Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-05T05:37:37.557Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 May 2011

Warren Maguire
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
April McMahon
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adger, Carolyn Temple, Wolfram, Walt and Christian, Donna. 2007. Dialects in Schools and Communities, 2nd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Adger, David. 2006. Combinatorial variability. Journal of Linguistics 42, 503–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adger, David 2007. Variability and modularity: a response to Hudson. Journal of Linguistics 43, 695–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adger, David and Smith, Jennifer. 2005. Variation and the Minimalist Programme. In Cornips, and Corrigan, (eds.), 149–78.
Adger, David and Trousdale, Graeme. 2007. Variation in English syntax: theoretical implications. English Language and Linguistics 11, 261–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agard, Frederick. 1971. Language and dialect: some tentative postulates. Linguistics 65, 5–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agheyisi, Rebecca and Fishman, Joshua A.. 1970. Language attitude studies: a brief survey of methodological approaches. Anthropological Linguistics 12, 137–57.Google Scholar
Aitken, A. J. 1981. The Scottish vowel-length rule. In Benskin, Michael and Samuels, Michael (eds.) So meny People, Longages and Tonges, 131–57. Edinburgh: The Middle English Dialect Project.Google Scholar
Allen, Harold (ed.). 1976. The Linguistic Atlas of the Upper Midwest. Vol. III: The Pronunciation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Allen, Will, Beal, Joan, Corrigan, Karen, Maguire, Warren and Moisl, Hermann. 2007. A linguistic ‘time capsule’: The Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English. In Beal, Corrigan and Moisl, (eds.), Vol. II, 16–48.
Ammon, Ulrich, Dittmar, Norbert, Mattheier, Klaus and Trudgill, Peter (eds.). 2006. Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, 2nd edn. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Andersen, Gisle. 1997. ‘They gave us these yeah, and they like wanna see like how we talk and all that’: the use of like and other discourse markers in London teenage speech. In Kostinas, Ulla-Britt, Stenström, Anna-Brita and Karlsson, Anna-Malin (eds.) Ungdomsspråk i Norden, MINS 43, 83–95. Stockholm University, Institutionene für nordiska språk.Google Scholar
Andersen, Gisle 1998. The pragmatic marker like from a Relevance-Theoretic perspective. In Jucker, Andreas and Ziv, Yael (eds.) Discourse Markers: Descriptions and Theory, 147–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Andersen, Gisle 2001. Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Peter M. 1987. A Structural Atlas of the English Dialects. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Angermeyer, Philipp S. 2009. Translation style and participant roles in court interpreting. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13(1), 3–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anton, Howard. 2005. Elementary Linear Algebra, 9th edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley International.Google Scholar
Anttila, Arto. 1997. Deriving variation from grammar. In Hinskens, Hout and Wetzels, (eds.), 35–68.
Anttila, Arto 2002a. Morphologically conditioned phonological alternations. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 20, 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anttila, Arto 2002b. Variation and phonological theory. In Chambers, Trudgill and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 206–43.
Arseniuk, Melissa. 2008. FBI expert testifies at O. J. Simpson robbery/kidnapping trial. Las Vegas Sun 17 September 2008. www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/sep/17/ fbi-expert-testifies-simpson-robberykidnapping-tri/ (last accessed 30 October 2008).
Asprey, Esther C. 2008. Black Country English and Black Country Identity. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Atal, Bishnu S. and Hanauer, Suzanne L.. 1971. Speech analysis and synthesis by linear predictive coding of the speech wave. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 50, 637–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avery, Peter, Chambers, J. K., Alexandra, D'Arcy, Gold, Elaine and Rice, Keren (eds.). 2006. Canadian English in the Global Context. Special issue of Canadian Journal of Linguistics 51.
Baayen, R. Harald, Piepenbrock, Richard and Gulikers, Léon. 1995. The CELEX Lexical Database (CD-ROM). Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
,BBC. 2002. Witness walks out of Damilola trial. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1802072.stm, 5th February, 2002 (last accessed 5 August 2010).
,BBC. 2008. Rhys witness refuses to testify. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7695628.stm. Page last updated at 18:07 GMT, Tuesday, 28 October 2008 (last accessed 5 August 2010).
Bailey, Charles-James N. 1973. Variation and Linguistic Theory. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Bailey, Charles-James N. 1980. Conceptualizing dialects as implicational constellations rather than as entities bounded by isoglossic bundles. Chapter 4 of Bailey (1996). Originally in Göschel, J., Ivić, P. and Kehy, K. (eds.) Dialekt und Dialektology. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Bailey, Charles-James N. 1996. Essays on Time-Based Linguistic Analysis. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom and Sand, Lori. 1991. The focus of linguistic innovation in Texas. English World-Wide 12, 195–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, Tillery, Jan and Sand, Lori. 1991. The apparent time construct. Language Variation and Change 3, 241–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, Guy, Wikle, Tom, Tillery, Jan and Sand, Lori 1993. Some patterns of linguistic diffusion. Language Variation and Change 5, 359–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Charles. 1993. The English Language: A Historical Introduction. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Barbiers, Sjef, Koeneman, Olaf, Lekakou, Marika and Ham, Margreet (eds.). 2002. Syntactic Doubling in European Dialects. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Barbujani, Guido. 2000. Geographical patterns: how to identify them, and why. Human Biology 72, 133–53.Google Scholar
Barbujani, Guido 2005. Human races: classifying people vs understanding diversity. Current Genomics 6, 215–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbujani, Guido, Bertorelle, Giorgio and Chikhi, Lounès. 1998. Evidence for Paleolithic and Neolithic gene flow in Europe. American Journal of Human Genetics 62, 488–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, Ellen, Robertson, Dan and Sorace, Antonella. 1996. Magnitude estimation of linguistic acceptability. Language 72, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, Peter. 1984. Orkney and Shetland Norn. In Trudgill, (ed.), 352–66.
Baron, Naomi. 2004. See you online: gender issues in college student use of instant messaging. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23, 397–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, Laurie. 1993. Manual of Information to Accompany the Wellington Corpus of New Zealand English. Wellington: Department of Linguistics, Victoria University of Wellington.Google Scholar
Bauer, Laurie 2002. Inferring variation and change from public corpora. In Chambers, Trudgill and Shilling-Estes, (eds.), 97–114.
Baugh, Albert C. and Cable, Thomas. 2002. A History of the English Language, 5th edn. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bauman, Richard and Sherzer, Joel (eds.). 1974. Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking. Cambridge University Press.
Bayley, Robert. 1994. Consonant cluster reduction in Tejano English. Language Variation and Change 6, 303–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 1993. The grammar of Tyneside and Northumbrian English. In Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley (eds.) Real English: Grammar of English Dialects in the British Isles, 187–213. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C. 2004. The morphology and syntax of English dialects in the north of England. In Kortmann, , Schneider, , Burridge, Mesthrie and Upton, (eds.), 114–41.
Beal, Joan C. and Corrigan, Karen P.. 2005. A tale of two dialects: relativization in Newcastle and Sheffield. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani, Marjatta, Palander and Penttilä, Esa (eds.) Dialects Across Borders: Selected papers from the 11th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Methods XI), Joensuu, August 2002. CILT, 273, 211–29 Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Beal, Joan C., Corrigan, Karen P. and Moisl, Hermann L. (eds.). 2007a. Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, Volume I: Synchronic Databases. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beal, Joan C., Corrigan, Karen P. and Moisl, Hermann L. (eds.). 2007b. Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, Volume II: Diachronic Databases. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beckman, Mary E. and Hirschberg, Julia. 1994. The ToBI annotation conventions. Online typescript. www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~tobi/ame_tobi/annotation_conventions.html (last accessed 1 August 2010).
Bede, the Venerable. 731. Ecclesiastical History of the English People, 1990 Penguin edition, translated by Sherley-Price, Leo, edited with new introduction and notes by Farmer, D. H.. Harmondsworth: Penguin.Google Scholar
Behre, Karl-Ernst. 2007. A new Holocene sea-level curve for the southern North Sea. Boreas 36(1), 82–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Allan. 1984. Language style as audience design. Language in Society 13, 145–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellwood, Peter and Renfrew, Colin (eds.). 2002. Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Monograph series.
Bender, Emily. 2007. Socially meaningful syntactic variation in sign-based grammar. English Language and Linguistics 11, 347–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benincà, Paola and Poletto, Cecilia. 2007. The ASIS enterprise: a view on the construction of a syntactic atlas for the Northern Italian dialects. In Bentzen, Kristine and ØVangsnes, Ystein (eds.) Scandiavian Dialect Syntax 2005, Nordlyd 34, 35–52.
Berk-Seligson, Susan. 1990. Bilingual court proceedings: the role of the court interpreter. In Levi, and Walker, (eds.), 155–201.CrossRef
Berk-Seligson, Susan 1999. The impact of court interpreting on the coerciveness of leading questions. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 6(1), 30–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berk-Seligson, Susan 2002. The Bilingual Courtroom: Court Interpreters in the Judicial Process. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, Cynthia. 1993. Measuring social causes of phonological variables. American Speech 68, 227–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas. 1988. Variation across Speech and Writing. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas 1993. Representativeness in corpus design. Literary and Linguistic Computing 8, 243–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan and Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Blake, Renée and Josey, Meredith. 2003. The /ay/ diphthong in a Martha's Vineyard community: what can we say 40 years later?Language in Society 32(4), 451–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blatchford, Helen and Foulkes, Paul. 2006. Identification of voices in shouting. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 13(2), 241–54.Google Scholar
Blommaert, Jan. 2001. Investigating narrative inequality: African asylum seekers' stories in Belgium. Discourse and Society 12(4), 413–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1944. Secondary and tertiary responses to language. Language 20, 44–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blyth, Tom and Robertson, Edmund. 2002. Basic Linear Algebra, 2nd edn. Heidelberg and New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boersma, Paul and Hayes, Bruce. 2001. Empirical tests of the Gradual Learning Algorithm. Linguistic Inquiry 32, 45–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans. Nice, Richard. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brennan, Mary and Brown, Richard. 2004. Equality Before the Law: Deaf People's Access to Justice. Durham: Deaf Studies Research Unit, University of Durham.Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan, Deo, Ashwini and Sharma, Devyani. 2007. Typology in variation: a probabilistic approach to be and n't in the Survey of English Dialects. English Language and Linguistics 11, 301–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, David. 1992. Linguistic change in intonation: the use of high rising terminals in New Zealand English. Language Variation and Change 4, 77–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, David 1997. Dialect contact and phonological reallocation: ‘Canadian raising’ in the English Fens. Language in Society 26, 15–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Britain, David 2002. Space and spatial diffusion. In Chambers, Trudgill and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 603–37.
Bromham, Lindell and Penny, David. 2003. The modern molecular clock. Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 216–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, Keith (ed.). 2006. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Brown-Blake, Celia. 2008. The right to linguistic non-discrimination and Creole language situations: the case of Jamaica. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 23(1), 32–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown-Blake, Celia and Chambers, Paul. 2007. The Jamaican creole speaker in the UK Criminal Justice System. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 14(2), 269–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary. 1999. ‘Why be normal?’: language and identity practices in a community of nerd girls. Language in Society 28, 203–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucholtz, Mary and Hall, Kira. 2005. Identity and interaction: a sociocultural linguistic approach. Discourse Studies 7, 585–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchstaller, Isabelle and Corrigan, Karen P.. 2008. Tapping into the intuitions of dialect speakers in Northern England and Scotland: data, methods and their implications. Paper presented at the Edisyn workshop for Syntactic Atlas projects. Venice, September 2008.
Buchstaller, Isabelle, Corrigan, Karen P. and Holmberg, Anders. Forthcoming. Introspective judgements and sociolinguistic interviews as testing instruments for revealing syntactic microvariation. In Parrot, Jeff (ed.) Theoretical Perspectives on Intra-Individual Variation and its Empirical Study. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Buchstaller, Isabelle and Alexandra, D'Arcy. 2009. Localized globalization: a multi-local, multivariate investigation of quotative be like. Journal of Sociolinguistics 13, 291–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunnin, Nicholas and Yu, Jiyuan. 2009. The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes. 2006. Regional variation and identity in Sunderland. In Omoniyi, Tope and White, Goodith (eds.) Sociolinguistics of Identity, 113–28. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Burbano-Elizondo, Lourdes 2008. Language variation and identity in Sunderland. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Burridge, Kate and Kortmann, Bernd (eds.). 2008. Varieties of English 3: The Pacific and Australasia. Berlin/ New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Butler, Judith. 1990. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York and London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butters, Ronald R. 1991. Review of Dennis Preston, Perceptual Dialectology. Language in Society 20, 294–9.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan. 2001. Phonology and Language Use. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, Catherine and Foulkes, Paul. 2004. The ‘mobile phone effect’ on vowel formants. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(1), 83–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calafell, Francese, Roubinet, Francis, Ramirez-Soriano, Anna, Saltou, Naruya, Bertranpetit, Jaume and Blancher, Antoine. 2008. Evolutionary dynamics of the human ABO gene. Human Genetics 124, 123–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cambier-Langeveld, Tina. 2007. Current methods in forensic speaker identification: results of a collaborative exercise. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 14(2), 223–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Deborah and Kulick, Don. 2003. Language and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Deborah and Kulick, Don 2005. Identity crisis?Language and Communication 25, 107–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, Deborah, McAlinden, Fiona and Kathy, O'Leary. 1989. Lakoff in context: the social and linguistic functions of tag questions. In Coates, Jennifer and Cameron, Deborah (eds.) Women in Their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex, 74–93. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn. 2005. Listener perceptions of sociolinguistic variables: the case of (ING). Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, Kathryn 2007. Accent, (ING), and the social logic of listener perceptions. American Speech 82, 32–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell-Kibler, , Kathryn, Penelope Eckert, Mendoza-Denton, Norma and Moore, Emma. 2006. The elements of style. Poster presented at New Ways of Analyzing Variation 35, Columbus, Ohio.Google Scholar
Capelli, C., Redhead, N., Abernethy, J. K., et al. 2003. A Y chromosome census of the British Isles. Current Biology 13, 979–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardi, Valeria. 2007. Regional or minority language use before judicial authorities: provisions and facts. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe 6(2), 1–24.Google Scholar
Carr, Philip. 1993. Phonology. Basingstoke: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Philip 2006. Philosophy of linguistics. In Brown, Keith (ed.) Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Carter, Phillip M. 2005. Quantifying rhythmic differences between Spanish, English, and Hispanic English. In Gess, Randall S. and Ruben, Edward J. (eds.) Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Romance Linguistics, 63–75. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca 2000. Genes, Peoples and Language, trans. Mark Seielstad. New York: North Point Press.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, , Luca, Luigi, Menozzi, Paolo and Piazza, Alberto. 1994. The History and Geography of Human Genes. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca, Wilson, A. C., Cantor, C. R., Deegan, R. M. and King, M. C.. 1991. Call for a worldwide survey of human genetic diversity: a vanishing opportunity for the Human Genome Project. Genomics 11, 490–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cedergren, Henrietta. 1973. The interplay of social and linguistic factors in Panama. Unpublished dissertation, Cornell University.Google Scholar
Cedergren, Henrietta and Sankoff, David. 1974. Variable rules: performance as a statistical reflection of competence. Language 50, 333–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Certeau, Michel. 1984. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chalmers, Alan. 1999. What is this Thing Called Science? 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. 1994. An introduction to dialect topography. English World-Wide 15, 35–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, Jack 1998. Social embedding of changes in progress. Journal of English Linguistics 26(1), 5–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chambers, Jack 2002. Patterns of variation including change. In Chambers, Trudgill and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 349–72.
