We began this excursion into the dynamical systems approach to nonequilibrium statistical mechanics with a discussion of the Boltzmann transport equation. We end this excursion with the Boltzmann equation, but now we are going to use it to compute some Lyapunov exponents. The fact that the Boltzmann equation begins and ends this book may serve to illustrate both the power and the beauty of this equation, sitting at the heart of our understanding of irreversible phenomena.

The Lorentz gas as a billiard system

We are going to calculate the positive Lyapunov exponent for a two-dimensional hard-disk Lorentz gas. To do so, we will combine ideas of Boltzmann with those of Sinai, thus completing, in some sense, the transition from molecular chaos to dynamical chaos, and showing the deep connection between them. Imagine then a collection of hard disks of radius a placed at random in the plane at low density, i.e., na2 « 1, where n is the number density of the disks (see Fig. 18.1). Next, imagine a point particle moving with speed v in this array. The particle moves freely between collisions with the disks and makes specular collisions with the disks from time to time, preserving its speed and energy, but not its momentum upon collision. Sinai has considered some of the mathematical properties of this system, and has proved that it is mixing and ergodic. The moving particle has four degrees of freedom – two coordinates and two momenta – but the energy is conserved. Therefore, the phase-space of the moving particle is three-dimensional.