. M. (2008). Hydrodynamic flow control in marine mammals. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 48, 788–800.Google Scholar

Melli, J., & Rowley, C. W. (2010). Models and control of fish-like locomotion. Experimental Mechanics, 50, 1355–1360.Google Scholar

Ayali, A., Borgmann, A., Büschges, A., Couzin-Fuchs, E., Daun-Gruhn, S., & Holmes, P. (2015). The comparative investigation of the stick insect and cockroach models in the study of insect locomotion. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 12, 1–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Su, H., Shang, W., Li, G., Patel, N., & Fischer, G. S. (2017). An MRI-guided telesurgery system using a Fabry-Perot interferometry force sensor and a pneumatic haptic device. Annals of Biomedical Engineering, 45, 1917–1928.Google Scholar

Zhang, Y., Chai, H., & Lawn, B. R. (2010). Graded structures for all-ceramic restorations. Journal of Dental Research, 89, 417–421.Google Scholar

Abate, I., & Tadesse, L. (2018). Bioinspired design for energy storage devices. In Daniel, L. & Soboyejo, W. O. (Eds.), Bioinspired design, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Huskinson, B., Marshak, M. P., Suh, C., et al. (2014). A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery. Nature, 505, 195–198.Google Scholar

Mannoor, M. S., Jiang, Z., James, T., et al. (2013). 3D printed bionic ears. Nano Letters, 13, 2634–2639.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mannoor, M. S. (2014). Bionic nanosystems. [PhD thesis.] Princeton: Princeton University.Google Scholar

James, T. (2014). Nanoscale patterning and 3D assembly for biomedical applications. [PhD thesis.] Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University.Google Scholar

Štacko, P., Kistemaker, J. C. M., van Leeuwen, T., Chang, M. -C., Otten, E., & Feringa, B. L. (2017). Locked synchronous rotor motion in a molecular motor. Science, 356, 964–968.Google Scholar

Shan, W., Diller, S., Tutcuoglu, A., & Majidi, C. (2015). Rigidity-tuning conductive elastomer. Smart Materials and Structures, 24, 065001. doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/24/6/065001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, G. W. Jr., Balooch, M., Gallagher, R. R., Gansky, S. A., & Marshall, S. J. (2001) Mechanical properties of the dentinoenamel junction: AFM studies of nanohardness, elastic modulus, and fracture. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 54, 87–95.Google Scholar

Askarinejad, S., Kotowski, P., Youssefian, S., & Rahbar, N. (2016). Fracture and mixed-mode resistance curve behavior of bamboo. Mechanics Research Communications, 78, 79–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Damiens, R., Rhee, H., Hwang, Y., et al. (2012). Compressive behavior of a turtle’s shell: Experiment, modeling, and simulation. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 6, 106–112.Google Scholar

Owoseni, T. A., Olukole, S. G., Gadu, A. I., Malik, I. A., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2016). Bioinspired design. Advanced Materials Research, 1132, 252–266.Google Scholar

Ghavami, K., Allameh, S. M., Sánchez, M. L., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2003). Multiscale study of bamboo Phyllostachys edulis. First Inter American Conference on Non-Conventional Materials and Technologies in the Eco-Construction and Infrastructure-IAC-NOCMAT.Google Scholar

Bates, S. R. G., Farrow, I. R., & Trask, R. S. (2016). 3D printed polyurethane honeycombs for repeated tailored energy absorption. Materials and Design, 112, 172–183.Google Scholar

Zhou, J., Leuschner, C., Kumar, C., Hormes, J. F., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2006). Sub-cellular accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles in breast tumors and metastases. Biomaterials, 27, 2001–2008.Google Scholar

Obayemi, J. D., Danyuo, Y., Dozie-Nwachukwu, S., et al. (2016). PLGA-based microparticles loaded with bacterial-synthesized prodigiosin for anticancer drug release: Effects of particle size on drug release kinetics and cell viability. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 66, 51–65.Google Scholar

Meng, J., Fan, J., Galiana, G., et al. (2009). LHRH-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for breast cancer targeting and contrast enhancement in MRI. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 29, 1467–1479.Google Scholar

Meng, J., Paetzell, E., Bogorad, A., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2010). Adhesion between peptides/antibodies and breast cancer cells. Journal of Applied Physics, 107, 114301. doi: 10.1063/1.3430940.Google Scholar

Dozie-Nwachukwu, S. O., Danyuo, Y., Obayemi, J. D., Odusanya, O. S., Malatesta, K., & Soboyejo, W. O. (2017). Extraction and encapsulation of prodigiosin in chitosan microspheres for targeted drug delivery. Materials Science and Engineering C, 71, 268–278.Google Scholar

Chandrasekaran, A. R., Venugopal, J., Sundarrajan, S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2011). Fabrication of a nanofibrous scaffold with improved bioactivity for culture of human dermal fibroblasts for skin regeneration. Biomedical Materials, 6, 015001. doi:10.1088/1748-6041/6/1/015001.Google Scholar

Eweida, A. M., Nabawi, A. S., Abouarab, M., et al. (2014). Enhancing mandibular bone regeneration and perfusion via axial vascularization of scaffolds. Clinical Oral Investigations, 18, 1671–1678.Google Scholar

Lo, K. W., Jiang, T., Gagnon, K. A., Nelson, C., & Laurencin, C. T. (2014). Small-molecule based musculoskeletal regenerative engineering. Trends in Biotechnology, 32, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gershlak, J. R., Hernandez, S., Fontana, G., et al. (2017). Crossing kingdoms: Using decellularized plants as perfusable tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials, 125, 13–22.Google Scholar

DiMarino, A. M., Caplan, A. I., & Bonfield, T. L. (2013). Mesenchymal stem cells in tissue repair. Frontiers in Immunology, 4, 201. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00201.Google Scholar

Caserta, G. D., Iannucci, L., & Galvanetto, U. (2011). Shock absorption performance of a motorbike helmet with honeycomb reinforced liner. Composite Structures, 93, 2748–2759.Google Scholar

Krauss, S., Fratzl, P., Seto, J., et al. (2009). Inhomogeneous fibril stretching in antler starts after macroscopic yielding: Indication for a nanoscale toughening mechanism. Bone, 44(6), 1105–1110Google Scholar

Launey, M. E., Chen, P. Y., McKittrick, J., & Ritchie, R .O. (2010). Mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone. Acta Biomaterialia, 6(4), 1505–1514.Google Scholar

Yang, W., Chen, I. H., Gludovatz, B., Zimmermann, E. A., Ritchie, R. O., & Meyers, M. A. (2013). Natural flexible dermal armor. Advanced Materials, 25(1), 31–48.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. A., Gludovatz, B., Schaible, E., et al. (2013). Mechanical adaptability of the Bouligand-type structure in natural dermal armor. Nature Communications, 4(10), 2634 (doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ ncomms 3634).Google Scholar

Mayer, G. (2005). Rigid biological systems as models for synthetic composites. Science 310(5751), 1144–1147.Google Scholar

Lakes, R. (1993). Materials with structural hierarchy. Nature, 361(6412), 511–515.Google Scholar

Meyers, M. A., McKittrick, J., & Chen, P. -Y. (2013). Structural biological materials: Critical mechanics-materials connections. Science, 339(6121), 773–779.Google Scholar

Weiner, S., & Wagner, H. D. (1998). The material bone: Structure mechanical function relations. Annual Review of Materials Science, 28, 271–298.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D. (2006). Bones: Structure and mechanics. Princeton: Princeton University Press; p. 456.Google Scholar

Robling, A. G., Castillo, A. B., & Turner, C. H. (2006). Biomechanical and molecular regulation of bone remodeling. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 8(1), 455–498.Google Scholar

Taylor, D., Hazenberg, J. G., & Lee, G. L. (2007). Living with cracks: Damage and repair in human bone. Nature Materials, 6, 263–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Burr, D. B. (2004). Bone quality: Understanding what matters. Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions, 4(2), 184–186.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. A., Barth, H. D., & Ritchie, R. O. (2012). On the multiscale origins of fracture resistance in human bone and its biological degradation. JOM, 64(4), 486–493.Google Scholar

Ritchie, R. O. (2011). The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nature Materials, 10(11), 817–822.Google Scholar