Chambers, Jack 2003. Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and its Social Significance, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, Peter. 1980. Dialectology. (2nd edn, 1998). Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chambers, J. K., Trudgill, Peter and Natalie, Schilling-Estes (eds.). 2002. The Handbook of Language Variation and Change. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell.
Chaski, Carole E. 2001. Empirical evaluations of language-based author identification techniques. Forensic Linguistics 8(1), 1–65.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny. 1982a. Variation in an English Dialect: A Sociolinguistic Study. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny 1982b. Linguistic variation and social function. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.) Sociolinguistic Variation in Speech Communities, 153–75. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny (ed.). 1991. English Around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Cambridge University Press.CrossRef
Cheshire, Jenny. 1999. Taming the vernacular: some repercussions for the study of syntactic variation and spoken grammar. Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa 8, 59–80.Google Scholar
Cheshire, Jenny 2005. Sociolinguistics and mother-tongue education. In Ammon, Dittmar, Mattheier, and Trudgill, (eds.), 2341–50.
Cheshire, Jenny and Edwards, Viv. 1989. The Survey of British Dialect Grammar. In Cheshire, Edwards, Münstermann, and Weltens, (eds.), 200–15.
Cheshire, Jenny, Viv Edwards, Henk Münstermann and Weltens, Bert (eds.). 1989. Dialect and Education: Some European Perspectives. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1980. Rules and Representations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1986 Knowledge of Language: Its Nature, Origin, and Use. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam and Halle, Morris. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Clarke, Sandra, Elms, Ford and Youssef, Amani. 1995. The third dialect of English: some Canadian evidence. Language Variation and Change 7, 209–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia and Paolillo, John. 2006. North American English vowels: a factor-analytic perspective. Literary and Linguistic Computing 21(4), 445–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia and Pisoni, David. 2002. Perception of dialect variation: some implications for current research and theory in speech perception. Research on Spoken Language Processing: Progress Report No. 25. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Clopper, Cynthia and Pisoni, David 2005. Perceptual free classification of dialect variation. Paper presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology, Université de Moncton.
Coates, Jennifer (ed.). 1998. Language and Gender: A Reader. Oxford: Blackwell.
Coates, Richard. 2007. Invisible Britons: the view from linguistics. In Higham, (ed.), 172–91.
Coates, Richard and Breeze, Andrew, with a contribution by David Horovitz. 2000. Celtic Voices, English Places. Stamford: Shaun Tyas.Google Scholar
Coetzee, Andrew. 2004. What it means to be a loser: non-optimal candidates in optimality theory. Ph.D. thesis, University of Massachusetts Amherst.Google Scholar
Coetzee, Andrew and Pater, Joe. To appear. The place of variation in phonological theory. In Goldsmith, John, Riggle, Jason and Yu, Alan (eds.) The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Collins, Peter C. 2005. The modals and quasi-modals of obligation and necessity in Australian English and other Englishes. English World-Wide 26, 249–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conley, John M., O'Barr, William M. and Lind, E. Allen. 1978. The power of language: presentational style in the courtroom. Duke Law Journal 6, 1375–99.Google Scholar
Cooke, Michael. 1995. Aboriginal evidence in the cross-cultural courtroom. In Eades, Diana (ed.) Language in Evidence: Issues Confronting Multi-Cultural Australia, 55–96. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie and Corrigan, Karen P. (eds.). 2005. Syntax and Variation: Reconciling the Biological and the Social. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRef
Cornips, Leonie and Jongenburger, Willy. 2001. Elicitation techniques in a Dutch syntactic dialect atlas project. In Broekhuis, Hans and Wouden, Ton (eds.) Linguistics in The Netherlands 2001 18, 161–84. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Cornips, Leonie and Poletto, Cecilia. 2005. On standardising syntactic elicitation techniques, PART I. Lingua 115(7), 939–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornips, Leonie and Poletto, Cecilia 2008. Field linguistics meets formal research. Unpublished manuscript, Meertens Institute, Amsterdam.
Cotterill, Janet. 2004. Language in the Legal Process. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Cotterill, Janet 2007. The Language of Sexual Crime. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm. 1992. Forensic discourse analysis. In Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis, 242–58. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm 1993. Beginning the study of forensic texts: corpus, concordance, collocation. In Hoey, Michael (ed.) Data, Description, Discourse, 86–97. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm 1994a. On the use of corpora in the analysis of forensic texts. Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 1(1), 27–43.Google Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm 1994b. Powerful evidence for the defence: an exercise in forensic discourse analysis. In Gibbons, (ed.), 414–27.
Coulthard, Malcolm 1995. Questioning Statements: Forensic Applications of Linguistics. University of Birmingham, English Language Research papers.Google Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm 2002. Whose voice is it? Invented and concealed dialogue in written records of verbal evidence produced by the police. In Cotterill, Janet (ed.) Language in the Legal Process, 19–34. Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm 2004. Author identification, idiolect and linguistic uniqueness. Applied Linguistics 25(4), 431–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulthard, Malcolm and Johnson, Alison. 2007. An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas. 1988. Dialect in Use: Sociolinguistic Variation in Cardiff English. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas 2007a. The discursive framing of phonological acts of identity: Welshness through English. In Brutt-Griffler, Janina and Davies, Catherine Evans (eds.) English and Ethnicity, 19–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Coupland, Nikolas 2007b. Style: Language Variation and Identity. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowart, Wayne. 1997. Experimental Syntax: Applying Objective Methods to Sentence Judgments. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Crinson, James and Williamson, John. 2004. Non-standard dialect in the formal speech of 15-year-olds on Tyneside. Language and Education 18, 207–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruttenden, Alan. 1995. Rises in English. In Lewis, Windsor (ed.), 155–73.
Crystal, David. 1995. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of The English Language. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, David 2001. Language and the Internet. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, David 2003. English as a Global Language, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crystal, David 2008. Txting: the gr8 db8. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crystal, David and Davy, Derek. 1969. Investigating English Style. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Cunliffe, Barry W. 2003. The Celts: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutler, Cecilia. 2002. Crossing over: white teenagers, hip-hop, and African American English. Unpublished dissertation, New York University.
D'Arcy, Alexandra. 2001. Beyond mastery: a study of dialect acquisition. Unpublished M.A. thesis. St John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland.
D'Arcy, Alexandra 2005a. Like: syntax and development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Toronto.
D'Arcy, Alexandra 2005b. The development of linguistic constraints: Phonological innovations in St. John's. Language Variation and Change 17, 327–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Arcy, Alexandra 2007. Like and language ideology: disentangling fact from fiction. American Speech 82, 386–419.
D'Arcy, Alexandra 2008. Canadian English as a window to the rise of like in discourse. Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies 19, 125–40.Google Scholar
Dailey-O'Cain, Jennifer. 1999. The perception of post-unification German regional speech. In Preston, (ed.).
Davies, Bethan. 2005. Communities of practice: legitimacy not choice. Journal of Sociolinguistics 9, 557–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, Mark. 2002–. Online Corpora, http://corpus.byu.edu/.
Decker, Paul. 2002. Beyond the city limits: the Canadian vowel shift in an Ontario small town. Unpublished MA thesis, York University.Google Scholar
Decker, Ken. 2000. The use of Belize Kriol to improve English proficiency. Paper presented at the 5th International Creole Workshop, Florida International University.
Dediu, Dan and Robert Ladd, D.. 2007. Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 104, 10944–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delaunay, Boris. 1934. Sur la sphère vide. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Classe des Sciences Mathématiques et Naturelles 7(6), 793–800.Google Scholar
Delin, Judy, Searle-Jones, Abi and Waller, Rob. 2006. Branding and relationship communications: the evolution of utility bills in the UK. In Carliner, Saul, Verckens, Jan Piet and Waele, Cathy (eds.) Information and Document Design, 27–59. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Denbo, Seth, Haskins, Heather and Robey, David. 2008. Sustainability of Digital Outputs from AHRC Resource Enhancement Projects. Report to the Arts and Humanities Research Council. December 2008. Available online at www.ahrcict.rdg.ac.uk/activities/review/sustainability.htm (last accessed 4 August 2010).Google Scholar
Denham, Kristin and Lobeck, Anne (eds.). 2005. Language in the Schools: Integrating Linguistic Knowledge into K-12 Teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Denham, Kristin and Lobeck, Anne (eds.). 2009. Linguistics at School: Language Awareness in Primary and Secondary Education. Cambridge University Press.
Denison, David. 1998. Syntax. In Suzanne Romaine (ed.) The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume IV: 1776–1997, 92–329. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Government, Department for Communities and Local. 2004. The Party Wall Act etc. 1996: Explanatory Leaflet. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Government, Department for Communities and Local 2008. Planning Portal: The Party Wall Act etc. (1996). Available online at www.planningportal.gov.uk/england/genpub/en/1115314019877.html (last accessed 5 August 2010).
DfEE, . 1999. The National Curriculum for England: English. London: Department for Education and Employment and the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority.Google Scholar
,Department for Environment, F. a. R. A. 2008. Press release: DEFRA launches consultation on animal welfare codes of practice.
Deterding, David. 2001. The measurement of rhythm: a comparison of Singapore and British English. Journal of Phonetics 29, 217–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diercks, Willy. 2002. Mental maps: linguistic geographic concepts. In Long, and Preston, (eds.), 51–70.CrossRef
Di Paolo, Marianna and Faber, Alice. 1990. Phonetic difference and the phonetic content of the tense-lax contrast in Utah English. Language Variation and Change 2, 155–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Docherty, Gerard J. and Foulkes, Paul. 1999. Derby and Newcastle: instrumental phonetics and variationist studies. In Foulkes, and Docherty, (eds.), 47–71.
Docherty, Gerard J., Foulkes, Paul, Milroy, James, Milroy, Leslie and Walshaw, David. 1997. Descriptive adequacy in phonology: a variationist perspective. Journal of Linguistics 33, 275–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dollinger, Stefan. 2008. New-Dialect Formation in Canada: Evidence from the English Modal Auxiliaries. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dorling, Daniel, Ford, J., Holmans, A. E. and Regan, S.. 2005. The Great Divide: An Analysis of Housing Inequality. London: Shelter.Google Scholar
Douglas-Cowie, , Ellen, Roddy Cowie and Rahilly, Joan. 1995. The social distribution of intonation patterns in Belfast. In Lewis, Windsor (ed.), 180–6.
Drager, Katie and Hay, Jennifer. 2006. Can you really believe your ears? The effect of stuffed toys on speech perception. Paper presented at New Zealand Language Society Conference, Christchurch.
Du Bois, John W. 2002. Stance and consequence. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, New Orleans.
Dumas, Bethany. 1990. Adequacy of cigarette package warnings: an analysis of the adequacy of federally mandated cigarette package warnings. In Levi, and Walker, (eds.), 309–57.CrossRef
Durie, Mark and Ross, Malcolm. 1996. The Comparative Method Reviewed. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eades, Diana. 1994. A case of communication clash: Aboriginal English and the legal system. In Gibbons, (ed.), 234–64.
Eades, Diana 2008. Courtroom Talk and Neocolonial Control. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eades, Diana and Arends, Jacques. 2004. Using language analysis in the determination of national origin of asylum seekers: an introduction. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(2), 179–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope. 1988. Adolescent social structure and the spread of linguistic change. Language in Society 17, 183–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope 1989. The whole woman: sex and gender differences in variation. Language Variation and Change 1, 245–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope 1998. Gender and sociolinguistic variation. In Coates, (ed.), 64–75.
Eckert, Penelope 2000. Linguistic Variation as Social Practice: The Linguistic Construction of Identity at Belten High. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope 2003. The meaning of style. Texas Linguistic Forum 47, 41–53.Google Scholar
Eckert, Penelope 2005. Variation, convention, and social meaning. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America. Available at www.stanford.edu/~eckert/EckertLSA2005.pdf (last accessed 2 August 2010).
