Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T21:28:35.262Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Biological Considerations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2018

Olivier Luminet
Affiliation:
Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
R. Michael Bagby
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Graeme J. Taylor
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Alexithymia
Advances in Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice
, pp. 207 - 334
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aftanas, L. and Varlamov, A. (2004). Associations of alexithymia with anterior and posterior activation asymmetries during evoked emotions: EEG evidence of right hemisphere “electrocortical effort”. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 14431462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aftanas, L.I. and Varlamov, A.A. (2007). Effects of alexithymia on the activity of the anterior and posterior areas of the cortex of the right hemisphere in positive and negative emotional activation. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 37, 6773.Google Scholar
Aleman, A. (2005). Feelings you can’t imagine: Towards a cognitive neuroscience of alexithymia. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 553555.Google Scholar
Anderson, A.K. and Phelps, E.A. (2001). Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events. Nature, 411, 305309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross–validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagby, R.M., Quilty, L.C., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2009). Are there subtypes of alexithymia? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 413418.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., and Parker, J.D. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 3340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bagby, R.M., Taylor, G.J., Parker, J.D., et al. (2006). The development of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia: Item selection, factor structure, reliability and concurrent validity. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 2539.Google Scholar
Barrett, L.F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K.N., et al. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373403.Google Scholar
Bear, D.M. (1983). Hemispheric specialization and the neurology of emotion. Archives of Neurology, 40, 195202.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Bleys, J.W., and Stoffels, E.J. (2005). Left hemispheric preference and alexithymia: A neuropsychological investigation. Cognition and Emotion, 19, 151160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bermond, B., Clayton, K., Liberova, A., et al. (2007). A cognitive and an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 11251136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berthoz, S., Artiges, E., Van de Moortele, P.F., et al. (2002). Effect of impaired recognition and expression of emotions on fronto-cingulate cortices: An fMRI study of men with alexithymia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 961967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., et al. (2010). Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism. Brain, 133, 15151525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borsci, G., Boccardi, M., Rossi, R., et al. (2009). Alexithymia in healthy women: A brain morphology study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114, 208215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchanan, D.C., Waterhouse, G.J., and West, S.C. (1980). A proposed neurophysiological basis of alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 34, 248255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.C., et al. (2003). Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 100, 54975502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craig, A.D. (2002). Opinion: How do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3, 655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, A.D. (2009). How do you feel – now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 5970.Google Scholar
Damasio, A. and Dolan, R.J. (1999). The feeling of what happens. Nature, 401, 847.Google Scholar
Damasio, A.R., Everitt, B.J., and Bishop, D. (1996). The somatic marker hypothesis and the possible functions of the prefrontal cortex [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 351, 14131420.Google Scholar
Dolcos, F., Iordan, A.D., and Dolcos, S. (2011). Neural correlates of emotion-cognition interactions: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 669694.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donges, U.S. and Suslow, T. (2017). Alexithymia and automatic processing of emotional stimuli: A systematic review. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 28, 247264.Google Scholar
Duan, X., Dai, Q., Gong, Q., et al. (2010). Neural mechanism of unconscious perception of surprised facial expression. NeuroImage, 52, 401407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enzi, B., Amirie, S., and Brüne, M. (2016). Empathy for pain-related dorsolateral prefrontal activity is modulated by angry face perception. Experimental Brain Research, 234, 33353345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., and Gross, J.J. (2015). The neural bases of emotion regulation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 693700.Google Scholar