Launey, M. E., Buehler, M. J., & Ritchie, R. O. (2010). On the mechanistic origins of toughness in bone. Annual Review of Materials Research, 40, 25–53.Google Scholar

Ritchie, R. O. (1999). Mechanisms of fatigue-crack propagation in ductile and brittle solids. International Journal of Fracture, 100(1), 55–83.Google Scholar

Evans, A. G. (1990). Perspective on the development of high-toughness ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 73(2), 187–206.Google Scholar

Bailey, A. J. (2001). Molecular mechanisms of ageing in connective tissues. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 122(7), 735–755.Google Scholar

Hodge, A. J., & Petruska, J. A. (1963). Recent studies with the electron microscope on ordered aggregates of the tropocollagen macromolecule. In Ramachandran, G. N. (Ed.), Aspects of protein structure. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Traub, W., Arad, T., & Weiner, S. (1989). 3-Dimensional ordered distribution of crystals in turkey tendon collagen-fibers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 86(24), 9822–9826.Google Scholar

Weiner, S., & Traub, W. (1986). Organization of hydroxyapatite crystals within collagen fibrils. FEBS Letters 206(2), 262–266.Google Scholar

Landis, W., Hodgens, K., Arena, J., Song, M., & McEwen, B. (1996). Structural relations between collagen and mineral in bone as determined by high voltage electron microscopic tomograph. Microscopy Research and Technique, 33(2), 192–202.3.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landis, W. J., Hodgens, K. J., Song, M. J., et al. (1996). Mineralization of collagen may occur on fibril surfaces: Evidence from conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy and three-dimensional imaging. Journal of Structural Biology, 117(1), 24–35.Google Scholar

Arsenault, A. L. (1991). Image-analysis of collagen-associated mineral distribution in cryogenically prepared turkey leg tendons. Calcified Tissue International, 48(1), 56–62.Google Scholar

Maitland, M. E., & Arsenault, A. L. (1991). A correlation between the distribution of biological apatite and amino-acid-sequence of type-i collagen. Calcified Tissue International, 48(5), 341–352.Google Scholar

Eyre, D. R., Dickson, I. R., & Vanness, K. (1988). Collagen cross-linking in human-bone and articular-cartilage: Age-related-changes in the content of mature hydroxypyridinium residues. Biochemical Journal, 252(2), 495–500.Google Scholar

Odetti, P., Rossi, S., Monacelli, F., et al. (2005). Advanced glycation end-products and bone loss during aging. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1043(1), 710–717.Google Scholar

Saito, M., Marumo, K., Fujii, K., & Ishioka, N. (1997). Single-column high-performance liquid chromatographic fluorescence detection of immature, mature, and senescent cross-links of collagen. Analytical Biochemistry, 253(1), 26–32.Google Scholar

Sell, D. R., & Monnier, V. M. (1989). Structure elucidation of a senescence cross-link from human extracellular-matrix: Implication of pentoses in the aging process. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(36), 21597–21602.Google Scholar

Martin, R. B., & Burr, D. B. (1989). Structure, function, and adaptation of compact bone. New York: Raven Press. p 275.Google Scholar

Skedros, J., Holmes, J., Vajda, E., & Bloebaum, R. (2005). Cement lines of secondary osteons in human bone are not mineral-deficient: New data in a historical perspective. The Anatomical Record A, 286A, 781–803.Google Scholar

Saber-Samandari, S., & Gross, K. A. (2009). Micromechanical properties of single crystal hydroxyapatite by nanoindentation. Acta Biomaterialia, 5(6), 2206–2212.Google Scholar

Sasaki, N., & Odajima, S. (1996). Stress-strain curve and Young's modulus of a collagen molecule as determined by the X-ray diffraction technique. Journal of Biomechanics, 29(5), 655–658.Google Scholar

Ritchie, R. O. (1988). Mechanisms of fatigue crack-propagation in metals, ceramics and composites: Role of crack tip shielding. Materials Science and Engineering A – Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing, 103(1), 15–28.Google Scholar

Buehler, M. J. (2007). Molecular nanomechanics of nascent bone: Fibrillar toughening by mineralization. Nanotechnology, 18(29), 295102.Google Scholar

Gupta, H. S., Wagermaier, W., Zickler, G. A., et al. (2005). Nanoscale deformation mechanisms in bone. Nano Letters, 5(10), 2108–2111.Google Scholar

Silver, F. H., Christiansen, D. L., Snowhill, P. B., & Chen, Y. (2001). Transition from viscous to elastic-based dependency of mechanical properties of self-assembled type i collagen fibers. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 79(1), 134–142.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. A., Schaible, E., Bale, H., et al. (2011). Age-related changes in the plasticity and toughness of human cortical bone at multiple length scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(35), 14416–14421.Google Scholar

Nair, A. K., Gautieri, A., Chang, S. W., & Buehler, M. J. (2013). Molecular mechanics of mineralized collagen fibrils in bone. Nature Communications, 4.Google Scholar

Yuye, T., Ballarini, R., Buehler, M. J., & Eppell, S. J. (2010). Deformation micromechanisms of collagen fibrils under uniaxial tension. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 7(46), 839–850.Google Scholar

Siegmund, T., Allen, M. R., & Burr, D. B. (2008). Failure of mineralized collagen fibrils: Modeling the role of collagen cross-linking. Journal of Biomechanics, 41(7), 1427–1435.Google Scholar

Silver, F. H., Christiansen, D. L., Snowhill, P. B., & Chen, Y (2000). Role of storage on changes in the mechanical properties of tendon and self-assembled collagen fibers. Connective Tissue Research, 41(2), 155–164.Google Scholar

Gautieri, A., Vesentini, S., Redaelli, A., & Buehler, M. J. (2012). Viscoelastic properties of model segments of collagen molecules. Matrix Biology, 31(2), 141–149.Google Scholar

Barth, H. D., Zimmermann, E. A., Schaible, E., Tang, S. Y., Alliston, T., & Ritchie, R. O. (2011). Characterization of the effects of X-ray irradiation on the hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of human cortical bone. Biomaterials, 32(34), 8892–8904.Google Scholar

Fantner, G. E., Hassenkam, T., Kindt, J. H., et al. (2005). Sacrificial bonds and hidden length dissipate energy as mineralized fibrils separate during bone fracture. Nature Materials, 4(8), 612–616.Google Scholar

Nalla, R. K., Kinney, J. H., & Ritchie, R. O. (2003). Mechanistic fracture criteria for the failure of human cortical bone. Nature Materials, 2, 164–168.Google Scholar

Thurner, P. J., Chen, C. G., Ionova-Martin, S., et al. (2010). Osteopontin deficiency increases bone fragility but preserves bone mass. Bone, 46, 1564–1573.Google Scholar

Munch, E., Launey, M. E., Alsem, D. H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2008). Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials. Science, 322(5907), 1516–1520.Google Scholar

Anderson, T. L. (2005). Fracture mechanics: Fundamentals and applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Wassermann, N., Brydges, B., Searles, S., & Akkus, O. (2008). In vivo linear microcracks of human femoral cortical bone remain parallel to osteons during aging. Bone, 43, 856–861.Google Scholar

Norman, T. L., & Wang, Z. (1997). Microdamage of human cortical bone: incidence and morphology in long bones. Bone, 20(4), 375–379.Google Scholar

Wasserman, N., Yerramshetty, J., & Akkus, O. (2005). Microcracks colocalize within highly mineralized regions of cortical bone tissue. European Journal of Morphology, 42(1–2), 43–51.Google Scholar

Evans, A. G. (1990). Perspective on the development of high-toughness ceramics. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 73(2), 187–206.Google Scholar

Nalla, R. K., Kruzic, J. J., & Ritchie, R. O. (2004). On the origin of the toughness of mineralized tissue: Microcracking or crack bridging? Bone, 34, 790–798.Google Scholar

Shank, J. K. & Ritchie, R. O. (1989). Crack bridging by uncracked ligaments during fatigue-crack growth in SiC-reinforced aluminum-alloy composites. Metallurgical Transactions A, 20A(5), 897–908.Google Scholar