Eckert, Penelope 2008. Variation and the indexical field. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12, 453–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally. 1992. Think practically and look locally: language and gender as community-based practice. Annual Review of Anthropology 21, 461–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckert, Penelope and Rickford, John R. (eds.). 2001. Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, John. 1982. Language attitudes and their implications. In Ryan, and Giles, (eds.), 20–33.
Edwards, John 2006. Educational failure. In Brown, Keith (ed.) Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Ellegård, Alvar. 1953. The Auxiliary Do: The Establishment and Regulation of Its Use in English. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stanley. 1956. Dialect-hunting by caravan. University of Leeds Review 5 (1956–1957), 39–48.Google Scholar
Ellis, Stanley 1994. The Yorkshire Ripper enquiry: Part I. Forensic Linguistics 1(2), 197–206.Google Scholar
Elsworth, C. 2008. OJ Simpson audio of alleged raid may have been tampered with. The Daily Telegraph, 18 September 2008. Available online at www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2981171/OJ-Simpson-audio-of-alleged-raid-may-have-been-tampered-with.html (last accessed 5 August 2010).Google Scholar
Embleton, Sheila. 1987. Multidimensional scaling as a dialectometrical technique. In Babitch, Rose M. (ed.) Papers from the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association, 33–49. New Brunswick: Centre Universitaire de Shippagan.Google Scholar
Embleton, Sheila 2000. Lexicostatistics/glottochronology: from Swadesh to Sankoff to Starostin to future horizons. In Renfrew, Colin, McMahon, April and Trask, Robert L. (eds.) Time Depth in Historical Linguistics, 2 vols, 143–66. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Embleton, Sheila, Uritescu, Dorin and Wheeler, Eric. 2007. Data capture and presentation in the Romanian Online Dialect Atlas. Papers from 12th International Conference on Methods in Dialectology (Linguistica Atlantica 27–8, 2007).
Embleton, Sheila and Wheeler, Eric. 1997. Multidimensional scaling and the SED data. In Viereck, and Ramisch, (eds.), 5–11.
Eriksson, Andrew and Lacerda, Francisco. 2007. Charlatanry in forensic speech science: a problem to be taken seriously. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 14(2), 169–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Errington, Joseph. 1985. On the nature of the sociolinguistic sign: describing the Javanese speech levels. In Mertz, Elizabeth and Parmentier, Richard J. (eds.) Semiotic Mediation, 287–310. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Esling, John H. 1978. The identification of features of voice quality in social groups. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7, 18–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Everitt, Brian, Landau, Sabine and Leese, Morven. 2001. Cluster Analysis, 4th edn. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Facchinetti, Roberta, Krug, Manfred and Palmer, Frank (eds.). 2003. Modality in Contemporary English. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRef
Fairon, Cédrick. 2000. GlossaNet: parsing a web site as a corpus. Lingvisticae Investigationes 22, 327–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falconer, Douglas S. and Mackay, Trudy F. C.. 1996. Introduction to Quantitative Genetics, 4th edn. Harlow: Longmans.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W. 1984. The Sociolinguistics of Society. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W. 1991. The quiet demise of variable rules. American Speech 66, 3–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fasold, Ralph W. and Schiffrin, Deborah (eds.). 1989. Language Change and Variation. Amsterdam: Benjamins.CrossRef
Featherston, Sam 2005. Magnitude estimation and what it can do for your syntax: some wh-constraints in German. Lingua 115, 1525–50.
Felsenstein, Joseph. 2004. Inferring Phylogenies. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.Google Scholar
Fennell, Barbara A. 2001. A History of English. A Sociolinguistic Approach. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Ferrara, Kathleen, Brunner, Hans and Whittemore, Greg. 1991. Interactive written discourse as an emergent register. Written Communication 8, 8–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippula, Markku and Klemola, Juhani. 2009. Special issue on re-evaluating the Celtic hypothesis. English Language and Linguistics 13(2), 155–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finegan, Edward. 1997. Sociolinguistics and the law. In Coulmas, Florian (ed.) The Handbook of Sociolinguistics, 421–35. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Finnegan, Katie. Forthcoming. Dialect levelling in Sheffield English. Ph.D. thesis, University of Sheffield.
Fisher, Simon E., Lai, Cecilia S. L. and Monaco, Anthony P.. 2003. Deciphering the genetic basis of speech and language disorders. Annual Review of Neuroscience 26, 57–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flanigan, Beverly Olson and Norris, Franklin Paul. 2000. Cross-dialectal comprehension as evidence for boundary mapping: perceptions of the speech of southeastern Ohio. Language Variation and Change 12, 175–201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, Janet, Grabe, Esther and Warren, Paul. 2005. Intonational variation in four dialects of English: the high rising tone. In Jun, Sun-Ah (ed.) Prosodic Typology: The Phonology of Intonation and Phrasing, 396–409. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Flew, Antony and Priest, Stephen. 2002. A Dictionary of Philosophy, 3rd edn. London: PanMacmillan.Google Scholar
Forster, Peter, Harding, Rosalind, Torroni, Antonio and Bandelt, Hans-Jurgen. 1996. Origin and evolution of Native American mtDNA variation: a reappraisal. American Journal of Human Genetics 59, 935–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Foulkes, Paul and Barron, Anthony. 2000. Telephone speaker recognition amongst members of a close social network. Forensic Linguistics 7(2), 180–98.Google Scholar
Foulkes, Paul and Docherty, Gerard J. (eds.). 1999. Urban Voices: Accent Studies in the British Isles. London: Arnold.
Foulkes, Paul and Docherty, Gerard J.. 2000. Another chapter in the story of /r/: ‘labiodental’ variants in British English. Journal of Sociolinguistics4, 30–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foulkes, Paul and Docherty, Gerard J.. 2006. The social life of phonetics and phonology. Journal of Phonetics 34, 409–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fourakis, Marios and Port, Robert. 1986. Stop epenthesis in English. Journal of Phonetics 14, 197–221.Google Scholar
Fox, Anthony. 1995. Linguistic Reconstruction: An Introduction to Theory and Method. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fox, Gwyneth. 1993. A comparison of ‘policespeak’ and ‘normalspeak’: a preliminary study. In Sinclair, John M., Hoey, Michael and Fox, Gwyneth (eds.) Techniques of Description: A Festschrift for Malcolm Coulthard, 183–95. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Francis, W. Nelson and Kučera, Henry. 1964. A Standard Corpus of Present-day Edited American English. Providence, RI: Brown University.Google Scholar
French, Peter. 1994. An overview of forensic phonetics with particular reference to speaker identification. Forensic Linguistics 1(2), 169–81.Google Scholar
French, Peter and Harrison, Philip. 2007. Position statement concerning use of impressionistic likelihood terms in forensic speaker comparison cases. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 14(1), 139–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
French, Peter, Harrison, Philip and Lewis, Jack Windsor. 2006. R v. John Samuel Humble: the Yorkshire Ripper Hoaxer trial. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 13(2), 255–73.Google Scholar
Fromont, Robert and Hay, Jennifer. 2008. ONZE Miner: the development of a browser-based research tool. Corpora 3(2), 173–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garside, Roger. 1987. The CLAWS word-tagging system. In Garside, Roger, Leech, Geoffrey and Sampson, Geoffrey (eds.) The Computational Analysis of English: A Corpus-based Approach, 30–41. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Gibbons, John (ed.). 1994. Language and the Law. Essex: Longman.
Gibbons, John. 2001. Legal transformations in Spanish: an ‘audencia’ in Chile. Forensic Linguistics 8(2), 24–43.Google Scholar
Gibbons, John 2006. Forensic sociolinguistics. In Ammon, Dittmar, Mattheier, and Trudgill, (eds.), 2316–23.
Gibbons, John 2003. Forensic Linguistics: An Introduction to Language in the Justice System. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Giegerich, Heinz. 1992. English Phonology: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giles, Howard (ed.). 1977. Language, Ethnicity and Intergroup Relations. London: Academic Press.
Giles, Howard (ed.). 2002. Law Enforcement, Communication and Community. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRef
Giles, Howard and Bourhis, Richard Y.. 1976. Voice and racial categorisation in Britain. Communication Monographs 43, 108–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilles, Peter and Peters, Jörg (eds.). 2004. Regional Variation in Intonation. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag.
Glauser, Beat. 1974. The Scottish-English Linguistic Border. Bern: Francke.Google Scholar
Goebl, Hans 1984. Dialektometrische Studien: Anhand italoromanischer, rätoromanischer und galloromanischer Sprachmaterialien aus AIS und ALF, 3 Vols. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Goebl, Hans 1993. Dialectometry. A short overview of the principles and practice of quantitative classification of linguistic atlas data. In Köhler, Reinhard and Rieger, Burghard (eds.) Contributions to Quantitative Linguistics, 277–315. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Goebl, Hans. 1997. Some dendrographic classifications of the data of CLAE 1 and CLAE 2. InViereck, and Ramisch, (eds.), 23–32.
Goebl, Hans 2006. Recent advances in Salzburg dialectometry. Literary and Linguistic Computing 21, 411–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goebl, Hans 2007. A bunch of dialectometrical flowers: a brief introduction to dialectometry. In Ute Smit, Stefan Dollinger, Hüttner, Julia, Kaltenböck, Gunther and Lutzky, Ursula (eds.) Tracing English Through Time: Explorations in Language Variation. Austrian Studies in English 95, 133–71.
Goebl, Hans and Schiltz, Guillaume. 1997. A dialectometrical compilation of CLAE 1 and CLAE 2. Isoglosses and dialect integration. In Viereck, and Ramisch, (eds.), 13–21.
Goodey, B. 1971a. City Scene: An Exploration into the Image of Central Birmingham as Seen by Area Residents. Birmingham University Research Memorandum 10.Google Scholar
Goodey, B. 1971b. Perception of the Environment: An Introduction to the Literature. University of Birmingham: Centre for Urban and Regional Studies.Google Scholar
Goodwin, Marjorie Harness, Goodwin, Charles and Yaeger-Dror, Malcah. 2002. Multi-modality in girls' game disputes. Journal of Pragmatics 34, 1621–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gooskens, Charlotte and Heeringa, Wilbert. 2004. Perceptive evaluation of Levenshtein Dialect Distance measurements using Norwegian dialect data. Language Variation and Change 16, 189–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth [with Hervey, S., Leitch, R. and Holstein], E.. 1996. Exploring Language: A Handbook for New Zealand Teachers. Wellington: Ministry for Education and Learning Media.Google Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Campbell, Lyle, Hay, Jennifer, Maclagan, Margaret, Sudbury, Andrea and Trudgill, Peter. 2004. New Zealand English. Its Origins and Evolution. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, Elizabeth, Maclagan, Margaret and Hay, Jennifer. 2007. The ONZE corpus. In Beal, Corrigan and Moisl, (eds.), Vol. II, 82–104.
Gould, Peter and White, Rodney. 1986. Mental Maps, 2nd edn. Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Grabe, Esther. 2004. Intonational variation in urban dialects of English spoken in the British Isles. In Gilles, and Peters, (eds.), 9–31.
Grabe, Esther, Post, Brechtje, Nolan, Francis and Farrar, Kimberley. 2000. Pitch accent realization in four varieties of British English. Journal of Phonetics 28, 161–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Tim. 2007. Quantifying evidence in forensic authorship analysis. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 14(1), 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grant, Tim and Baker, Kevin. 2001. Identifying reliable, valid markers of authorship: a response to Chaski. Forensic Linguistics 8(1), 66–79.Google Scholar
Green, Lisa. 2002. African American English: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenbaum, Sidney. 1992. A new corpus of English: ICE. In Svartvik, (ed.), 171–83.
Greenbaum, Sidney (ed.). 1996. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Grimmer, Martin. 2007. Britons in early Wessex: the evidence of the Law Code of Ine. In Higham, (ed.), 102–14.
Guilford, J. Paul. 1954. Psychometric Methods, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
Guillemin, Bernard and Watson, C.. 2008. Impact of the mobile phone network on the speech signal – some preliminary findings. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 15(2), 193–218.Google Scholar
Gumperz, John and Hymes, Dell (eds.). 1964. The ethnography of communication. American Anthropologist 66(6), part 2.
Gut, Ulrike. 2002. Prosodic aspects of Standard Nigerian English. In Gut, Ulrike and Gibbon, Dafydd (eds.) Typology of African Prosodic Systems, 167–78. Bielefeld University.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. 1980. Variation in the group and the individual: the case of final stop deletion. In Labov, William (ed.) Locating Language in Time and Space, 1–36. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. 1990. The sociolinguistic types of language change. Diachronica 7, 47–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. 2005. Grammar and usage: a variationist response. Language 81, 561–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. and Boberg, Charles. 1997. Inherent variability and the obligatory contour principle. Language Variation and Change 9, 149–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R., Feagin, Crawford, Schiffrin, Deborah and Baugh, John (eds.). 1996. Towards a Social Science of Language. Vol. I: Variation and Change in Language and Society. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.CrossRef
Guy, Gregory R., Horvath, Barbara M., Vonwiller, Julia, Daisley, Elaine and Rogers, Inge. 1986. An intonational change in progress in Australian English. Language in Society 15, 22–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, Gregory R. and Vonwiller, Julia. 1984. The meaning of an intonation in Australian English. Australian Journal of Linguistics 4, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hägerstrand, Torsten. 1952. The Propagation of Innovation Waves. Lund Studies in Geography, B: Human Geography, 4. Lund, Sweden: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Haddican, William 2010. Theme-goal ditransitives and theme passivisation in British English. Lingual 20, 2424–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haeri, Niloofar. 1996a. The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class, and Education. London and New York: Kegan Paul International.Google Scholar
Haeri, Niloofar 1996b. ‘Why do women do this?’ Sex and gender differences in speech. In Guy, Feagin, Schiffrin, and Baugh, (eds.), 101–14.