Etkin, A., Egner, T., and Kalisch, R. (2011). Emotional processing in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 8593.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., and Mobbs, D. (2013). Alexithymia decreases altruism in real social decisions. Cortex, 49, 899904.Google Scholar
Feng, C., Li, Z., Feng, X., et al. (2016). Social hierarchy modulates neural responses of empathy for pain. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11, 485495.Google Scholar
Ferguson, E., Bibby, P.A., Rosamond, S., et al. (2009). Alexithymia, cumulative feedback, and differential response patterns on the Iowa Gambling Task. Journal of Personality, 77, 883902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frewen, P., Lane, R.D., Neufeld, R.W., et al. (2008a). Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness during trauma script-imagery in posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 2731.Google Scholar
Frewen, P.A., Lanius, R.A., Dozois, D.J., et al. (2008b). Clinical and neural correlates of alexithymia in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 887891.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frewen, P.A., Pain, C., Dozois, D.J., et al. (2006). Alexithymia in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 397400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gainotti, G. (1989). Disorders of emotions and affect in patients with unilateral brain damage. In Boller, F. and Grafman, J. (Eds.), Handbook of Neuropsychology, vol. 5, pp. 345358. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Gazzaniga, M.S. (1989). Organization of the human brain. Science, 245, 947952.Google Scholar
Goerlich-Dobre, K.S., Bruce, L., Martens, S., et al. (2014). Distinct associations of insula and cingulate volume with the cognitive and affective dimensions of alexithymia. Neuropsychologia, 53, 284292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goerlich-Dobre, K.S., Lamm, C., Pripfl, J., et al. (2015a). The left amygdala: A shared substrate of alexithymia and empathy. NeuroImage, 122, 2032.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goerlich‐Dobre, K.S., Votinov, M., Habel, U., et al. (2015b). Neuroanatomical profiles of alexithymia dimensions and subtypes. Human Brain Mapping, 36, 38053818.Google Scholar
Goerlich, K.S., Votinov, M., Lammertz, S.E., et al. (2017). Effects of alexithymia and empathy on the neural processing of social and monetary rewards. Brain Structure and Function, 222, 22352250.Google Scholar
Goerlich-Dobre, K.S., Witteman, J., Schiller, N.O., et al. (2013). Blunted feelings: Alexithymia is associated with a diminished neural response to speech prosody. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 11081117.Google Scholar
Grabe, H.J., Möller, B., Willert, C., et al. (2004). Interhemispheric transfer in alexithymia: A transcallosal inhibition study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73, 117123.Google Scholar
Grabe, H.J., Wittfeld, K., Hegenscheid, K., et al. (2014). Alexithymia and brain grey matter volumes in a general population sample. Human Brain Mapping, 35, 59325945.Google Scholar
Gündel, H., López–Sala, A., and Ceballos-Baumann, A.O. (2004). Alexithymia correlates with the size of the right anterior cingulate. Psychosomatic Medicine, 66, 132140.Google Scholar
Hariri, A.R., Bookheimer, S.Y., and Mazziotta, J.C. (2000). Modulating emotional responses: Effects of a neocortical network on the limbic system. NeuroReport, 11, 4348.Google Scholar
Heinzel, A., Schäfer, R., Müller, H.W., et al. (2010). Increased activation of the supragenual anterior cingulate cortex during visual emotional processing in male subjects with high degrees of alexithymia: An event-related fMRI study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 79, 363370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, N.S., Wong, M.M., and Lee, T.M. (2016). Neural connectivity of alexithymia: Specific association with major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 193, 362372.Google Scholar
Hodsoll, S., Viding, E., and Lavie, N. (2011). Attentional capture by irrelevant emotional distractor faces. Emotion, 11, 346353.Google Scholar
Hogeveen, J., Bird, G., Chau, A., et al. (2016). Acquired alexithymia following damage to the anterior insula. Neuropsychologia, 82, 142148.Google Scholar
Hoppe, K.D. and Bogen, J.E. (1977). Alexithymia in twelve commissurotomized patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 28, 148155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornak, J., Bramham, J., Rolls, E.T., et al. (2003). Changes in emotion after circumscribed surgical lesions of the orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices. Brain, 126, 16911712.Google Scholar
Ihme, K., Dannlowski, U., Lichev, V., et al. (2013). Alexithymia is related to differences in gray matter volume: A voxel-based morphometry study. Brain Research, 1491, 6067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, R.H., Renken, R., Aleman, A., et al. (2012). The amygdala, top-down effects, and selective attention to features. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36, 20692084.Google Scholar
Jenkins, L.M., Andrewes, D.G., Nicholas, C.L., et al. (2018). Emotional reactivity following surgery to the prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuropsychology, 12, 120141.Google Scholar
Jessimer, M. and Markham, R. (1997). Alexithymia: A right hemisphere dysfunction specific to recognition of certain facial expressions? Brain and Cognition, 34, 246258.Google Scholar
Jongen, S., Axmacher, N., Kremers, N.A., et al. (2014). An investigation of facial emotion recognition impairments in alexithymia and its neural correlates. Behavioural Brain Research, 271, 129139.Google Scholar