Koester, K. J., Ager, J. W., & Ritchie, R. O. (2008). The true toughness of human cortical bone measured with realistically short cracks. Nature Materials, 7(8), 672–677.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. A., Launey, M. E., Barth, H. D., & Ritchie, R. O. (2009). Mixed-mode fracture of human cortical bone. Biomaterials, 30(29), 5877–5884.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. A., Launey, M. E., & Ritchie, R. O. (2010). The significance of crack-resistance curves to the mixed-mode fracture toughness of human cortical bone. Biomaterials, 31(20), 5297–5308.Google Scholar

Poundarik, A., Diab, T., Sroga, G. E., et al. (2012). Dilational band formation in bone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(47), 19178–19183.Google Scholar

Cummings, S. R., Browner, W., Cummings, S. R., et al. (1993). Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Lancet, 341(8837), 72–75.Google Scholar

Hui, S. L., Slemenda, C. W., & Johnston, C. C. (1988). Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 81(6), 1804–1809.Google Scholar

Vashishth, D., Gibson, G. J., Khoury, J. I., Schaffler, M. B., Kimura, J., & Fyhrie, D. P. (2001). Influence of nonenzymatic glycation on biomechanical properties of cortical bone. Bone, 28(2), 195–201.Google Scholar

Nalla, R. K., Kruzic, J. J., Kinney, J. H., Balooch, M., Ager, J. W., & Ritchie, R. O. (2006). Role of microstructure in the aging-related deterioration of the toughness of human cortical bone. Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, 26(8), 1251–1260.Google Scholar

Adharapurapu, R. R., Jiang, F., & Vecchio, K. S. (2006). Dynamic fracture of bovine bone. Materials Science & Engineering C-Biomimetic and Supramolecular Systems, 26(8), 1325–1332.Google Scholar

Behiri, J. C., & Bonfield, W. (1984). Fracture-mechanics of bone: The effects of density, specimen thickness and crack velocity on longitudinal fracture. Journal of Biomechanics, 17(1), 25–34.Google Scholar

Kulin, R. M., Jiang, F., & Vecchio, K. S. (2011). Effects of age and loading rate on equine cortical bone failure. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 4(1), 57–75.Google Scholar

Kulin, R. M., Jiang, F., & Vecchio, K. S. (2011). Loading rate effects on the R-curve behavior of cortical bone. Acta Biomaterialia, 7(2), 724–732.Google Scholar

Zimmermann, E. A., Gludovatz, B., Schaible, E., Busse, B., & Ritchie, R. O. (2014). Fracture resistance of human cortical bone across multiple length-scales at physiological strain rates. Biomaterials, 35(21), 5472–5481.Google Scholar

He, M. Y., & Hutchinson, J. W. (1989). Crack deflection at an interface between dissimilar elastic-materials. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 25(9), 1053–1067.Google Scholar

DeLuca, H. F. (2004). Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(6), 1689S–1696S.Google Scholar

Lips, P. (2001). Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: Consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocrine Reviews, 22(4), 477–501.Google Scholar

Whyte, M. P., & Thakker, R. V. (2005). Rickets and osteomalacia. Medicine, 33(12), 70–74.Google Scholar

Busse, B., Bale, H., Zimmermann, E. A., et al. (2013). Vitamin D deficiency induces early signs of aging in human bone, increasing the risk of fracture. Science Translational Medicine, 5(193), 193ra188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Priemel, M., von Domarus, C., Klatte, T. O., et al. (2010). Bone mineralization defects and vitamin D deficiency: Histomorphometric analysis of iliac crest bone biopsies and circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 675  patients. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25(2), 305–312.Google Scholar

Shane, E., Burr, D., Ebeling, P. R., et al. (2010). Atypical subtrochanteric and diaphyseal femoral fractures: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 25(11), 2267–2294.Google Scholar

Harrington, J. T., Ste-Marie, L. G., Brandi, M. L., et al. (2004). Risedronate rapidly reduces the risk for nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Calcified Tissue International, 74(2), 129–135.Google Scholar

Roux, C., Seeman, E., Eastell, R., et al. (2004). Efficacy of risedronate on clinical vertebral fractures within six months. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 20(4), 433–439.Google Scholar

Donnelly, E., Meredith, D. S., Nguyen, J. T., et al. (2012). Reduced cortical bone compositional heterogeneity with bisphosphonate treatment in postmenopausal women with intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric fractures. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 27(3), 672–678.Google Scholar

Burr, D. B., Diab, T., Koivunemi, A., Koivunemi, M., & Allen, M. R. (2009). Effects of 1 to 3 years' treatment with alendronate on mechanical properties of the femoral shaft in a canine model: Implications for subtrochanteric femoral fracture risk. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 27(10), 1288–1292.Google Scholar

Ettinger, B., Burr, D. B., & Ritchie, R. O. (2013). Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: Lessons from materials research. Bone, 55(2), 495–500.Google Scholar

Barth, H. D., Launey, M. E., MacDowell, A. A., Ager, J. W., & Ritchie, R. O. (2010). On the effect of X-ray irradiation on the deformation and fracture behavior of human cortical bone. Bone, 46(6), 1475–1485.Google Scholar

Carriero, A., Zimmermann, E. A., Paluszny, A., et al. (2014). How tough is brittle bone? Investigating osteogenesis imperfecta in mouse bone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 29(6), 1392–1401.Google Scholar

Ortiz, C., & Boyce, M. C. (2008). Bioinspired structural materials. Science, 319(5866), 1053–1054.Google Scholar

Weaver, J. C., Milliron, G. W., Miserez, A., et al. (2012). The stomatopod dactyl club: A formidable damage-tolerant biological hammer. Science, 336(6086), 1275–1280.Google Scholar

Barthelat, F. (2010). Nacre from mollusk shells: A model for high-performance structural materials. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 5(3), 035001.Google Scholar

Woesz, A., Weaver, J. C., Kazanci, M., et al. (2006). Micromechanical properties of biological silica in skeletons of deep-sea sponges. Journal of Materials Research, 21(08), 2068–2078.Google Scholar

Espinosa, H. D., Juster, A. L., Latourte, F. J., Loh, O. Y., Gregoire, D., & Zavattieri, P. D. (2011). Tablet-level origin of toughening in abalone shells and translation to synthetic composite materials. Nature Communications, 2, 173.Google Scholar

Mayer, G., & Sarikaya, M. (2002). Rigid biological composite materials: structural examples for biomimetic design. Experimental Mechanics, 42(4), 395–403.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D., Landete-Castillejos, T., Estevez, J., et al. (2009). The mechanical properties of red deer antler bone when used in fighting. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(24), 3985–3993.Google Scholar

Li, X., Chang, W. C., Chao, Y. J., Wang, R., & Chang, M. (2004). Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of a natural nanocomposite material: The shell of red abalone. Nano Letters,4(4), 613–617.Google Scholar

Grunenfelder, L. K., Suksangpanya, N., Salinas, C., et al. (2014). Bio-inspired impact-resistant composites. Acta Biomaterialia, 10(9), 3997–4008.Google Scholar

Prabhakaran, M. P., Venugopal, J., & Ramakrishna, S. (2009). Electrospun nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomaterialia, 5(8), 2884–2893.Google Scholar

Johnson, M., Walter, S. L., Flinn, B. D., & Mayer, G. (2010). Influence of moisture on the mechanical behavior of a natural composite. Acta Biomaterialia, 6(6), 2181–2188.Google Scholar

Askarinejad, S., Kotowski, P., Shalchy, F., & Rahbar, N. (2015). Effects of humidity on shear behavior of bamboo. Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters, 5(6), 236–243.Google Scholar

Askarinejad, S., Kotowski, P., Youssefian, S., & Rahbar, N. (2016). Fracture and mixed-mode resistance curve behavior of bamboo. Mechanics Research Communications, 78, 79–85.Google Scholar

Launey, M. E., Chen, P. Y., McKittrick, J., & Ritchie, R. O. (2010). Mechanistic aspects of the fracture toughness of elk antler bone. Acta Biomaterialia, 6(4), 1505–1514.Google Scholar

Song, Z. Q., Ni, Y., Peng, L. M., Liang, H. Y., & He, L. H. (2016). Interface failure modes explain non-monotonic size-dependent mechanical properties in bioinspired nanolaminates. Scientific Reports, 6, 23724.Google Scholar