Hale, Mark. 2007. Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method. Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hale, Mark and Reiss, Charles. 2008. The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hale, Sandra. 1997. Clash of world perspectives: the discursive practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter. Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 4(2), 197–209.Google Scholar
Hale, Sandra 1999. Interpreters' treatment of discourse markers in courtroom questions. Forensic Linguistics: The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 6(1), 57–82.Google Scholar
Hale, Sandra 2004. The Discourse of Court Interpreting: Discourse Practices of the Law, the Witness and the Interpreter. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hand, David, Mannila, Heikki and Smyth, Padhraic. 2001. Principles of Data Mining. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Harris, John. 1984a. English in the north of Ireland. In Trudgill, (ed.), 115–34.
Harris, John 1984b. Syntactic variation and dialect divergence. Journal of Linguistics 20, 303–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, John 1985. Phonological Variation and Change. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, John 1994. English Sound Structure. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Haslerud, Vibecke and Stenström, Anna-Brita. 1995. The Bergen Corpus of London Teenage Language. In Leech, Geoffrey, Myers, Greg and Thomas, Jenny (eds.) Spoken English on Computer, 235–42. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Hay, Jennifer, Nolan, Aaron and Drager, Katie. 2006. From fush to feesh: exemplar priming in speech perception. Linguistic Review 23, 351–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, Jennifer and Drager, Katie. 2007. Sociophonetics. Annual Review of Anthropology 36, 89–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hebdige, Dick. 1979. Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heeringa, Wilbert. 2004. Measuring dialect pronunciation differences using Levenshtein Distance. Ph.D. thesis, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Available online at www.let.rug.nl/~heeringa/dialectology/thesis/ (last accessed 6 August 2010).Google Scholar
Heeringa, Wilbert, Kleiweg, Peter, Gooskens, Charlotte and Nerbonne, John. 2006. Evaluation of string distance algorithms for dialectology. In Nerbonne, John and Hinrichs, Erhard (eds.) Linguistic Distances Workshop at the Joint Conference of International Committee on Computational Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics, Sydney, July, 2006, 51–62.
Heeringa, Wilbert and Nerbonne, John. 2001. Dialect areas and dialect continua. Language Variation and Change 13, 375–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heeringa, Wilbert, Nerbonne, John and Kleiweg, Peter. 2002. Validating dialect comparison methods. In Gaul, Wolfgang and Ritter, Gunter (eds.) Classification, Automation, and New Media. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e. V., University of Passau, March 15–17, 2000, 445–52. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Heffer, Chris. 2005. The Language of Jury Trial: A Corpus-aided Analysis of Legal-Lay Discourse. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heggarty, Paul. Forthcoming. Measured Language. Publications of the Philological Society, Oxford: Blackwell.
Heggarty, Paul, McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert. 2005. From phonetic similarity to dialect classification: a principled approach. In Delbecque, Nicole, Auwera, Johan and Geeraerts, Dirk (eds.) Perspectives on Variation, 43–91. Amsterdam: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania. 2005. Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, Alison. 1995. Belfast English and Standard English: Dialect Variation and Parameter Setting. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henry, Alison 2002. Variation and syntactic theory. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 267–82.
Henton, Caroline and Bladon, Anthony. 1985. Breathiness in a normal female speaker: inefficiency versus desirability. Language and Communication 5, 221–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herold, Ruth. 1997. Solving the actuation problem: merger and immigration in eastern Pennsylvania. Language Variation and Change 9, 165–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heselwood, Barry and McChrystal, Louise. 1999. The effect of age-group and place of L1 acquisition on the realisation of Panjabi stop consonants in Bradford: an acoustic sociophonetic study. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics 7, 49–68.Google Scholar
Hibiya, Junko. 1996. Denasalization of the velar nasal in Tokyo Japanese: observations in real time. In Guy, , Feagin, , Schiffrin, and Baugh, (eds.), 161–70.CrossRef
Higham, Nicholas. 1992. Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons. The Archaeology of Change series. London: Seaby.Google Scholar
Higham, Nicholas (ed.). 2007. Britons in Anglo-Saxon England. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
Hillenbrand, James, Cleveland, Ronald A. and Erickson, Robert L.. 1994. Acoustic correlates of breathy vocal quality. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37, 769–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinskens, Franz, Hout, Roeland and Wetzels, Leo. 1997. Variation, Change and Phonological Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
,HMSO. 1996. Party Wall etc. Act. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
,HMSO 2001. Special Educational Needs and Disability Act. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
,HMSO 2006. Animal Welfare Act. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Hoenigswald, Henry. 1960. Language Change and Linguistic Reconstruction. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hoenigswald, Henry 1966. A proposal for the study of folk linguistics. In Bright, William (ed.) Sociolinguistics, 16–22. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Hogg, Richard. 1992–2001. The Cambridge History of the English Language (6 volumes). Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, Richard and Denison, David. 2006. A History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollien, Harry. 1996. Consideration of guidelines for earwitness lineups. Forensic Linguistics 3(1), 14–23.Google Scholar
Hollien, Harry 1990. The Acoustics of Crime: The New Science of Forensic Phonetics. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollien, Harry 2002. Forensic Voice Identification. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet. 1982. The functions of tag questions. English Language Research Journal 3, 40–65.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet 1984. Hedging your bets and sitting on the fence: some evidence for hedges as support structures. Te Reo 27, 47–62.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet 1995. Women, Men and Politeness. London/New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet 1996. The New Zealand component of ICE: some methodological challenges. In Greenbaum, (ed.), 163–81.
Holmes, Janet 1998. Women's talk: the question of sociolinguistic universals. In Coates, (ed.), 461–83.
Honeybone, Patrick. 2001. Lenition inhibition in Liverpool English. English Language and Linguistics 5, 213–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Honeybone, Patrick 2005. J. R. Firth. In Chapman, Siobhan and Routledge, Christopher (eds.) Key Thinkers in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language, 80–6. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Honeybone, Patrick 2008. Lenition, weakening and consonantal strength: tracing concepts through the history of phonology. In Carvalho, Joaquim Brandão, Scheer, Tobias and Ségéral, Philippe (eds.) Lenition and Fortition, 9–93. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Hooper, Joan. 1976. An Introduction to Natural Generative Phonology. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hoppenbrouwers, Cor and Hoppenbrouwers, Geer. 1988. De featurefrequentiemethode en de classificatie van Nederlandse dialecten. TABU: Bulletin voor taalwetenschap 18(2), 51–92.Google Scholar
Hoppenbrouwers, Cor and Hoppenbrouwers, Geer 2001. De indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen. Dialecten van 156 steden en dorpen geklasseerd volgens de FFM. Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum B.V.Google Scholar
Horan, Anne. 2002. English grammar in schools. Proceedings of the 2002 conference of the Australian Linguistic Society.
Horvath, Barbara M. 1985. Variation in Australian English: The Sociolects of Sydney. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Howald, Blake S. 2008. Authorship attribution under the rules of evidence: empirical approaches in a layperson's legal system. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 15(2), 219–47.Google Scholar
Howard, David, Hirson, Allen, Brookes, T. and Tyrrell, A. M.. 1995. Spectography of disputed speech samples by peripheral human hearing modelling. Forensic Linguistics 2(1), 28–38.Google Scholar
Huddleston, Rodney and Pullum, Geoffrey K.. 2005. A Student's Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Amelia I. and Holbrook, Anthony. 1981. A study of reading fundamental frequency of young Black adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 24, 197–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hudson, Richard. 1975. The meaning of questions. Language 51, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Richard 1992. Teaching Grammar: A Guide for the National Curriculum. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Hudson, Richard 1997. Inherent variability and linguistic theory. Cognitive Linguistics 8, 73–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Richard 2007. English dialect syntax in Word Grammar. English Language and Linguistics 11, 383–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Richard and Holmes, Jasper. 1995. Children's Use of Spoken Standard English. A short report prepared for the Schools Curriculum and Assessment Authority. London: SCAA.Google Scholar
Hudson, Richard and Walmsley, John. 2005. The English patient: English grammar and teaching in the twentieth century. Journal of Linguistics 41, 593–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, Arthur, Trudgill, Peter and Watt, Dominic. 2005. English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles, 4th edn. London: Hodder Arnold.Google Scholar
Hundt, Marianne, Nesselhauf, Nadja and Biewer, Carolin (eds.). 2007. Corpus Linguistics and the Web. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.CrossRef
Huson, Daniel and Bryant, David. 2006. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(2), 254–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hymes, Dell. 1962. The ethnography of speaking. In Gladwin, Thomas and Sturtevant, William (eds.) Anthropology and Human Behavior, 13–53. Washington, DC: Washington Anthropological Society.Google Scholar
Consortium), IHGSC (International Human Genome Sequencing. 2004. Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 431, 931–45.Google Scholar
Inoue, Fumio. 1999a. Classification of dialects by image: English and Japanese. In Preston, (ed.), 147–60.CrossRef
Inoue, Fumio 1999b. Subjective dialect division in Great Britain. In Preston, (ed.), 161–76.
Irvine, Judith T. 2001. ‘Style’ as distinctiveness: the culture and ideology of linguistic differentiation. In Eckert, and Rickford, (eds.), 21–43.
Janson, Tore. 1983. Sound change in perception and production. Language 59, 93–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janson, Tore 1986. Sound change in perception: an experiment. In Ohala, John J. and Jaeger, Jeri J. (eds.) Experimental Phonology, 253–60. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Janson, Tore and Schulman, Richard. 1983. Non-distinctive features and their use. Journal of Linguistics 19, 321–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessen, Michael. 2008. Forensic phonetics. Language and Linguistics Compass 2(4), 671–711.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jobling, Mark A., Hurles, Matthew and Tyler-Smith, Chris. 2004. Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins, Peoples and Disease. Garland Science: Oxford.Google Scholar
Jobling, Mark and Tyler-Smith, Chris. 2003. The human Y chromosome: an evolutionary marker comes of age. Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 598–612.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey and Goodluck, Helen. 1978. Manual of Information to Accompany the Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen Corpus of British English, for Use with Digital Computers. Oslo: Department of English, Oslo University.Google Scholar
Johnson, Alison. 1997. Textual kidnapping – a case of plagiarism among three student texts?Forensic Linguistics 4(2), 210–25.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara. 2000. Qualitative Methods in Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara 2007. Linking identity and dialect through stancetaking. In Englebretson, Robert (ed.) Stancetaking in Discourse: Subjectivity, Evaluation, Interaction, 49–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Johnstone, Barbara and Kiesling, Scott. 2008. Indexicality and experience: exploring the meanings of /aw/-monothongization in Pittsburgh. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12, 5–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Charles. 1997. The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, Steve. 1993. The Language of the Genes. London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Jun, Sun-Ah and Foreman, Christina. 1996. Boundary tones and focus realization in African-American intonation. Paper presented at the 3rd joint meeting of the Acoustical Society of America and the Acoustical Society of Japan, Honolulu, HI, 6 December.
Juvaini, Ata-Malik. 1260. Genghis Khan: The History of the World-Conqueror, trans. Boyle, John A., Manchester University Press/UNESCO, 1997.Google Scholar
Kallen, Jeffrey and Kirk, John. 2007. ICE-Ireland: Local variations on global standards. In Beal, Corrigan and Moisl, (eds.), Vol. I, 121–62.
Karafet, Tatania M., Mendez, Fernando L., Meilerman, Monica B., Underhill, Peter A., Zegura, Stephen L. and Hammer, Michael. 2008. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research 18, 830–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaufman, Leonard and Rousseeuw, Peter. 2005. Finding Groups in Data. An Introduction to Cluster Analysis, 2nd edn. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kennedy, Graeme. 1998. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London and New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul. 1996. Children, adolescents and language change. Language Variation and Change 8, 177–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, Paul 2003. Dialect levelling and geographical diffusion in British English. In Britain, D. and Cheshire, J. (eds.) Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill, 223–43. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Kerswill, Paul 2006. Migration and language. In Ammon, , Dittmar, , Mattheier, and Trudgill, (eds.), 2271–85.
Kerswill, Paul, Llamas, Carmen and Upton, Clive. 1999. The first SuRE moves: early steps towards a large dialect database. In Upton, Clive and Wales, Katie (eds.) Dialectal Variation in English: Proceedings of the Harold Orton Centenary Conference 1998. Leeds Studies in English 30.
Kerswill, Paul and Williams, Ann. 2000. Creating a New Town koine: children and language change in Milton Keynes. Language in Society 29, 65–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerswill, Paul and Williams, Ann 2002. Dialect recognition and speech community focussing in new and old towns in England: the effects of dialect levelling, demographic and social networks. In Long and Preston (eds.), 173–204.
Kessler, Brett. 1995. Computational dialectology in Irish Gaelic. In Proceedings of the 7th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 60–7. Dublin: Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Kessler, Brett 2005. Phonetic comparison algorithms. Transactions of the Philological Society 103(2), 243–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, Motoo. 1983. The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, Motoo and Crow, James F.. 1964. The number of alleles that can be maintained in a finite population. Genetics 49, 725–38.Google Scholar
King, Kendall A. and Benson, Carol. 2008. Vernacular and indigenous literacies. In Spolsky, and Hult, (eds.), 341–54.
King, Robert D. 1969. Historical Linguistics and Generative Grammar. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul. 1968. How Abstract is Phonology?Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Linguistic Club.Google Scholar
Kiparsky, Paul To appear. Compensatory lengthening. www.stanford.edu/~kiparsky (last accessed 26 July 2010).
