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Chapter 13 - Autoimmune Brainstem Encephalitis

from Section 3 - Specific Syndromes and Diseases

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2022

Josep Dalmau  and
Francesc Graus
Josep Dalmau
Affiliation:
Universitat de Barcelona
Francesc Graus
Affiliation:
Universitat de Barcelona
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Summary

Brainstem encephalitis represents around 20% of all cases of encephalitis and has unique clinical and epidemiological features. The best-characterized brainstem encephalitis include opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS), Bickerstaff encephalitis, paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis, and chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS). The main causes of OMS are paraneoplastic, post-infectious, and idiopathic; it is likely that they share an immune-mediated pathophysiology, although neuronal antibodies only occur in a subgroup of patients with OMS and breast cancer who develop Ri antibodies. Other paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis can associate with Ma2 and Hu antibodies. Patients with Bickerstaff encephalitis frequently develop overlapping features with Miller–Fisher syndrome (characterized by bilateral ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and areflexia). The identification of GQ1b antibodies in both disorders suggests that they are part of the same spectrum of disease that has been designated anti-GQ1b syndrome. The diagnosis of CLIPPERS is mainly based on the presence of suggestive brain MRI abnormalities. However, similar MRI lesions can occur in systemic autoimmune diseases that may affect the brainstem, particularly Behçet disease or sarcoidosis, and in primary lymphoma of the central nervous system. CLIPPERS does not have a specific biological marker.

Keywords

Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndromeBickerstaff brainstem encephalitisparaneoplastic brainstem encephalitischronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS)onconeural (Hu, Ri, Ma2) antibodiesGQ1b antibodies
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Autoimmune Encephalitis and Related Disorders of the Nervous System , pp. 368 - 390
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

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