Xu, Z. H., & Li, X. (2011). Deformation strengthening of biopolymer in nacre. Advanced Functional Materials, 21(20), 3883–3888.Google Scholar

Ji, B., & Gao, H. (2004). Mechanical properties of nanostructured biological materials. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 1963–1990.Google Scholar

Askarinejad, S., Choshali, H. A., Flavin, C., & Rahbar, N. (2018). Effects of tablet waviness on the mechanical response of architected multilayered materials: Modeling and experiment. Composite Structures, 195, 118–125.Google Scholar

Wang, R. Z., Suo, Z., Evans, A. G., Yao, N., & Aksay, I. A. (2001). Deformation mechanisms in nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 16(09), 2485–2493.Google Scholar

Jackson, A. P., Vincent, J. F. V., & Turner, R. M. (1988). The mechanical design of nacre. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 234, 415–440.Google Scholar

Meyers, M. A., Chen, P. Y., Lin, A. Y. M., & Seki, Y. (2008). Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties. Progress in Materials Science, 53(1), 1–206.Google Scholar

Espinosa, H. D., Rim, J. E., Barthelat, F., & Buehler, M. J. (2009). Merger of structure and material in nacre and bone: Perspectives on de novo biomimetic materials. Progress in Materials Science, 54(8), 1059–1100.Google Scholar

Meyers, M. A., McKittrick, J., & Chen, P. Y. (2013). Structural biological materials: Critical mechanics-materials connections. Science, 339(6121), 773–779.Google Scholar

Porter, M. M., Yeh, M., Strawson, J., et al. (2012). Magnetic freeze casting inspired by nature. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 556, 741–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Munch, E., Launey, M. E., Alsem, D. H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2008). Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials. Science, 322(5907), 1516–1520.Google Scholar

Launey, M. E., Munch, E., Alsem, D. H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2010). A novel biomimetic approach to the design of high-performance ceramic/metal composites. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 7(46), 741–753.Google Scholar

Wang, R. Z., Wen, H. B., Cui, F. Z., Zhang, H. B., & Li, H. D. (1995). Observations of damage morphologies in nacre during deformation and fracture. Journal of Materials Research, 30(9), 2299–2304.Google Scholar

Ritchie, R. O. (2011). The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nature Materials, 10(11), 817–822.Google Scholar

Hunger, P. M., Donius, A. E., & Wegst, U. G. (2013). Platelets self-assemble into porous nacre during freeze casting. Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials, 19, 87–93.Google Scholar

Bonderer, L. J., Feldman, K., & Gauckler, L. J. (2010). Platelet-reinforced polymer matrix composites by combined gel-casting and hot-pressing. Part I: Polypropylene matrix composites. Composite Science and Technology, 70(13), 1958–1965.Google Scholar

Tang, Z., Kotov, N. A., Magono, S., & Ozturk, B. (2003). Nanostructured artificial nacre. Nature Materials, 2(6), 413–418.Google Scholar

Bouville, F., Maire, E., Meille, S., Van de Moortle, B., Stevenson, A. J., & Deville, S. (2014). Strong, tough and stiff bioinspired ceramics from brittle constituents. Nature Materials, 13(5), 508–514.Google Scholar

Jackson, A. P., Vincent, J. F. V., & Turner, R. M. (1989). A physical model of nacre. Composite Science and Technology, 36(3), 255–266.Google Scholar

Bass, J. D. (1995). Elasticity of minerals, glasses, and melts. In Mineral physics and crystallography: A handbook of physical constants, vol. 2, 45–63.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D., & Taylor, J. D. (1974). The mechanical behavior of some molluscan hard tissues. Journal of Zoology, London, 173, 395–406.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D. (1976). Further studies on the mechanical properties of mollusc shell material. Journal of Zoology, London 180, 445–453.Google Scholar

Verma, D., Katti, K., & Katti, D. (2007). Nature of water in nacre: A 2D Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study. Spectrochimica Acta A, 67(3), 784–788.Google Scholar

Mohanty, B., Katti, K. S., Katti, D. R., & Verma, D. (2006). Dynamic nanomechanical response of nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 21(08), 2045–2051.Google Scholar

Feng, Q. L., Cui, F. Z., Pu, G., Wang, R. Z., & Li, H. D. (2000). Crystal orientation, toughening mechanisms and a mimic of nacre. Materials Science and Engineering C, 11(1), 19–25.Google Scholar

Barthelat, F., & Espinosa, H. D. (2007). An experimental investigation of deformation and fracture of nacre/mother of pearl. Experimental Mechanics, 47(3), 311–324.Google Scholar

Barthelat, F., Li, C. M., Comi, C., & Espinosa, H. D. (2006). Mechanical properties of nacre constituents and their impact on mechanical performance. Journal of Materials Research, 21(8), 1977–1986.Google Scholar

Bruet, B. J. F, Qi, H. J., Boyce, M.C., et al. (2005). Nanoscale morphology and indentation of individual nacre tablets from the gastropod mollusc Trochus niloticus. Journal of Materials Research, 20(9), 2400–2419.Google Scholar

Smith, B. L., Schaffer, T. E., Viani, M., et al. (1999). Molecular mechanistic origin of the toughness of natural adhesives, fibres and composites. Nature, 399(6738), 761–763.Google Scholar

Mohanty, B., Katti, K. S., & Katti, D. R. (2008). Experimental investigation of nanomechanics of the mineral-protein interface in nacre. Mechanics Research Communications, 35(1), 17–23.Google Scholar

Katti, K. S., Mohanty, B., & Katti, D. R. (2006). Nanomechanical properties of nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 21(5), 1237–1242.Google Scholar

Moshe-Drezner, H., Shilo, D., Dorogoy, A., & Zolotoyabko, E. (2010). Nanometer-scale mapping of elastic modules in biogenic composites: The nacre of mollusk shells. Advanced Functional Materials, 20(16), 2723–2728.Google Scholar

Xu, Z. H., Yang, Y., Huang, Z., & Li, X. (2011). Elastic modulus of biopolymer matrix in nacre measured using coupled atomic force microscopy bending and inverse finite element techniques. Materials Science and Engineering C, 31(8), 1852–1856.Google Scholar

Stempfle, P., Pantale, O., Njiwa, R. K., Rousseau, M., Lopez, E., & Bourrat, X. (2007). Friction-induced sheet nacre fracture: Effects of nano-shocks on cracks location. International Journal of Nanotechnology, 4(6), 712–729.Google Scholar

Stempfle, P. H., Pantale, O., Rousseau, M., Lopez, E., & Bourrat, X. (2010). Mechanical properties of the elemental nanocomponents of nacre structure. Materials Science and Engineering C, 30(5), 715–721.Google Scholar

Ghosh, P., Katti, D. R., & Katti, K. S. (2007). Mineral proximity influences mechanical response of proteins in biological mineral-protein hybrid systems. Biomacromolecules, 8(3), 851–856.Google Scholar

Barthelat, F., Tang, H., Zavattieri, P. D., Li, C. M., & Espinosa, H. D. (2007). On the mechanics of mother-of-pearl: A key feature in the material hierarchical structure. Journal of Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 55(2), 306–337.Google Scholar

Meyers, M. A., Lin, A. Y. M., Chen, P. Y., & Muyco, J. (2008). Mechanical strength of abalone nacre: Role of the soft organic layer. Journal of the Mechanical Behaviour of Biomedical Materials, 1(1), 76–85.Google Scholar

Xu, Z. H., & Li, X. (2011). Deformation strengthening of biopolymer in nacre. Advanced Functional Materials, 21(20), 3883–3888.Google Scholar

Schaffer, T. E., Ionescu-Zanetti, C., Proksch, R., et al. (1997). Does abalone nacre form by heteroepitaxial nucleation or by growth through mineral bridges? Chemistry of Materials, 9(8), 1731–1740.Google Scholar

Weiner, S., & Lowenstam, H. (1986). Organization of extracellularly mineralized tissues: A comparative study of biological crystal growth. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry, 20(4), 365–408.Google Scholar

Addadi, L., & Weiner, S. (1997). Biomineralization: A pavement of pearl. Nature, 389(6654), 912–915.Google Scholar

Song, F., Soh, A. K., & Bai, Y. L. (2003). Effect of nanostructures on the fracture strength of the interfaces in nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 18(8), 1741–1744.Google Scholar