Kirk, John. 1992. The Northern Ireland Transcribed Corpus of Speech. In Leitner, Gerhard (ed.) New Directions in Language Corpora, 65–74. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Klemola, Juhani. 2009. Traces of historical infinitive in English dialects and their Celtic connections. English Language and Linguistics 13(2), 295–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klima, Edward. 1964. Relatedness between grammatical systems. Language 40, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kniffka, Hannes (ed.). 1996. Recent Developments in Forensic Linguistics. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Knowles, Gerald. 1973. Scouse: the urban dialect of Liverpool. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Komter, Martha. 2006. From talk to text: the interactional construction of a police record. Research on Language and Social Interaction 39(3), 201–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd. 2002. New prospects for the study of English dialect syntax: impetus from syntactic theory and language typology. In Barbiers, , Koeneman, , Lekakou, and Ham, (eds.), 185–213.
Kortmann, Bernd, Schneider, Edgar, Burridge, Kate, Mesthrie, Rajend and Upton, Clive (eds.). 2004. A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool (2 volumes). Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Kortmann, Bernd and Upton, Clive (eds.). 2008. Varieties of English 1: The British Isles. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Krämer, Jörg. 1995. Delaunay triangulation in two and three dimensions. Ph.D. thesis, University of Tübingen.Google Scholar
Kremer, Ludger. 1999 (1984). The Netherlands-German border as a subjective dialect boundary. In Preston, (ed.), 31–6.
Kretzschmar, William A., Anderson, Jean, Beal, Joan C., Corrigan, Karen P., Opas-Hänninen, Lisa Lena and Plichta, Bartlomiej. 2006. Collaboration on corpora for regional and social analysis. Journal of English Linguistics 34, 172–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kretzschmar, William A., Jr., McDavid, Virginia G., Lerud, Theodore K. and Johnson, Ellen (eds.). 1993. Handbook of the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States. University of Chicago Press.
Kroch, Anthony. 1989a. Function and grammar in the history of English: periphrastic ‘do’. In Fasold, and Schiffrin, (eds.), 133–72.CrossRef
Kroch, Anthony 1989b. Reflexes of grammar in patterns of language change. Language Variation and Change 1(3), 199–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroch, Anthony 2000. Syntactic change. In Baltin, Mark and Collins, Chris (eds.). The Handbook of Contemporary Syntactic Theory, 629–739. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Krug, Manfred. 2000. Emerging English Modals: A Corpus-based Study of Grammaticalization. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kruskal, Joseph. 1999. An overview of sequence comparison. In Sankoff, and Kruskal, (eds.), 1–44.
Künzel, Hermann. 2001. Beware of the ‘telephone effect’: the influence of telephone transmission on the measurement of formant frequencies. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 8(1), 80–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurath, Hans. 1972. Studies in Area Linguistics. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans, Hanley, Miles, Bloch, Bernard and Lowman, Guy S.. 1939–43. The Linguistic Atlas of New England. 3 volumes in 6 parts. Providence, RI: Brown University Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans and Lowman, Guy S., Jr. 1970. The Dialectal Structure of Southern England: Phonological Evidence. Publication of the American Dialect Society 54. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Kurath, Hans and McDavid, Raven I., Jr. 1961. Pronunciation of English in the Atlantic States. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja. 1996. Manual to the Diachronic Part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts: Coding Conventions and Lists of Source Texts, 3rd edn. Department of English, University of Helsinki.Google Scholar
Kytö, Merja, Rudanko, Juhani and Smitterberg, Erik. 2000. Building a bridge between the present and the past: a corpus of 19th-century English. ICAME Journal 24, 85–97. Available online at http://icame.uib.no/ij24/ (last accessed 4 August 2010).Google Scholar
Labov, William. 1963. The social motivation of a sound change. Word 19, 273–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William 1966. The Social Stratification of English in New York City. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics [2nd edition, 2006, New York: Cambridge University Press].Google Scholar
Labov, William 1969. Contraction, deletion, and inherent variability of the English copula. Language 45, 715–62.
Labov, William 1972a. Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1972b. Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1972c. The Design of a Sociolinguistic Research Project. Report of the Sociolinguistics Workshop, Central Institute of Indian Languages.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1975. Empirical foundations of linguistic theory. In Austerlitz, Robert (ed.) The Scope of American Linguistics. The First Golden Anniversary Symposium of the Linguistic Society of America, 77–133. Lisse: The Peter de Ridder Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1980. The social origins of sound change. In Locating Language in Time and Space, 251–65. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1981. Resolving the neogrammarian controversy. Language 57(2), 267–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William 1984. Field methods of the project on linguistic change and variation. In Baugh, John and Sherzer, Joel (eds.) Language in Use: Readings in Sociolinguistics, 28–54. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1990. The intersection of sex and social class in the course of linguistic change. Language Variation and Change 2, 205–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William 1991. The three dialects of English. In Eckert, Penelope (ed.) New Ways of Analyzing Sound Change, 1–44. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1994. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. I: Internal Factors. Language in Society 20. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William 1996. When intuitions fail. Papers from the 32nd Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society 32, 76–106.Google Scholar
Labov, William 2001. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. II: Social Factors. Language in Society 20. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Labov, William 2010. Principles of Linguistic Change, Vol. III: Cognitive and Cultural Factors. Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William and Ash, Sharon. 1997. Understanding Birmingham. In Bernstein, Cynthia, Nunnally, Thomas and Sabino, Robin (eds.) Language Variety in the South Revisited, 508–73. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Labov, William, Ash, Sharon and Boberg, Charles. 2006. The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change. A Multimedia Reference Tool. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William and Baker, Bettina. 2003. What is a reading error? www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/Papers/WRE.html] (last accesssed 27 July 2010).
Labov, William and Harris, Wendell A.. 1994. Addressing social issues through linguistic evidence. In Gibbons, (ed.), 265–305.
Labov, William, Karen, Mark and Miller, Corey. 1991. Near-mergers and the suspension of phonemic contrast. Language Variation and Change 3, 33–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Labov, William, Yaeger, Malcah and Steiner, Richard. 1972. A Quantitative Study of Sound Change in Progress. Philadelphia: US Regional Survey.Google Scholar
Ladd, F. C. 1970. Black youths view their environment. Environment and Behaviour 2, 74–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laing, Margaret and Lass, Roger. 2007. A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, 1150–1325. The University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Lakoff, Robin. 1975. Language and Woman's Place. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Lambert, Wallace, Hodgson, E. R., Gardner, R. C. and Fillenbaum, S.. 1960. Evaluation reactions to spoken languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 60, 44–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Group, Language and National Origin. 2004. Guidelines for the use of language analysis in relation to questions of national origin in refugee cases. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(2), 261–6.Google Scholar
Lavandera, Beatriz. 1978. Where does the sociolinguistic variable stop?Language in Society 7, 171–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lave, Jean and Wenger, Etienne. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate Peripheral Participation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laver, John. 1980. The Phonetic Description of Voice Quality. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lawrence, Sophie, Nolan, Francis and McDougall, Kirsty. 2008. Acoustic and perceptual effects of telephone transmission on vowel quality. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 15(2), 161–92.Google Scholar
Lee, David. 2001–. Bookmarks for Corpus-based Linguists. Available online at http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~davidlee/devotedtocorpora/CBLLinks.htm (last accessed 4 August 2010).Google Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey. 1993a. Corpus annotation schemes. Literary and Linguistic Computing 8, 275–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey 1993b. 100 million words of English. English Today 9, 9–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey 2003. Modality on the move: the English modal auxiliaries 1961–1992. In Facchinetti, Krug and Palmer, (eds.), 223–40.
Levenshtein, Vladimir. 1966. Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals. Cybernetics and Control Theory 10(8), 707–10.Google Scholar
Levi, Judith and Walker, Anne (eds.). 1990. Language in the Judicial Process. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRef
Lewontin, Richard C. 1972. The apportionment of human diversity. Evolutionary Biology 6, 381–98.Google Scholar
Lightfoot, David. 1999. The Development of Language: Acquisition, Change, and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lindblom, Björn. 1963. Spectrographic study of vowel reduction. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 35, 1773–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, Rich and Baron, Naomi. 2007. Text messaging and IM: linguistic comparison of American college data. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 26, 291–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lippi-Green, Ros. 1997. English with an Accent: Language, Ideology and Discrimination in the United States. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Llamas, Carmen. 1999. A new methodology: data elicitation for social and regional language variation studies. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 7, 95–118.Google Scholar
Llamas, Carmen 2007. A place between places: language and identities in a border town. Language in Society 36(4), 579–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Local, John and Walker, Gareth. 2005. Methodological imperatives for investigating the phonetic organization and phonological structures of spontaneous speech. Phonetica 62, 120–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lodge, Ken. 2009. Fundamental Concepts in Phonology: Sameness and Difference. Edinburgh University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loman, Bengt. 1975. Prosodic patterns in a Negro American dialect. In Ringbom, Håkan, Ingberg, Alfhild, Norrman, Ralf, Nyholm, Kurt, Westman, Rolf and Wikberg, Kay (eds.) Style and Text: Studies Presented to Nils Erik Enkvist, 219–42. Stockholm: Språkförlaget Skriptor AB.Google Scholar
Long, Daniel. 1999a. Geographical perception of Japanese dialect regions. In Preston, (ed.), 177–98.
Long, Daniel 1999b. Mapping nonlinguists' evaluations of Japanese language variation. In Preston, (ed.), 199–226.
Long, Daniel and Preston, Dennis R. (eds.). 2002. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRef
Long, Daniel and Yim, Young-Cheol. 2002. Regional differences in the perception of Korean dialects. In Long, and Preston, (eds.), 249–75.
Longobardi, Giuseppe and Guardiano, Cristina. 2009. Evidence for syntax as a signal of historical relatedness. Lingua 119, 1679–706.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Low, Ee Ling, Grabe, Esther and Nolan, Francis. 2000. Quantitative characterizations of speech rhythm: syllable-timing in Singapore English. Language and Speech 43, 377–401.Google Scholar
Lynch, Kevin. 1960. The Image of the City. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Macafee, Caroline. 2004. A History of Scots to 1700. In The Dictionary of the Scots Language, www.dsl.ac.uk/ (last accessed 3 August 2010).Google Scholar
Macaulay, Ronald. 1991a. ‘Coz it izny spelt when they say it’: displaying dialect in writing. American Speech 66, 280–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macaulay, Ronald 1991b. Locating Dialect in Discourse: The Language of Honest Men and Bonnie Lassies in Ayr. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacEachern, Scott. 2000. Genes, tribes, and African history. Current Anthropology, 41, 357–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macleod, Catherine, Ide, Nancy and Grishman, Ralph. 2000. The American National Corpus: a standardized resource for American English. Proceedings of the Second Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Athens, Greece, 831–6.
MacWhinney, Brian. 2000. The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk, 3rd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Maguire, Warren. 2008. Quantifying dialect similarity by comparison of the lexical distribution of phonemes. International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 2(1–2), 261–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maguire, Warren, McMahon, April, Heggarty, Paul and Dediu, Dan. (2010). The past, present and future of English dialects: quantifying convergence, divergence and dynamic equilibrium. Language Variation and Change 22(1), 1–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Christopher, Raghavan, Prabhakar and Schütze, Hinrich. 2008. Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manning, Christopher and Schütze, Hinrich. 1999. Foundations of Statistical Natural Language Processing. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Markham, D. 1999. Listeners and disguised voices: the imitation of dialectal accent. Forensic Linguistics 6: 289–99.Google Scholar
Martinet, Andre. 1952. Function, structure, and sound change. Word 8, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maryns, Katrijn. 2006. The Asylum Speaker: Language in the Belgian Asylum Procedure. London: St Jerome Publishing.Google Scholar
Mase, Yoshio. 1999 (1964). Dialect consciousness and dialect divisions. In Preston, (ed.), 71–99.
Mather, James Y. and Speitel, Hans H.. 1986. The Linguistic Atlas of Scotland: Scots Section. Volume III: Phonology. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
McDonald, Christine and Beal, Joan C.. 1987. Modal verbs in Tyneside English. Journal of the Atlantic Provinces Linguistic Association 9, 43–55.Google Scholar
McDougall, Kirsty. 2004. Speaker-specific formant dynamics: an experiment on Australian English /aI/. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 11(1), 103–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, April. 1992. Underspecification theory and the analysis of dialect differences in lexical phonology. Transactions of the Philological Society 90, 81–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, April 1994. Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, April 2000. Lexical Phonology and the History of English. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, April, Heggarty, Paul, McMahon, Robert and Maguire, Warren. 2007. The sound patterns of Englishes: representing phonetic similarity. English Language and Linguistics 11(1), 13–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert. 1995. Linguistics, genetics, and archaeology: internal and external evidence in the Amerind controversy. Transactions of the Philological Society 93, 125–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert 2005. Language Classification by Numbers. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McMahon, Robert. 2004. Genes and languages. Community Genetics 7, 2–13.Google ScholarPubMed
McMenamin, Gerald. 2002a. Style markers in authorship studies. The International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 8(2), 93–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMenamin, Gerald 2002b. Forensic Linguistics: Advances in Forensic Stylistics. Boca Raton: CRC Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melchior, L., Gilbert, M. T. P., Kivisild, T., Lynnerup, N. and Dissing, J.. 2008. Rare mtDNA haplogroups and genetic differences in rich and poor Danish Iron-Age villages. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135, 206–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mellinkoff, David. 1963. The Language of the Law. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Mendoza-Denton, Norma. 2002. Language and identity. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 475–99.