Song, F., Soh, A. K., & Bai, Y. L. (2003). Structural and mechanical properties of the organic matrix layers of nacre. Biomaterials, 24, 3623–3631.Google Scholar

Cartwright, J. H., & Checa, A. G. (2007). The dynamics of nacre self-assembly. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 4(14), 491–504.Google Scholar

Hou, W. T., & Feng, Q. L. (2003). Crystal orientation preference and formation mechanism of nacreous layer in mussel. Journal of Crystal Growth, 258(3), 402–408.Google Scholar

Checa, A. G., & Rodriguez-Navarro, A. B. (2005). Self-organisation of nacre in the shells of Pterioida (Bivalvia: Mollusca). Biomaterials, 26(9), 1071–1079.Google Scholar

Checa, A. G., Okamoto, T., & Ramrez, J. (2006). Organization pattern of nacre in Pteriidae (Bivalvia: Mollusca) explained by crystal competition. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 273(1592), 1329–1337.Google Scholar

Checa, A. G., Cartwright, J. H., & Willinger, M. G. (2011). Mineral bridges in nacre. Journal of Structural Biology, 176(3), 330–339.Google Scholar

Dimas, L. S., Bratzel, G. H., Eylon, I., & Buehler, M. J. (2013). Tough composites inspired by mineralized natural materials: Computation, 3D printing, and testing. Advanced Functional Materials, 23(36), 4629–4638.Google Scholar

Dimas, L. S., Buehler, M. J. (2014). Modeling and additive manufacturing of bio-inspired composites with tunable fracture mechanical properties. Soft Matter, 10(25), 4436–4442.Google Scholar

Currey, J. D. (1977). Mechanical properties of mother of pearl in tension. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, . 196, 443–463.Google Scholar

Gao, H., Ji, B. H., Jager, I. L., Arzt, E., & Fratzl, P. (2003). Materials become insensitive to flaws at nanoscale: Lessons from nature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100, 5597–5600.Google Scholar

Katti, D. R., Katti, K. S., Sopp, J. M., & Sarikaya, M. (2001). 3D finite element modeling of mechanical response in nacre-based hybrid nanocomposites. Computational and Theoretical Polymer Science, 11, 397–404.Google Scholar

Katti, K. S., Katti, D. R., Pradhan, S. M., & Bhosle, A. (2005). Platelet interlocks are the key to toughness and strength in nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 20(05), 1097–1100.Google Scholar

Sen, D., & Buehler, M. J. (2011). Structural hierarchies define toughness and defect-tolerance despite simple and mechanically inferior brittle building blocks. Scientific Reports, 1, 35.Google Scholar

Katti, D. R, & Katti, K. S. (2001). Modeling microarchitecture and mechanical behavior of nacre using 3d finite element techniques. Journal of Materials Science, 36, 1411–1417.Google Scholar

Katti, D. R., Pradhan, S. M., & Katti, K. S. (2004). Modeling the organic-inorganic interfacial nanoasperities in a model bio-nanocomposite, nacre. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 6(2), 162–168.Google Scholar

Evans, A. G., Suo, Z., Wang, R. Z., Aksay, I. A., He, M. Y., Hutchinson, J. W. (2001). Model for the robust mechanical behavior of nacre. Journal of Materials Research, 16(9), 2475–2484.Google Scholar

Shao, Y., Zhao, H. P., Feng, X. Q., & Gao, H. (2012). Discontinuous crack-bridging model for fracture toughness analysis of nacre. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 60(8), 1400–1419.Google Scholar

Shao, Y., Zhao, H. P., & Feng, X. Q. (2014). On flaw tolerance of nacre: A theoretical study. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 11(92), 20131016.Google Scholar

Begley, M. R., Philips, N. R., Compton, B. G., et al. (2012). Micromechanical models to guide the development of synthetic brick and mortarcomposites. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 60(8), 1545–1560.Google Scholar

Askarinejad, S., & Rahbar, N. (2015). Toughening mechanisms in bioinspired multilayered materials. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12(102), 20140855.Google Scholar

Dimas, L. S., & Buehler, M. J. (2012). Influence of geometry on mechanical properties of bio-inspired silica-based hierarchical materials. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 7(3), 036024.Google Scholar

Zhu, T. T., Bushby, A. J., & Dunstan, D. J. (2008). Size effect in the initiation of plasticity for ceramics in nanoindentation. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 56(4), 1170–1185.Google Scholar

Dunstan, D. J., & Bushby, A. J. (2013). The scaling exponent in the size effect of small scale plastic deformation. International Journal of Plasticity, 40, 152–162.Google Scholar

Li, N., Nastasi, M., & Misra, A. (2012). Defect structures and hardening mechanisms in high dose helium ion implanted Cu and Cu/Nb multilayer thin films. International Journal of Plasticity, 32, 1–16.Google Scholar

Salehinia, I., Wang, J., Bahr, D. F., & Zbib, H. M. (2014). Molecular dynamics simulations of plastic deformation in Nb/NbC multilayers. International Journal of Plasticity, 59, 119–132.Google Scholar

Salehinia, I., Shao, S., Wang, J., & Zbib, H. M. (2015). Interface structure and the inception of plasticity in Nb/NbC nanolayered composites. Acta Materialia, 86, 331–340.Google Scholar

Salehinia, I., Shao, S., Wang, J., & Zbib, H. M. (2014). Plastic deformation of metal/ceramic nanolayered composites. JOM, 66(10), 2078–2085.Google Scholar

Dutta, A., Tekalur, S. A., & Miklavcic, M. (2013). Optimal overlap length in staggered architecture composites under dynamic loading conditions. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 61(1), 145–160.Google Scholar

Yao, H., Song, Z., Xu, Z., & Gao, H. (2013). Cracks fail to intensify stress in nacreous composites. Composites Science and Technology, 81, 24–29.Google Scholar

Zhang, Z. Q., Liu, B., Huang, Y., Hwang, K. C., & Gao, H. (2010). Mechanical properties of unidirectional nanocomposites with non-uniformly or randomly staggered platelet distribution. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 58(10), 1646–1660.Google Scholar

Liu, G., Ji, B., Hwang, K. C., & Khoo, B. C. (2011). Analytical solutions of the displacement and stress fields of the nanocomposite structure of biological materials. Composites Science and Technology, 71(9), 1190–1195.Google Scholar

Dimas, L. S., Giesa, T., & Buehler, M. J. (2014). Coupled continuum and discrete analysis of random heterogeneous materials: elasticity and fracture. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 63, 481–490.Google Scholar

Jager, I., & Fratzl, P. (2000). Mineralized collagen fibrils: A mechanical model with a staggered arrangement of mineral particles. Biophysical Journal, 79(4), 1737–1746.Google Scholar

Wagner, H. D., & Weiner, S. (1992). On the relationship between the microstructure of bone and its mechanical stiffness. Journal of Biomechanics, 25(11), 1311–1320.Google Scholar

Kotha, S. P., Kotha, S., & Guzelsu, N. (2000). A shear-lag model to account for interaction effects between inclusions in composites reinforced with rectangular platelets. Composites Science and Technology, 60(11), 2147–2158.Google Scholar

Shuchun, Z., & Yueguang, W. (2007). Effective elastic modulus of bone-like hierarchical materials. Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, 20(3), 198–205.Google Scholar

Chen, B., Wu, P. D., & Gao, H. (2009). A characteristic length for stress transfer in the nanostructure of biological composites. Composites Science and Technology, 69(7), 1160–1164.Google Scholar

Wei, X., Naraghi, M., & Espinosa, H. D. (2012). Optimal length scales emerging from shear load transfer in natural materials: Application to carbon-based nanocomposite design. ACS Nano, 6(3), 2333–2344.Google Scholar

Li, X., Gao, H., Scrivens, W. A., et al. (2005). Structural and mechanical characterization of nanoclay-reinforced agarose nanocomposites. Nanotechnology, 16(10), 2020.Google Scholar

Morits, M., Verho, T., Sorvari, J., et al. (2017). Toughness and fracture properties in nacremimetic clay/polymer nanocomposites. Advanced Functional Materials, 27 (10), 1605378.Google Scholar

Niebel, T. P., Bouville, F., Kokkinis, D., & Studart, A. R. (2016). Role of the polymer phase in the mechanics of nacre-like composites. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 96, 133–146.Google Scholar

Long, B., Wang, C. A., Lin, W., Huang, Y., & Sun, J. (2007). Polyacrylamide-clay nacre-like nanocomposites prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Composites Science and Technology, 67(13), 2770–2774.Google Scholar

Bonderer, L. J., Studart, A. R., & Gauckler, L. J. (2008). Bioinspired design and assembly of platelet reinforced polymer films. Science, 319(5866), 1069–1073.Google Scholar

Mammeri, F., Le Bourhis, E., Rozes, L., & Sanchez, C. (2005). Mechanical properties of hybrid organicinorganic materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 15(35–36), 3787–3811.Google Scholar

Chen, R., Wang, C. A., Huang, Y., & Le, H. (2008). An efficient biomimetic process for fabrication of artificial nacre with ordered-nanostructure. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 28(2), 218–222.Google Scholar

Corni, I., Harvey, T. J., Wharton, J. A., Stokes, K. R., Walsh, F. C., & Wood, R. J. K. (2012). A review of experimental techniques to produce a nacre-like structure. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 7(3), 031001.Google Scholar

Valashani, S. M. M., & Barthelat, F. (2015). A laser-engraved glass duplicating the structure, mechanics and performance of natural nacre. Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 10(2), 026005.Google Scholar

Zlotnikov, I., Gotman, I., Burghard, Z., Bill, J., & Gutmanas, E. Y. (2010). Synthesis and mechanical behavior of bioinspired ZrO2-organic nacre-like laminar nanocomposites. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical Engineering Aspects, 361(1), 138–142.Google Scholar

Bai, H., Walsh, F., Gludovatz, B., et al. (2016). Bioinspired hydroxyapatite/poly (methyl methacrylate) composite with a nacre mimetic architecture by a bidirectional freezing method. Advanced Materials, 28(1), 50–56.Google Scholar

Deville, S., Saiz, E., & Tomsia, A. P. (2006). Freeze casting of hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 27(32), 5480–5489.Google Scholar

Launey, M. E., Munch, E., Alsem, D. H., et al. (2009). Designing highly toughened hybrid composites through nature-inspired hierarchical complexity. Acta Materialia, 57(10), 2919–2932.Google Scholar

Wegst, U. G., Schecter, M., Donius, A. E., & Hunger, P. M. (2010). Biomaterials by freeze casting. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368(1917), 2099–2121.Google Scholar

Askarinejad, S., & Rahbar, N. (2018). Mechanics of bioinspired lamellar structured ceramic/polymer composites: Experiments and models. International Journal of Plasticity, 107, 122–149.Google Scholar

Liu, M., Sun, J., Sun, Y., Bock, C., & Chen, Q. (2009). Thickness-dependent mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane membranes. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 19(3), 035028.Google Scholar

Qi, H. J., & Boyce, M. C. (2005). Stressstrain behavior of thermoplastic polyurethanes. Mechanics of Materials, 37(8), 817–839.Google Scholar

ASTM International. (2006). ASTM E1820–06: Standard test method for measurement of fracture toughness annual book of ASTM standards, Vol. 03.01: metals – mechanical testing; elevated and low-temperature tests; metallography. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International.Google Scholar

Hedgepeth, J. M. (1961). Stress concentrations in filamentary structures.Google Scholar

Nairn, J. A. (1988). Fracture mechanics of unidirectional composites using the shear-lag model I: Theory. Journal of Composite Materials, 22(6), 561–588.Google Scholar

Nairn, J. A., & Mendels, D. A. (2001). On the use of planar shear-lag methods for stress-transfer analysis of multilayered composites. Mechanics of Materials, 33(6), 335–362.Google Scholar

Benveniste, Y., & Miloh, T. (1986). The effective conductivity of composites with imperfect thermal contact at constituent interfaces. International Journal of Engineering Science, 24(9), 1537–1552.Google Scholar

Cheng, Z. Q., He, L. H., & Kitipornchai, S. (2000). Influence of imperfect interfaces on bending and vibration of laminated composite shells. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 37(15), 2127–2150.Google Scholar

Wang, Z., Zhu, J., Jin, X. Y., Chen, W. Q., & Zhang, C. (2014). Effective moduli of ellipsoidal particle reinforced piezoelectric composites with imperfect interfaces. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 65, 138–156.Google Scholar

Hashin, Z. (1991). Composite materials with interphase: Thermoelastic and inelastic effects. In Inelastic deformation of composite materials. New York: Springer; pp. 3–34.Google Scholar

Gu, S. T., He, Q. C., & Pense, V. (2015). Homogenization of fibrous piezoelectric composites with general imperfect interfaces under anti-plane mechanical and in-plane electrical loadings. Mechanics of Materials, 88, 12–29.Google Scholar

Nairn, J. A., & Liu, Y. C. (1997). Stress transfer into a fragmented, anisotropic fiber through an imperfect interface. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 34(10), 1255–1281.Google Scholar

Nairn, J. A. (2007). Numerical implementation of imperfect interfaces. Computational Materials Science, 40(4), 525–536.Google Scholar

Martin, P. A. (1992). Boundary integral equations for the scattering of elastic waves by elastic inclusions with thin interface layers. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation, 11(3–4), 167–174.Google Scholar

Tada, H., Paris, P. C., & Irwin, G. R. (2000). The analysis of cracks handbook (pp. 58–58). New York: ASME Press. Chicago.Google Scholar

Munch, E., Launey, M. E., Alsem, D. H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P., & Ritchie, R. O. (2008). Tough, bio-inspired hybrid materials. Science, 322(5907), 1516–1520.Google Scholar

Thouless, M. D., & Evans, A. G. (1988). Effects of pull-out on the mechanical properties of ceramic-matrix composites. Acta Metallurgica, 36(3), 517–522.Google Scholar

Marshall, D. B., Evans, A. G., Drory, M., et al. (1986). Fracture mechanics of ceramics.Google Scholar

Phillips, D. C. (1972). The fracture energy of carbon-fibre reinforced glass. Journal of Materials Science, 7(10), 1175–1191.Google Scholar

Marshall, D. B., & Evans, A. G. (1985). Failure mechanisms in ceramic-fiber/ceramic-matrix composites. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 68(5), 225–231.Google Scholar

Cox, B. N., & Marshall, D. B. (1994). Concepts for bridged cracks in fracture and fatigue. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 42(2), 341–363.Google Scholar

Stewart, R. L., Chyung, K., Taylor, M. P., et al. (1986). Fracture mechanics of ceramics. New York: Plenum Press, 33.Google Scholar

Curkovic, L., Bakic, A., Kodvanj, J., & Haramina, T. (2010). Flexural strength of alumina ceramics: Weibull analysis. Transactions of FAMENA, 34(1), 13–19.Google Scholar

Evans, A. G., & McMeeking, R. M. (1986). On the toughening of ceramics by strong reinforcements. Acta Metallurgica, 34(12), 2435–2441.Google Scholar

Liese, W. (1998). The anatomy of bamboo culms [Technical report]. Beijing, China: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan.Google Scholar

Lewis, D., & Miles, C. (2007). Farming bamboo. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press.Google Scholar

Clark, L. G., & Pohl, R. W. (1996). Agnes Chase’s first book of grasses: The structure of grasses explained for beginners. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar

McClure, F. (1966). The bamboos: A fresh perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Fu, J. (2001). Chinese Moso bamboo: Its importance. Bamboo, 22, 5–7.Google Scholar

Lobovikov, M., Ball, L., Guardia, M., & Russo, L. (2007). World bamboo resources: A thematic study prepared in the framework of the global forest resources assessment. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Press.Google Scholar

Farrelly, D. (1996). The book of bamboo: A comprehensive guide to this remarkable plant, its uses, and its history. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books Press.Google Scholar

Janssen, J. J. (2000). Designing and building with bamboo [Technical report]. Beijing, China: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan.Google Scholar

Banik, R. L. (1995). A manual for vegetative propagation of bamboos [Technical report]. Beijing, China: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan.Google Scholar

Chapman, G. P. (1996). The biology of grasses. Wallingford, UK: CABI Press.Google Scholar