Mendoza-Denton, Norma 2008. Homegirls: Language and Cultural Practice Among Latina Youth Gangs. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). 2008. Varieties of English 4: Africa, South and Southeast Asia. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRef
Meyer, Charles. 2002. English Corpus Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Charles 2004. Can you really study language variation in linguistic corpora?American Speech 79, 339–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyer, Charles and Nelson, Gerard. 2006. Data collection. In Aarts, Bas and McMahon, April (eds.) The Handbook of English Linguistics, 93–113. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Mildren, Dean. 1999. Redressing the imbalance: Aboriginal people in the criminal justice system. Forensic Linguistics 6(1), 83–109.Google Scholar
Miller, Jim and Weinert, Regina. 1995. The function of like in dialogue. Journal of Pragmatics 23, 365–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, James. 1992. Linguistic Variation and Change. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley. 1985. Linguistic change, social network, and speaker innovation. Journal of Linguistics 21, 339–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Lesley. 1980. Language and Social Networks. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley 1987. Observing and Analysing Natural Language. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Milroy, Lesley and Gordon, Matthew. 2003. Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation. Malden, MA/Oxford, UK: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, Lesley, Milroy, Jim and Docherty, Gerard J.. 1997. Phonological variation and change in contemporary spoken British English. SRC Unpublished Final Report, Dept. of Speech, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.Google Scholar
Mitkov, Ruslan. 2005. The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Modaressi, Yahya. 1978. A sociolinguistic investigation of modern Persian. Unpublished dissertation, University of Kansas.Google Scholar
Moeketsi, Rosemary. 1999. Discourse in a Multilingual and Multicultural Courtroom: A Court Interpreter's Guide. Pretoria: Van Schaik.Google Scholar
Moisl, Hermann. 2007. Data nonlinearity in exploratory multivariate analysis of language corpora. In Nerbonne, John, Ellison, Mark and Kondrak, Grzegorz (eds.) Computing and Historical Phonology. Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology, June 28 2007, 93–100. Association for Computational Linguistics, www.let.rug.nl/alfa/Prague/proceedings.pdf (last accessed 3 August 2010).Google Scholar
Moisl, Hermann 2008. Exploratory multivariate analysis. In Lüdeling, Anke and Kytö, Merja, (eds.) Corpus Linguistics. An International Handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Moisl, Hermann 2010. Sura length and lexical probability estimation in cluster analysis of the Qur'an. ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (forthcoming).
Moisl, Hermann and Maguire, Warren. 2008. Identifying the main determinants of phonetic variation in the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 15, 46–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moisl, Hermann, Maguire, Warren and Allen, Will. 2006. Phonetic variation in Tyneside: exploratory multivariate analysis of the Newcastle Electronic Corpus of Tyneside English. In Hinskens, Frans (ed.) Language Variation – European Perspectives: Selected Papers from the Third International Conference on Language Variation in Europe (ICLaVE 3), Amsterdam, June 2005, 127–41. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Montgomery, Chris. 2006. Northern English dialects: a perceptual approach. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Sheffield.Google Scholar
Moore, Emma. 2003. Learning style and identity: a sociolinguistic analysis of a Bolton high school. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester.Google Scholar
Moore, Emma 2004. Sociolinguistic style: a multidimensional resource for shared identity creation. Canadian Journal of Linguistics 49, 375–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Emma and Podesva, Robert J.. 2009. Style, indexicality and the social meaning of tag questions. Language in Society 38(4), 447–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morley, Barry. 2006. WebCorp: a tool for online linguistic information retrieval and analysis. In Renouf, Antoinette and Kehoe, Andrew (eds.) The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics, 283–96. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Moulton, William G. 1962. Dialect geography and the concept of phonological space. Word 18, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mourant, A. E., Tills, D. and Domaniewska-Sobczak, K.. 1976. The Distribution of the Human Blood Groups and Other Polymorphisms. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mugglestone, Lynda. 2006. The Oxford History of English. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Murray, James. 1873. The Dialects of the Southern Counties of Scotland: Its Pronunciation, Grammar, and Historical Relations with an Appendix on the Present Limits of the Gaelic and Lowland Scotch, and the Dialectical Divisions of the Lowland Tongue, and a Linguistical Map of Scotland. London: Asher and Co.Google Scholar
Myres, John Nowell Linton. 1989. The English Settlements. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, Gerald. 1996. Markup systems. In Greenbaum, (ed.), 36–53.
Nerbonne, John. 2006. Identifying linguistic structure in aggregate comparison. Literary and Linguistic Computing 21(4), 463–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nerbonne, John and Heeringa, Wilbert. 1997. Measuring dialect distance phonetically. In Coleman, John (ed.) Workshop on Computational Phonology, Special Interest Group of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Madrid, 1997, 11–18. Association for Computational Linguistics.Google Scholar
Nerbonne, John and Heeringa, Wilbert 2001. Computational comparison and classification of dialects. Dialectologia et Geolinguistica. Journal of the International Society for Dialectology and Geolinguistics 9, 69–83.Google Scholar
Nerbonne, John, Heeringa, Wilbert and Kleiweg, Peter. 1999. Edit distance and dialect proximity. In Sankoff, and Kruskal, (eds.), v–xv.
Nerbonne, John and Hinrichs, Erhard. 2006. Linguistic distances. In Linguistic Distances. Workshop at the Joint Conference of International Committee on Computational Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics, Sydney, July, 2006, 1–6.Google Scholar
Nerbonne, John and Kleiweg, Peter. 2007. Toward a dialectological yardstick. Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 14(2), 148–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nerbonne, John and Kretzschmar, William A. Jr. 2003. Introducing computational methods in dialectometry. In Nerbonne, John and Kretzschmar, William A., Jr (eds.) Computational Methods in Dialectometry. Special issue of Computers and the Humanities 37(3), 245–55.Google Scholar
Nerbonne, John and Kretschmar, William A. Jr. 2006. Progress in dialectometry: toward explanation. Literary and Linguistic Computing 21(4), 387–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuhauser, Sara. 2008. Voice disguise using a foreign accent: phonetic and linguistic variation. International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law 15(2), 131–59.Google Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick. 2003. Grammar is grammar and usage is usage. Language 79, 682–707.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newmeyer, Frederick 2005. A reply to the critiques of ‘Grammar is grammar and usage is usage’. Language 81, 229–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, Brian. 1972. The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, Joanna. 1997. Modeling ancient population structures and movements in Linguistics. Annual Review of Anthropology 26, 359–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy. 1999. The effect of social information on the perception of sociolinguistic variables. Journal of Language and Social Psychology 18, 62–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedzielski, Nancy and Preston, Dennis R.. 2003. Folk Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Nolan, Francis. 1983. The Phonetic Bases of Speaker Recognition. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nolan, Francis 1999. Speaker recognition and forensic phonetics. In Hardcastle, William J. and Laver, John (eds.) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 744–67. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Nomoto, Kikuo. 1999 (1963). Consciousness of linguistic boundaries and actual linguistic boundaries. In Preston, (ed.), 63–9.
O'Barr, William. 1982. Linguistic Evidence: Language, Power, and Strategy in the Courtroom. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
O'Barr, William 1993. Professional varieties: the case of language and law. In Preston, Dennis R. (ed.) American Dialect Research, 319–29. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Ochs, Elinor. 1979. Transcription as theory. In Ochs, Elinor and Schieffelin, Bambi (eds.) Developmental Pragmatics, 43–72. New York, Academic.Google Scholar
Ochs, Elinor 1991. Indexing gender. In Duranti, Alessandro and Goodwin, Charles (eds.) Rethinking Context: Language as an Interactive Phenomenon, 335–58. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Olsson, John. 2008. Forensic Linguistics. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Oppenheimer, Stephen. 2006. The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story. London: Constable.Google Scholar
Orleans, Peter. 1967. Differential cognition of urban residents: effects of social scale on mapping. In John, G. Truxal (ed.) Science, Engineering, and the City. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Orleans, Peter 1973. Differential cognition of urban residents: effects of social scale on mapping. In Downs, Roger M. and Stea, D. (eds.) Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behaviour. Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. 115–30.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold. 1962. Survey of English Dialects: An Introduction. Leeds: E. J. Arnold and Son.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold and Dieth, Eugen. 1962–71. Survey of English Dialects: Basic Material. University of Leeds Press.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold, Barry, Michael V., Halliday, Wilfrid J., Tilling, Philip M. and Wakelin, Martyn F.. 1962–71. Survey of English Dialects, 4 volumes. Leeds: E. J. Arnold and Son.Google Scholar
Orton, Harold, Sanderson, Stewart and Widdowson, John (eds.). 1962–71. Survey of English Dialects (B): The Basic Material. Leeds: Arnold and Son.
Orton, Harold, Sanderson, Stewart and Widdowson, John (eds.). 1978. The Linguistic Atlas of England. London: Croom Helm.
Page, Roderic D. M. and Holmes, Edward C.. 1998. Molecular Evolution: A Phylogenetic Approach. Oxford: Blackwells.Google Scholar
Paltridge, J. and Giles, H.. 1984. Attitudes towards speakers of regional accents of French: effects of rationality, age and sex of listeners. Linguistische Berichte 90, 71–85.Google Scholar
Påhlsson, Christer. 1972. The Northumbrian Burr: A Sociolinguistic Study. Lund: Gleerup.Google Scholar
Pashler, Harold E. (ed.). 2002. Steven's Handbook of Experimental Psychology, Volumes I–IV‎, 3rd edn. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons.CrossRef
Patrick, Peter. 2001. The speech community. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 573–99.
Pederson, Lee A., McDaniel, Susan Leas, Bailey, Guy, Basset, Marvin H., Adams, Carol M., Liao, Caisheng and Montgomery, Michael B. (eds.). 1986–92. The Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States. 7 vols. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Peeters, Wilhelmus Johannes Maria. 1991. Diphthong dynamics: a cross-linguistic perceptual analysis of temporal patterns in Dutch, English, and German. Ph.D. dissertation, Reiksuniversiteit te Utrecht.
Pellowe, John and Jones, Val M.. 1978. On intonational variability in Tyneside speech. In Peter Trudgill (ed.) Sociolinguistic Patterns in British English, 101–21. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Pellowe, John, Strang, Barbara, Nixon, Graham and McNeany, Vince. 1972. A dynamic modelling of linguistic variation: the urban (Tyneside) linguistic survey. Lingua 30, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pereira, Luísa, Richards, Martin, Goios, Ana, et al. 2005. High-resolution mtDNA evidence for the late-glacial resettlement of Europe from an Iberian refugium. Genome Research 15, 19–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pesetsky, David. 1997. Some optimality principles of sentence pronunciation. In Barbosa, Pilar, Fox, Danny, Hagstrom, Paul, McGinnis, Martha and Pesetsky, David (eds.) Is the Best good Enough? Optimality and Competition in Syntax, 337–83. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Pettersson, Rune. 2002. Information Design: An Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philbrick, Frederick. 1949. Language and the Law: The Semantics of Forensic English. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Phillips, Betty. 2006. Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet. 2002. Word-specific phonetics. In Gussenhoven, Carlos and Warner, Natasha (eds.) Laboratory Phonology VII, 101–40. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Pietsch, Lukas. 2005a. Variable Grammars. Verbal Agreement in Northern Dialects of English. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pietsch, Lukas 2005b. ‘Some do and some doesn't’: verbal concord variation in the north of the British Isles. In Kortmann, Bernd, Hermann, Tania, Pietsch, Lukas and Wagner, Susanne (eds.) A Comparative Grammar of English Dialects: Agreement, Gender, Relative Clauses, 125–210. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Campaign, Plain English. 2008. Plain English Campaign: fighting for crystal clear communication since 1979. www.plainenglish.co.uk (last accessed 5 August 2010).
Plichta, Bartlomiej. 2006. Interdisciplinary perspectives on the northern cities chain Shift. Ph.D. dissertation, Michigan State University.Google Scholar
Podesva, Robert J. 2006. Phonetic detail in sociolinguistic variation: its linguistic significance and role in the construction of social meaning. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Podesva, Robert J. 2007. Phonation type as a stylistic variable: the use of falsetto in constructing a persona. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11, 478–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podesva, Robert J. 2008. Three sources of stylistic meaning. Texas Linguistic Forum (Proceedings of the Symposium About Language and Society – Austin 15) 51, 1–14.Google Scholar
Podesva, Robert J. and Chun, Elaine. 2007. On indeterminacy in the social meaning of variation. Paper presented at UK Language Variation and Change 6, Lancaster.
Poole, David. 2005. Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction. Florence KY: Brooks Cole.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana. 1989. The care and handling of a mega-corpus: the Ottawa-Hull French Project. In Fasold, and Schiffrin, (eds.), 411–51.CrossRef
Poplack, Shana 2007. Foreword. In Beal, Corrigan and Moisl, (eds.), Vol. I, ix–xiii.
Poplack, Shana and Tagliamonte, Sali A.. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora: Tense and Aspect. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.Google Scholar
Poplack, Shana, Walker, James and Malcolmson, Rebecca. 2006. An English ‘like no other’? Language contact and change in Quebec. In Avery, Chambers, , D'Arcy, Gold and Rice, (eds.), 185–213.
Popper, Karl. 1959. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Popper, Karl 1963. Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge. Florence KY: Routledge/Taylor and Francis Group.Google Scholar
Powers, Ashley and Ryan, Harriet. 2008. Audio expert testifies in O. J. Simpson robbery-kidnap trial. Los Angeles Times, 18 September 2008. Available online at http://articles.latimes.com/2008/sep/18/nation/na-oj18 (last accessed 5 August 2010).
Preston, Dennis R. 1981. Perceptual dialectology: mental maps of United States dialects from a Hawaiian perspective (summary). In Warkentyne, H. (ed.) Methods IV (Papers from the Fourth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology), 192–8. British Columbia.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1985. The li'l abner syndrome: written representations of speech. American Speech 60, 328–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1988. Change in the perception of language varieties. In Fisiak, Jacek (ed.) Historical Dialectology: Regional and Social. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 1989. Perceptual Dialectology: Non-Linguists' View of Aerial Linguistics. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). 1993. American Dialect Research. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRef
Preston, Dennis R. (ed.). 1999a. Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRef
Preston, Dennis R. 1999b. Introduction. In Preston, (ed.), xxiii–xxxix.