Zhao, H., Gao, Z., Wang, L., et al. (2018). Chromosome-level reference genome and alternative splicing atlas of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). GigaScience, 7, 115.Google Scholar

van der Lugt, P. (2008). Design interventions for stimulating bamboo commercialization-Dutch design meets bamboo as a replicable model [PhD thesis]. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.Google Scholar

Flander, K. D., & Rovers, R. (2009). One laminated bamboo-frame house per hectare per year. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 210–218.Google Scholar

Paudel, S. K., & Lobovikov, M. (2003). Bamboo housing: Market potential for low-income groups. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan, 2, 381–396.Google Scholar

Chung, K., & Yu, W. (2002). Mechanical properties of structural bamboo for bamboo scaffoldings. Engineering Structures, 24, 429–442.Google Scholar

Shen, S. (2007). The art of survival: Case study of Crosswaters Ecolodge, Nankunshan, Guangdong. Urban Space Design, 3, 64–73 (in Chinese).Google Scholar

Dethier, J., Liese, W., Otto, F., Schaur, E., & Steffans, K. (2000). Grow your own house-Simon Velez and bamboo architecture. Weil am Rhein, Germany: Vitra Design Museum Press.Google Scholar

Richard, M. J. (2013). Assessing the performance of bamboo structural components [PhD thesis]. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.Google Scholar

van der Lugt, P., Vogtländer, J., & Brezet, H. (2009). Bamboo, a sustainable solution for western Europe-design cases, LCAs and land-use [Technical report]. Beijing, China: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan.Google Scholar

Vengala, J., Jagadeesh, H. N., & Pandey, C. N. (2008). Development of bamboo structures in India: Modern bamboo structures. London, UK: Taylor & Francis Press; pp. 51–63.Google Scholar

Bansal, A. K., & Zoolagud, S. (2002). Bamboo composites: Material of the future. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan, 1, 119–130.Google Scholar

Loewe, M., & Shaughnessy, E. L. (1999). The Cambridge history of Ancient China: From the origins of civilization to 221 BC. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Johnson, S. (2008). Reinventing the wheel. The Daily Princeton. Retrieved from www.dailyprincetonian.com/2008/04/24/20982/Google Scholar

Soboyejo, W. (2002). Mechanical properties of engineered materials. New York: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Rahbar, N., Jorjani, M., Riccardelli, C., et al. (2010). Mixed mode fracture of marble/adhesive interfaces. Materials Science and Engineering A, 527, 4939–4946.Google Scholar

Wang, J. J. A., Ren, F., Tan, T., & Liu, K. (2015). The development of in situ fracture toughness evaluation techniques in hydrogen environment. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 40, 2013–2024.Google Scholar

Burros, M. (1987). Winter bamboo shoots. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/recipes/2689/winter-bamboo-shoots.htmlGoogle Scholar

Gibson, L., Ashby, M., Karam, G., Wegst, U., & Shercliff, H. (1995). The mechanical properties of natural materials. II. Microstructures for mechanical efficiency. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences., 450, 141–162.Google Scholar

Amada, S., Ichikawa, Y., Munekata, T., Nagase, Y., & Shimizu, H. (1997). Fiber texture and mechanical graded structure of bamboo. Composites Part B: Engineering, 28, 13–20.Google Scholar

Ghavami, K., Rodrigues, C., & Paciornik, S. (2003). Bamboo: Functionally graded composite material. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering (Building and Housing), 4, 1–10.Google Scholar

Li, X. B. (2004). Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of bamboo and its utilization potential for fiberboard manufacturing [Master thesis]. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.Google Scholar

Ray, A. K., Das, S. K., Mondal, S., & Ramachandrarao, P. (2004). Microstructural characterization of bamboo. Journal of Materials Science, 39, 1055–1060.Google Scholar

Ray, A. K., Mondal, S., Das, S. K., & Ramachandrarao, P. (2005). Bamboo: A functionally graded composite-correlation between microstructure and mechanical strength. Journal of Materials Science, 40, 5249–5253.Google Scholar

Silva, E. C. N., Walters, M. C., & Paulino, G. H. (2006). Modeling bamboo as a functionally graded material: Lessons for the analysis of affordable materials. Journal of Materials Science, 41, 6991–7004.Google Scholar

Lo, T. Y., Cui, H., & Leung, H. (2004). The effect of fiber density on strength capacity of bamboo. Materials Letters, 58, 2595–2598.Google Scholar

Lo, T. Y., Cui, H., Tang, P., & Leung, H. (2008). Strength analysis of bamboo by microscopic investigation of bamboo fibre. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1532–1535.Google Scholar

Abdul Khalil, H., Bhat, I., Jawaid, M., Zaidon, A., Hermawan, D., & Hadi, Y. (2012). Bamboo fibre reinforced biocomposites: A review. Materials & Design, 42, 353–368.Google Scholar

Burgert, I., & Keplinger, T. (2013). Plant micro-and nanomechanics: Experimental techniques for plant cell-wall analysis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 64, 4635–4649.Google Scholar

Fratzl, P., Burgert, I., & Gupta, H. S. (2004). On the role of interface polymers for the mechanics of natural polymeric composites. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 6, 5575–5579.Google Scholar

Nishida, M., Tanaka, T., Miki, T., Shigematsu, I., Kanayama, K., & Kanematsu, W. (2014). Study of nanoscale structural changes in isolated bamboo constituents using multiscale instrumental analyses. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 131, 9.Google Scholar

Zou, L. H., Jin, H., Lu, W. Y., & Li, X. D. (2009). Nanoscale structural and mechanical characterization of the cell wall of bamboo fibers. Materials Science and Engineering C, 29, 1375–1379.Google Scholar

Youssefian, S., & Rahbar, N. (2015). Molecular origin of strength and stiffness in bamboo fibrils. Scientific Reports, 5, 11116.Google Scholar

Yu, Y., Tian, G., Wang, H., Fei, B., & Wang, G. (2011). Mechanical characterization of single bamboo fibers with nanoindentation and microtensile technique. Holzforschung, 65, 113–119.Google Scholar

Habibi, M. K., & Lu, Y. (2014). Crack propagation in bamboo's hierarchical cellular structure. Scientific Reports, 4, 1–7.Google Scholar

Wai, N., Nanko, H., & Murakami, K. (1985). A morphological study on the behavior of bamboo pulp fibers in the beating process. Wood Science and Technology, 19, 211–222.Google Scholar

Villalobos, G., Linero, D. L., & Muñoz, J. D. (2011). A statistical model of fracture for a 2d hexagonal mesh: The cell network model of fracture for the bamboo Guadua angustifolia. Computer Physics Communications, 182, 188–191.Google Scholar

Schott, W. (2005). Bamboo under the microscope. Retrieved from www.powerfibers.com/Bamboo_under_the_Microscope.pdfGoogle Scholar

Abe, K., & Yano, H. (2010). Comparison of the characteristics of cellulose microfibril aggregates isolated from fiber and parenchyma cells of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Cellulose, 17, 271–277.Google Scholar

Tan, T., Rahbar, N., Allameh, S., et al. (2011). Mechanical properties of functionally graded hierarchical bamboo structures. Acta Biomaterialia, 7, 3796–3803.Google Scholar

He, X. Q., Suzuki, K., Kitamura, S., Lin, J. X., Cui, K. M., & Itoh, T. (2002). Toward understanding the different function of two types of parenchyma cells in bamboo culms. Plant and Cell Physiology, 43, 186–195.Google Scholar

Nogata, F., & Takahashi, H. (1995). Intelligent functionally graded material: Bamboo. Composites Engineering, 5, 743–751.Google Scholar

Ma, J. F., Chen, W. Y., Zhao, L., & Zhao, D. H. (2008). Elastic buckling of bionic cylindrical shells based on bamboo. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 5, 231–238.Google Scholar

Laroque, P. (2007). Design of a low cost bamboo footbridge [Master thesis]. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Google Scholar

Shao, Z. P., Fang, C. H., & Tian, G. L. (2009). Mode I interlaminar fracture property of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens). Wood Science and Technology, 43, 527–536.Google Scholar

Amada, S., & Untao, S. (2001). Fracture properties of bamboo. Composites Part B: Engineering, 32, 451–459.Google Scholar

Charalambides, P., Lund, J., Evans, A., & Mcmeeking, R. (1989). A test specimen for determining the fracture resistance of bimaterial interfaces. Journal of Applied Mechanics, 56, 77–82.Google Scholar

Budiansky, B., Amazigo, J. C., & Evans, A. G. (1988). Small-scale crack bridging and the fracture toughness of particulate-reinforced ceramics. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 36, 167–187.Google Scholar

Bloyer, D., Ritchie, R., & Rao, K. V. (1998). Fracture toughness and R-curve behavior of laminated brittle-matrix composites. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 29, 2483–2496.Google Scholar

Bloyer, D., Ritchie, R., & Rao, K. V. (1999). Fatigue-crack propagation behavior of ductile/brittle laminated composites. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 30, 633–642.Google Scholar

Suhaily, S. S., Khalil, H. A., Nadirah, W. W., & Jawaid, M. (2013). Bamboo based biocomposites material, design and applications. Materials science-advanced topics. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech Press; pp. 489–517.Google Scholar

Rassiah, K., & Megat Ahmad, M. (2013). A review on mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced polymer composite. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7, 247–253.Google Scholar

Deshpande, A. P., Bhaskar Rao, M., & Lakshmana Rao, C. (2000). Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymeric composites. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 76, 83–92.Google Scholar

Yao, W., & Zhang, W. (2011). Research on manufacturing technology and application of natural bamboo fibre. In Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (Vol. 2). Shenzhen, Guangdong, China: International Conference on IEEE; pp. 143–148.Google Scholar

Chen, X., Guo, Q., & Mi, Y. (1998). Bamboo fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites: A study of the mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 69, 1891–1899.Google Scholar

Shito, T., Okubo, K., & Fujii, T. (2002). Development of eco-composites using natural bamboo fibers and their mechanical properties. Transactions on The Built Environment: WIT Press, 4, pp. 175–182.Google Scholar

Sano, O., Matsuoka, T., Sakaguchi, K., & Karukaya, K. (2002). Study on the interfacial shear strength of bamboo fibre reinforced plastics. Transactions on The Built Environment: WIT Press, 4, 147–156.Google Scholar

Okubo, K., Fujii, T., & Yamamoto, Y. (2004). Development of bamboo-based polymer composites and their mechanical properties. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35, 377–383.Google Scholar

Lee, S. Y., Chun, S. J., Doh, G. H., Kang, I. A., Lee, S., & Paik, K. H. (2009). Influence of chemical modification and filler loading on fundamental properties of bamboo fibers reinforced polypropylene composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 43, 1639–1657.Google Scholar

Chattopadhyay, S. K., Khandal, R., Uppaluri, R., & Ghoshal, A. K. (2011). Bamboo fiber reinforced polypropylene composites and their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 119, 1619–1626.Google Scholar

Das, M., & Chakraborty, D. (2009b). The effect of alkalization and fiber loading on the mechanical properties of bamboo fiber composites, part 1: Polyester resin matrix. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 112, 489–495.Google Scholar

Kushwaha, P. K., & Kumar, R. (2010). Studies on the water absorption of bamboo-epoxy composites: The effect of silane treatment. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 49, 867–873.Google Scholar

Kushwaha, P. K., & Kumar, R. (2011). Influence of chemical treatments on the mechanical and water absorption properties of bamboo fiber composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30, 73–85.Google Scholar

Wong, K., Zahi, S., Low, K., & Lim, C. (2010). Fracture characterisation of short bamboo fibre reinforced polyester composites. Materials & Design, 31, 4147–4154.Google Scholar

Rajulu, A. V., Chary, K. N., Reddy, G. R., & Meng, Y. (2004). Void content, density and weight reduction studies on short bamboo fiber–epoxy composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 23 127–130.Google Scholar

Nirmal, U., Hashim, J., & Low, K. (2012). Adhesive wear and frictional performance of bamboo fibres reinforced epoxy composite. Tribology International, 47, 122–133.Google Scholar

Osorio, L., Trujillo, E., Van Vuure, A., & Verpoest, I. (2011). Morphological aspects and mechanical properties of single bamboo fibers and flexural characterization of bamboo/epoxy composites. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 30, 396–408.Google Scholar

Das, M., & Chakraborty, D. (2009a). Processing of the uni-directional powdered phenolic resin-bamboo fiber composites and resulting dynamic mechanical properties. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 28, 1339–1348.Google Scholar

Kim, J. Y., Peck, J. H., Hwang, S. H., et al. (2008). Preparation and mechanical properties of poly (vinyl chloride)/bamboo flour composites with a novel block copolymer as a coupling agent. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 108, 2654–2659.Google Scholar

Thwe, M. M., & Liao, K. (2003). Durability of bamboo-glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix hybrid composites. Composites Science and Technology, 63, 375–387.Google Scholar

Samal, S. K., Mohanty, S., & Nayak, S. K. (2009). Polypropylene-bamboo/glass fiber hybrid composites: Fabrication and analysis of mechanical, morphological, thermal, and dynamic mechanical behavior. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 28, 2729–2747.Google Scholar

Tan, T., Santos, S. F. D., Savastano, H., & Soboyejo, W. (2012). Fracture and resistance-curve behavior in hybrid natural fiber and polypropylene fiber reinforced composites. Journal of Materials Science, 47, 2864–2874.Google Scholar

Kushwaha, P., & Kumar, R. (2009). Enhanced mechanical strength of BFRP composite using modified bamboos. Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 28, 2851–2859.Google Scholar

Koren, G. (2010). New bamboo product for the global market [Master thesis]. Delft, Netherlands: Delft University of Technology.Google Scholar

Boobicycles, (2013). Boo fixie. Retrieved from http://boobicycles.com/gallery/?id=72157627024205218&title=Boo%20FixieGoogle Scholar

Meyers, M. A., Chen, P. Y., Lin, A. Y. M., & Seki, Y. (2008). Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties. Progress in Materials Science, 53, 1–206.Google Scholar

Gibson, L. J. (2012). The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 9, 2749–2766.Google Scholar

Wegst, U. G., Bai, H., Saiz, E., Tomsia, A. P.,, & Ritchie, R. O. (2015). Bioinspired structural materials. Nature Materials, 14, 23–36.Google Scholar

Li, J. F., Takagi, K., Ono, M., et al. (2003). Fabrication and evaluation of porous piezoelectric ceramics and porosity–graded piezoelectric actuators. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 86, 1094–1098.Google Scholar

Zhou, B. (2000). Bio-inspired study of structural materials. Materials Science and Engineering C, 11, 13–18.Google Scholar

Ribbans, B., Li, Y., & Tan, T., 2016. A bioinspired study on the interlaminar shear resistance of helicoidal fiber structures. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 56, 57–67.Google Scholar

Tan, T., & Ribbans, B. (2017). A bioinspired study on the compressive resistance of helicoidal fibre structures. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 473, 20170538.Google Scholar

Alghamdi, S., Tan, T., Hale-Sills, C., et al. (2017). Catastrophic failure of nacre under pure shear stresses of torsion. Scientific Reports, 7, 13123.Google Scholar

Alghamdi, S., Du, F., Yang, J., & Tan, T. (2018). The role of water in the initial sliding of nacreous tablets: Findings from the torsional fracture of dry and hydrated nacre. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 88, 322–329.Google Scholar

Schulgasser, K., & Witztum, A. (1992). On the strength, stiffness and stability of tubular plant stems and leaves. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 155, 497–515.Google Scholar

Bruck, H., Evans, J., & Peterson, M. (2002). The role of mechanics in biological and biologically inspired materials. Experimental Mechanics, 42, 361–371.Google Scholar

Taya, M. (2003). Bio-inspired design of intelligent materials. In Smart structures and materials, electroactive polymer actuators and devices (Vol. 5051). Bellingham, WA: International Society for Optics and Photonics; pp. 54–66.Google Scholar

Rabin, B. H., Williamson, R. L., Bruck, H. A., et al. (1998). Residual strains in an Al₂O₃‐Ni joint bonded with a composite interlayer: Experimental measurements and FEM analyses. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 81, 1541–1549.Google Scholar

de Vries, D. V. W. M. (2010). Biomimetic design based on bamboo [Master thesis]. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Eindhoven University of Technology.Google Scholar