Preston, Dennis R. 1999c. A language attitude approach to the perception of regional variety. In Preston, (ed.), 359–75.
Preston, Dennis R. 2000. Mowr and mowr bayud spellin': confessions of a sociolinguist. Journal of Sociolinguistics 4, 614–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preston, Dennis R. 2002a. Language with an attitude. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 40–66.
Preston, Dennis R. 2002b. Perceptual dialectology: aims, methods, findings. In Berns, Jan and Marle, Jaap (eds.) Present-day Dialectology: Problems and Findings, 57–104. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Prince, Alan and Smolensky, Paul. 1993/2004. Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar. Rutgers University and University of Colorado at Boulder. Published 2004. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Prokić, Jelena and Nerbonne, John. 2008. Recognizing groups among dialects. International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing, Special Issue on Language Variation, ed. by Nerbonne, John, Gooskens, Charlotte, Kürschner, Sebastian and Bezooijen, Renée, 153–72.
Purnell, Thomas, Salmons, Joseph and Tepeli, Dilara. 2005. German substrate effects in Wisconsin English: evidence for final fortition. American Speech 80, 135–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purnell, Thomas, Salmons, Joseph, Tepeli, Dilara and Mercer, Jennifer. 2005. Structured heterogeneity and change in laryngeal phonetics. Journal of English Linguistics 33, 307–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pyle, Dorian. 1999. Data Preparation for Data Mining. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann.Google Scholar
Quirk, Randolf. 1968. The survey of English usage. In Essays on the English Language: Medieval and Modern, 70–87. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Rae, Megan and Warren, Paul. 2002. Goldilocks and the three beers: sound merger and word recognition in NZE. New Zealand English Journal 16, 33–41.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben. 1992. Scope for empowerment in sociolinguistics? In Cameron, Deborah (ed.) Researching Language: Issues of Language, Power and Method, 29–64. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben 2005. Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rampton, Ben 2006. Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rauniomaa, Mirka. 2003. Stance accretion. Paper presented at the Language, Interaction, and Social Organization Research Focus Group, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Reaser, Jeffrey and Adger, Carolyn Temple. 2008. Vernacular language varieties in educational settings: research and development. In Spolsky, and Hult, (eds.), 161–73.
Relethford, John H. 2001. Genetics and the Search for Modern Human Origins. New York: Wiley-Liss.Google Scholar
Renfrew, Colin. 1987. Archaeology and Language. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Renouf, Antoinette. 1993. A word in time: first findings from the investigation of dynamic text. In Aarts, Jan, Haan, Pieter and Oostdijk, Nelleke (eds.) English Language Corpora: Design, Analysis and Exploitation. Papers from the Thirteenth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, Nijmegen 1992, 279–88. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Renouf, Antoinette 2003. WebCorp: providing a renewable data source for corpus linguists. In Granger, Sylviane and Petch-Tyson, Stephanie (eds.) Extending the Scope of Corpus-based Research: New Applications, New Challenges, 39–58. Amsterdam: Rodopi.Google Scholar
Rensink, W. G. 1999 (1955). Informant classification of dialects. In Preston, (ed.), 3–7.
Richards, J. C., Platt, J. and Platt, H.. 1992. Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. Harlow: Longman.Google Scholar
Richards, Martin, Macaulay, Vincent, Hickey, Eileen, et al. 2000. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics 67, 1251–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rickford, John. 2002. Linguistics, education and the Ebonics firestorm. In Alatis, James E., Hamilton, Heidi E. and Tan, A.-H. (eds.) Linguistics, Language and the Professions, 25–45. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Rickford, John and Rickford, Angela. 1995. Dialect readers revisited. Linguistics and Education 7, 107–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, Leslie. 1992. Genome diversity project: anthropologists climb (gingerly) on board. Science 258, 1300–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rock, Frances. 2001. The genesis of a witness statement. Forensic Linguistics 8(2), 44–72.Google Scholar
Rock, Frances 2007. Communicating Rights: The Language of Arrest and Detention. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne. 2005. Variation in language and gender. In Holmes, Janet and Meyerhoff, Miriam (eds.) The Handbook of Language and Gender, 98–118. Malden, MA, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Romaine, Suzanne and Lange, Deborah. 1991. The use of like as a marker of reported speech and thought: a case of grammaticalization in progress. American Speech 66, 227–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romesburg, H. Charles. 1984. Cluster Analysis for Researchers. Florence, KY: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Rose, Mary. 2006. Language, place, and identity in later life. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.Google Scholar
Rose, Mary and Sharma, Devyani. 2002. Introduction: ideology and identity in practice. In Benor, Sarah, Rose, Mary, Sharma, Devyani, Sweetland, Julie and Zhang, Qing (eds.) Gendered Practices in Language, 1–20. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Google Scholar
Rose, Philip. 2002. Forensic Speaker Identification. London: Taylor and Francis.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, Noah A., Mahajan, Saurabh, Ramachandran, Sohini, Zhao, Chengfeng, Pritchard, Jonathan K. and Feldman, Marcus W.. 2005. Clines, clusters, and the effect of study design on the inference of human population structure. PLoS Genetics 1, 660–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenberg, Noah A. and Nordborg, Magnus. 2002. Genealogical trees, coalescent theory and the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. Nature Reviews Genetics 3, 380–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, Dave. 2004. Looking North: Northern England and the National Imagination. Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Ryan, Ellen and Giles, Howard (eds.). 1982. Attitudes Towards Language Variation. Edward Arnold: London.
Sacks, Harvey, Schegloff, Emanual and Jefferson, Gail. 1974. A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 50, 696–735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankoff, David. 1978. Probability and linguistic variation. Synthese 37, 217–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sankoff, David 1988. Sociolinguistics and syntactic variation. In Newmeyer, Frederick (ed.) Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey, 140–61. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sankoff, David 2005. Problems of representativeness. In Ammon, , Dittmar, Mattheier and Trudgill, (eds.), 998–1002.
Sankoff, David and Kruskal, Joseph (eds.). 1999. Time Warps, String Edits, and Macromolecules: The Theory and Practice of Sequence Comparison. Stanford, CA: CSLI.
Sankoff, David and Sankoff, Gillian. 1973. Sample survey methods and computer-assisted analysis in the study of grammatical variation. In Darnell, Regna (ed.) Canadian Languages in their Social Context, 7–63. Edmonton: Linguistic Research Inc.Google Scholar
Sankoff, Gillian. 2004. Adolescents, young adults and the critical period: two case studies from Seven Up. In Fought, Carmen (ed.) Sociolinguistic Variation: Critical Reflections, 121–39. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sankoff, Gillian and Blondeau, Hélène. 2007. Longitudinal change across the lifespan: /r/ in Montreal French. Language 83(3), 560–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santa Ana, Otto. 1996. Sonority and syllable structure in Chicano English. Language Variation and Change 8, 63–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santorini, Beatrice. 1993. The rate of phrase structure change in the history of Yiddish. Language Variation and Change 5, 257–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saussure, Ferdinand. 1916. Cours de linguistique générale. Edited by Bally, Charles and Sechehaye, Albert, with the collaboration of Albert Riedlinger. Paris: Payot.Google Scholar
Saussure, Ferdinand 1986. Course in General Linguistics. Translated by Harris, Roy. Salle, , IL: Open Court.Google Scholar
Scheler, Manfred. 1977. Der englische Wortschatz. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.Google Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 2002. Investigating stylistic variation. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 375–401.
Schilling-Estes, Natalie 2004. Constructing ethnicity in interaction. Journal of Sociolinguistics 8, 163–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schilling-Estes, Natalie and Wolfram, Walt. 1994. Convergent explanation and alternative regularization patterns: were/weren't leveling in a vernacular English variety. Language Variation and Change 6, 273–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Edgar. 2002. Investigating variation and change in written documents. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 67–96.
Schneider, Edgar (ed.). 2008. Varieties of English 2: The Americas and the Caribbean. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Schütze, Carson T. 1996. The Empirical Base of Linguistics: Grammaticality Judgments and Linguistic Methodology. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Schütze, Carson T. 1999. English expletive constructions are not infected. Linguistic Inquiry 30(3), 467–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Séguy, Jean. 1971. La relation entre la distance spatiale et la distance lexicale. Revue de Linguistique Romane 35, 335–57.Google Scholar
Séguy, Jean 1973. La dialectométrie dans l'Atlas linguistique de la Gascogne. Revue de Linguistique Romane 37, 1–24.Google Scholar
Shackleton, Robert. 2005. English-American speech relationships: a quantitative approach. Journal of English Linguistics 33(2), 99–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackleton, Robert 2007. Phonetic variation in the traditional English dialects: a computational analysis. Journal of English Linguistics 35(1), 30–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shastri, S. V. 1988. The Kolhapur Corpus of Indian English and work done on its basis so far. ICAME Journal 12, 15–26.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger. 1993. Language Crimes: The Use and Abuse of Language Evidence in the Courtroom. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger 1998. The Language of Confession, Interrogation and Deception. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger 2001. Discourse analysis in the legal context. In Schiffrin, Deborah, Tannen, Deborah and Hamilton, Heidi (eds.) The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 437–52. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger 2002. Linguistic Battles in Trademark Disputes. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuy, Roger 2003. The language problems of minorities in the legal setting. In Lucas, Ceil (ed.) Language and the Law in Deaf Communities, 1–20. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger 2005. Creating Language Crimes: How Law Enforcement Uses (and Misuses) Language. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shuy, Roger 2006a. Discourse analysis and the law. In Ammon, , Dittmar, , Klaus, and Trudgill, (eds.), 2323–33.
Shuy, Roger 2006b. Linguistics in the Courtroom: A Practical Guide. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shuy, Roger 2007. Language in the American courtroom. Language and Linguistics Compass 1(1–2), 100–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sibata, Takesi. 1999 (1959). Consciousness of dialect boundaries. In Preston, (ed.), 39–63.
Siegel, Jeff. 1999. Creoles and minority dialects in education: an overview. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 20, 508–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siegel, Jeff 2007. Creoles and minority dialects in education: an update. Language and Education 21, 66–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siewierska, Anna and Hollmann, Willem. 2007. Ditransitive clauses in English with special reference to Lancashire dialect. In Hannay, Mike and Steen, Gerard (eds.) Structural-Functional Studies in English Grammar, 83–102. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, linguistic categories, and cultural description. In Basso, Keith and Selby, Henry (eds.) Meaning in Anthropology, 11–55. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Silverstein, Michael 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language and Communication 23, 193–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, Rita C., Briggs, Sarah L., Ovens, Janine and Swales, John M.. 2002. The Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English. Ann Arbor, MI: The Regents of the University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Sims-Williams, Patrick. 1998. Genetics, linguistics, and prehistory: thinking big and thinking straight. Antiquity 72, 505–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sinclair, John. 1991. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, John 1992. The automatic analysis of corpora. In Svartvik, (ed.), 379–97.
Sinclair, John 1997. English Grammar (Collins COBUILD English Grammar). London: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
Singh, Ishtla. 2005. The History of English. London: Hodder Arnold.Google Scholar
Smith, Jeremy. 2000. Synchrony and diachrony in the evolution of English: evidence from Scotland. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of York.Google Scholar
Smith, Nicholas. 2003. Changes in the modals and semi-modals of strong obligation and epistemic necessity in recent British English. In Facchinetti, Krug and Palmer, (eds.), 241–66.
Sneath, Peter and Sokal, Robert. 1973. Numerical Taxonomy: The Principles and Practice of Numerical Classification. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman and Company.Google Scholar
Snell, Julia. 2008. Pronouns, dialect and discourse: a socio-pragmatic account of children's language in Teesside. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Leeds.Google Scholar
Solan, Lawrence and Tiersma, Peter. 2005. Speaking of Crime: The Language of Criminal Justice. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Spolsky, Bernard and Hult, Francis (eds.). 2008. The Handbook of Educational Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.CrossRef
Spruit, Marco René. 2006. Measuring syntactic variation in Dutch dialects. In Nerbonne, John and Kretzschmar, William A., Jr (eds.) Progress in Dialectometry: Toward Explanation. Special issue of Literary and Linguistic Computing 21(4), 493–506.Google Scholar
Stenton, Frank M. 1947. Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford History of England, Vol. II, 2nd edn. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Stone, Linda, Lurquin, Paul and Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca. 2007. Genes, Culture, and Human Evolution: A Synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Strachan, Tom and Read, Andrew P.. 2004. Human Molecular Genetics, 3rd edn. London: Garland Science.Google Scholar
Strang, Barbara. 1968. The Tyneside Linguistic Survey. Zeitschrift für Mundartforschung, Neue Folge 4, 788–94.Google Scholar
Stringer, Chris. 2006. Homo britannicus: The Incredible Story of Human Life in Britain. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Stuart-Smith, Jane. 1999. Glasgow: accent and voice quality. In Foulkes, and Docherty, (eds.), 203–22.
Stuart-Smith, Jane, Timmins, Claire and Tweedie, Fiona. 2007. ‘Talkin’ Jockney?' Variation and change in Glaswegian accent. Journal of Sociolinguistics 11, 221–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stubbs, Michael. 1996. Text and Corpus Analysis Computer-Assisted Studies of Language and Culture. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Svartvik, Jan. 1968. The Evans Statements. A Case for Forensic Linguistics. Göteborg: University of Göteborg.Google Scholar
Svartvik, Jan (ed.). 1992. Directions in Corpus Linguistics: Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82, Stockholm, 4–8 August 1991. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.CrossRef
Swadesh, Morris. 1950. Salish internal relationships. International Journal of American Linguistics 16, 157–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swadesh, Morris 1952. Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96, 453–63.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris 1955. Towards a greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics 21, 121–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syrdal, Ann K. 1996. Acoustic variability in spontaneous conversational speech of American English talkers. Paper presented at ICSLP 96 (Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing), Philadelphia, October 3–6. www.asel.udel.edu/icslp/cdrom/vol1/582/a582.pdf (last accessed 1 August 2010).
Szmrecsanyi, Benedikt. 2008. Corpus-based dialectometry: aggregate morphosyntactic variability in British English dialects. International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 2(1–2), 279–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 1998. Was/were variation across the generations: view from the city of York. Language Variation and Change 10, 153–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2002. Comparative sociolinguistics. In Chambers, , Trudgill, and Schilling-Estes, (eds.), 729–63.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2006a. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2006b. So cool, right?: Canadian English entering the 21st century. In Avery, Chambers, , D'Arcy, Gold and Rice, (eds.), 309–31.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2007. Representing real language: consistency, trade-offs, and thinking ahead! In Beal, , Corrigan, and Moisl, (eds.), Vol. I, 205–40.
Tagliamonte, Sali A. 2008. Sometimes there's universals; sometimes there aren't – a comparative sociolinguistic perspective on ‘default singulars’. In Filppula, Markku, Klemola, Juhani and Paulasto, Heli (eds.) Vernacular Universals and Language Contacts: Evidence from Varieties of English and Beyond, 103–32. London: Taylor and Francis/Routledge.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Alexandra, D'Arcy. 2009. Peaks beyond phonology: adolescence, incrementation, and language change. Language 85, 55–105.Google Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Denis, Derek. 2008. Linguistic ruin? LOL! Instant messaging and teen language. American Speech 83, 3–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A. and Smith, Jennifer. 2006. Layering, competition and a twist of fate: deontic modality in dialects of English. Diachronica 23, 341–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagliamonte, Sali A., Smith, Jennifer and Lawrence, Helen. 2005. No taming the vernacular! Insights from the relatives in northern Britain. Language Variation and Change 17(1), 75–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarallo, Fernando. 1996. Turning different at the turn of the century: 19th century Brazilian Portuguese. In Guy, , Feagin, , Schiffrin, and Baugh, (eds.), 199–220.CrossRef
Tarone, Elaine E. 1973. Aspects of intonation in Black English. American Speech 48, 29–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Ann. 1994. The change from SOV to SVO in Ancient Greek. Language Variation and Change 6, 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, James B. and Parker, Howard A.. 1964. Graphic ratings and attitude measurement: a comparison of research tactics. Journal of Applied Psychology 48(1), 37–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, Paul. 2005. Mind: Introduction to Cognitive Science, 2nd edn. Cambridge MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Thibault, Pierrette and Vincent, Diane. 1990. Un corpus de français parlé. Quebec City: Université Laval.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2000. Spectral differences in /ai/ offsets conditioned by voicing of the following consonant. Journal of Phonetics 28, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2001. An Acoustic Analysis of Vowel Variation in New World English. Publication of the American Dialect Society 85. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2002. Sociophonetic applications of speech perception experiments. American Speech 77, 115–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. 2003. Secrets revealed by southern vowel shifting. American Speech 78, 150–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Erik R. and Carter, Phillip M.. 2006. Prosodic rhythm and African American English. English World-Wide 27, 331–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Sarah Grey. 2005. Contact as a source of language change. In Joseph, Brian D. and Janda, Richard D. (eds.) The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, 687–712. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah Grey and Kaufman, Terrence. 1988. Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Joanna K. 2002. ‘Powerful/powerless’ language in court: a critical re-evaluation of the Duke Language and Law Programme. Forensic Linguistics 9(2), 153–67.Google Scholar
Tiersma, Peter M. 1999. Legal Language. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Tôjô, Misao. 1927. The Great Japanese Map of Dialect Divisions. Tokyo: Ikvei Shoin.Google Scholar
Toon, Thomas. 1983. The Politics of Early Old English Sound Change. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Torroni, Antonio, Achilli, Alessandro, Macaulay, Vincent, Richards, Martin and Bandelt, Hans-Jürgen. 2006. Harvesting the fruit of the human mtDNA tree. Trends in Genetics 22(6), 339–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trager, George and Smith, Henry. 1951. An Outline of English Structure. Battenburg: Norman.Google Scholar
Trail, Anthony, Ball, Martin J. and Müller, Nicole. 1995. Perceptual confusion between South African and British English vowels. In Elenius, Kjell and Branderud, Peter (eds.) Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of Phonetic Sciences, ICPhS 95: Stockholm, Sweden, 13–19 August 1995, 620–3. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University.Google Scholar
Trask, Robert L. 1996. Historical Linguistics. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2001. Zeroing in on multifunctionality and style. In Eckert, and Rickford, (eds.), 127–36.
Tremblay, Marc and Vezina, Hélène. 2000. New estimates of intergenerational time intervals for the calculation of age and origins of mutations. American Journal of Human Genetics 66, 651–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trousdale, Graeme and Adger, David (eds.). 2007. Special issue of English Language and Linguistics 11(2). Cambridge University Press.
Trubetzkoy, Nikolaj. 1931. Phonologie et géographie linguistique. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague 4, 228–34.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter. 1974. The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter 1975. Accent, Dialect and the School. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter 1983. On Dialect: Social and Geographical Perspectives. New York University Press.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter (ed.). 1984. Language in the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.
Trudgill, Peter. 1986. Dialects in Contact. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter 1990. The Dialects of England. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter 1999. The Dialects of England, 2nd edn. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter 2001. On the irrelevance of prestige, stigma and identity in the development of New Zealand English phonology. New Zealand English Journal 15, 42–6.Google Scholar
Trudgill, Peter, Gordon, Elizabeth, Lewis, Gillian and Maclagan, Margaret. 2000. Determinism in new-dialect formation and the genesis of New Zealand English. Journal of Linguistics 36, 299–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turrell, M. Teresa. 2004. Textual kidnapping revisited: the case of plagiarism in literary translation. Forensic Linguistics 11(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Udofot, Inyang. 2003. Stress and rhythm in the Nigerian accent of English: a preliminary investigation. English World-Wide 24, 201–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underhill, Robert 1988. Like is like, focus. American Speech 63, 234–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Upton, Clive and Widdowson, John. 2006. An Atlas of English Dialects. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Coetsem, Frans. 1988. Loan Phonology and the Two Transfer Types in Language Contact. Dordrecht: Foris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varennes, Fernand. 2003. Language rights and human rights: the international experience. In Riagáin, Ó Dónall (ed.) Language and Law in Northern Ireland, 5–16. Belfast: Queen's University.Google Scholar
Vaux, Bert. 2008. Why the phonological component must be serial and rule-based. In Vaux, Bert and Nevins, Andrew (eds.) Rules, Constraints, and Phonological Phenomena, 20–61. Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viereck, Wolfgang and Ramisch, Heinrich. 1997. The Computer Developed Linguistic Atlas of England 2. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Google Scholar
Vine, Bernadette, Johnson, Gary and Holmes, Janet. 1998. Guide to the Wellington Corpus of Spoken New Zealand English. Wellington, Victoria: University of Wellington.Google Scholar
Voronoi, Georgy. 1907. Nouvelles applications des paramètres continus à la théorie des formes quadratiques. Journal für die Reine und Angewandte Mathematik 133, 97–178.Google Scholar
Wagner, Anne and Cacciaguidi-Fahy, Sophie. 2008. Obscurity and Clarity in the Law: Prospects and Challenges. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Wagner, Suzanne Evans. 2007. ‘We act like girls and we don't act like men’: the use of the male-associated variable (ay0) in South Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 13(1), 1–14.Google Scholar
Wakelin, Martyn. 1984a. Rural dialects in England. In Trudgill, (ed.), 70–93.
Wakelin, Martyn 1984b. Cornish English. In Trudgill, (ed.), 195–8.
Wales, Katie. 1999. North and south: a linguistic divide?Reporter439.Google Scholar
Wales, Katie 2006a. Dialects in mental contact: a critique of perceptual dialectology. In Grabes, Herbert and Viereck, Wolfgang (eds.) The Wider Scope of English, 57–66. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Wales, Katie 2006b. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wales, Katie 2010. Northern English transported: the nineteenth-century goldrushes and the formation of a diaspora? In B. Heselwood and C. Upton (eds.) Papers from the Thirteenth International Conference on Methods in Dialectology. Bamburg: Peter Lang.
Walsh, Michael. 1994. Interactional styles in the courtroom: an example from Northern Australia. In Gibbons, (ed.), 217–33.
Walton, Julie H. and Orlikoff, Robert F.. 1994. Speaker race identification from acoustic cues in the vocal signal. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37, 738–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.). 1977. The Lexicon in Phonological Change. The Hague: Mouton.CrossRef
Warren, Paul. 2005. Patterns of late rising in New Zealand English: intonational variation or intonational change?Language Variation and Change 17, 209–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, Kevin. 2007. The phonetics and phonology of plosive lenition in Liverpool English. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Edge Hill College/Lancaster University.Google Scholar
Watt, Dominic and Smith, Jennifer. 2005. Language change. In Ball, Martin (ed.) Clinical Sociolinguistics, 101–19. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Weale, Michael E., Weiss, Deborah A., Jager, Rolf F., Bradman, Neil and Thomas, Mark G.. 2002. Y Chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 1008–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weijnen, Antonius A. 1946. De grenzen tussen de Oost-Noordbrabantse dialecten onderling. In Weijnen, Antonius A., Renders, J. M. and Ginneken, Jac. (eds.) Oost-Noordbrabantse dialecteproblemen, 1–15.
Weijnen, Antonius A. 1999. On the value of subjective dialect boundaries. In Preston, D. R. (ed.) Handbook of Perceptual Dialectology, 131–4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Weinreich, Uriel, Labov, William and Herzog, Marvin. 1968. Empirical foundations for a theory of language change. In Lehman, Winfred P. and Malkiel, Yakov (eds.) Directions for Historical Linguistics: A Symposium, 95–188. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Wells, John C. 1982. Accents of English. 3 vols. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wenger, Etienne. 1998. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Angie, Garret, Peter and Coupland, Nikolas. 1999. Dialect recognition. In Preston, (ed.), 345–58.
Williamson, John. 1990. ‘Divvent write that, man’: the influence of Tyneside dialect forms on children's free writing. Educational Studies 16, 251–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, John 1995. Canny writers: Tyneside dialect and the writing of secondary school students. Educational Studies 21, 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, Keith. 2008. A Linguistic Atlas of Older Scots, Phase 1: 1380–1500. University of Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Willis, Clodius. 1972. Perception of vowel phonemes in Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada, and Buffalo, New York: an application of synthetic vowel categorization tests to dialectology. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 15, 246–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Windsor Lewis, Jack. 1994. The Yorkshire Ripper enquiry: Part II. Forensic Linguistics 1(2), 207–16.Google Scholar
Windsor Lewis, Jack (ed.). 1995. Studies in General and English Phonetics: Essays in Honour of Professor J. D. O'Connor. London/New York: Routledge.CrossRef
Wolfram, Walt. 1969. A Sociolinguistic Description of Detroit Negro Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt 1999. Dialect awareness programs in the school and community. In Wheeler, Rebecca (ed.) Language Alive in the Classroom, 47–66. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Schilling-Estes, Natalie. 2005. Dialectology and linguistic diffusion. In Joseph, Brian D. and Janda, Richard D. (eds.) The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, 713–35. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Sellers, Jason. 1999. Ethnolinguistic marking of past be in Lumbee vernacular English. Journal of English Linguistics 27, 94–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfram, Walt and Thomas, Erik R.. 2002. The Development of African American English. Language in Society 31. Oxford, UK/ Malden, MA: Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn A. 1985. Language variation and cultural hegemony. American Ethnologist 12, 738–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woolard, Kathryn A. 2008. Why dis now? Linguistic anthropological contributions to the explanation of sociolinguistic icons and change. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12, 432–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Sewell. 1943. Isolation by distance. Genetics 28, 114–38.Google ScholarPubMed
Yang, Charles. 2001. Internal and external forces in language change. Language Variation and Change 12, 231–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yarmey, A. Daniel. 2001. Earwitness descriptions and speaker identification. Forensic Linguistics 8(1), 113–59.Google Scholar
Zalta, Edward. 2009. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, http://plato.stanford.edu/.Google Scholar
Zerjal, Tatiana, Xue, Yali, Bertorelle, Giorgio, et al. 2003. The genetic legacy of the Mongols. American Journal of Human Genetics 72, 717–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zetterholm, Elisabeth. 2003. Voice Imitation: A Phonetic Study of Perceptual Illusions and Acoustic Success. Lund University Press.Google Scholar
Zhang, Qing. 2005. A Chinese yuppie in Beijing: phonological variation and the construction of a new professional identity. Language in Society 34, 431–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Qing 2008. Rhotacization and the ‘Beijing Smooth Operator’: the social meaning of a linguistic variable. Journal of Sociolinguistics 12, 201–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zilles, Ana M. S. 2005. The development of a new pronoun: the linguistic and social embedding of a gente in Brazilian Portuguese. Language Variation and Change 17, 19–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Edited by Warren Maguire, University of Edinburgh, April McMahon, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: Analysing Variation in English
  • Online publication: 03 May 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976360.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Edited by Warren Maguire, University of Edinburgh, April McMahon, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: Analysing Variation in English
  • Online publication: 03 May 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976360.015
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Edited by Warren Maguire, University of Edinburgh, April McMahon, University of Edinburgh
  • Book: Analysing Variation in English
  • Online publication: 03 May 2011
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511976360.015
Available formats
×