Jonker, F.A., Jonker, C., Scheltens, P., et al. (2015). The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in cognition and behavior. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 26, 111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kano, M., Fukudo, S., Gyoba, J., et al. (2003). Specific brain processing of facial expressions in people with alexithymia: An H215O‐PET study. Brain, 126, 14741484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kano, M., Hamaguchi, T., Itoh, M., et al. (2007). Correlation between alexithymia and hypersensitivity to visceral stimulation in human. Pain, 132, 252263.Google Scholar
Kano, M., Ito, M., and Fukudo, S. (2011). Neural substrates of decision making as measured with the Iowa Gambling Task in men with alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 588597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karlsson, H., Näätänen, P., and Stenman, H. (2008). Cortical activation in alexithymia as a response to emotional stimuli. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 3238.Google Scholar
Koch, K., Wagner, G., Schachtzabel, C., et al. (2012). Aberrant anterior cingulate activation in obsessive-compulsive disorder is related to task complexity. Neuropsychologia, 50, 958964.Google Scholar
Kubota, M., Miyata, J., Hirao, K., et al. (2011). Alexithymia and regional grey matter alterations in schizophrenia. Neuroscience Research, 70, 206213.Google Scholar
Kugel, H., Eichmann, M., Dannlowski, U., et al. (2008). Alexithymic features and automatic amygdala reactivity to facial emotion. Neuroscience Letters, 435, 4044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamm, C., Decety, J., and Singer, T. (2011). Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain. NeuroImage, 54, 24922502.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Ahern, G.L., Schwartz, G.E., et al. (1997). Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight? Biological Psychiatry, 42, 834844.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Reiman, E.M., Axelrod, B., et al. (1998). Neural correlates of levels of emotional awareness: Evidence of an interaction between emotion and attention in the anterior cingulate cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 525535.Google Scholar
Lang, S., Stopsack, M., Kotchoubey, B., et al. (2011). Cortical inhibition in alexithymic patients with borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychology, 88, 227232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, J.K., Brand, N., Bermond, B., et al. (2003). Cognitive and emotional characteristics of alexithymia: A review of neurobiological studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 533541.Google Scholar
Larson, C.L., Baskin-Sommers, A.R., Stout, D.M., et al. (2013). The interplay of attention and emotion: Top-down attention modulates amygdala activation in psychopathy. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 13, 757770.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lemche, E., Brammer, M.J., David, A.S., et al. (2013). Interoceptive-reflective regions differentiate alexithymia traits in depersonalization disorder. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 214, 6672.Google Scholar
Leweke, F., Stark, R., Milch, W., et al. (2004). Patterns of neuronal activity related to emotional stimulation in alexithymia. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie, 54, 437444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, X., He, Y., Salmeron, B.J., et al. (2015). Interactions between the salience and default-mode networks are disrupted in cocaine addiction. Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 80818090.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lieberman, M.D., Eisenberger, N.I., Crockett, M.J., et al. (2007). Putting feelings into words. Psychological Science, 18, 421428.Google Scholar
Liemburg, E.J., Swart, M., Bruggeman, R., et al. (2012). Altered resting state connectivity of the default mode network in alexithymia. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7, 660666.Google Scholar
MacLean, P.D., 1949. Psychosomatic disease and the “Visceral Brain”: Recent developments bearing on the Papez theory of emotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 11, 338353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacLean, P.D., 1990. The Triune Brain in Evolution. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Maddock, R.J. (1999). The retrosplenial cortex and emotion: New insights from functional neuroimaging of the human brain. Trends in Neurosciences, 22, 310316.Google Scholar
Mantani, T., Okamoto, Y., Shirao, N., et al. (2005). Reduced activation of posterior cingulate cortex during imagery in subjects with high degrees of alexithymia: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 982990.Google Scholar
Mériau, K., Wartenburger, I., Kazzer, P., et al. (2006). A neural network reflecting individual differences in cognitive processing of emotions during perceptual decision making. NeuroImage, 33, 10161027.Google Scholar
Mesulam, M. and Mufson, E.J. (1982). Insula of the old world monkey. III: Efferent cortical output and comments on function. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 212, 3852.Google Scholar
Mesulam, M.M. and Mufson, E.J. (1985). The insula of Reil in man and monkey: Architectonics, connectivity, and function. In Jones, E.G. and Peters, A. (Eds.), Association and Auditory Cortices, vol. 4, pp. 179228. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Miyake, Y., Okamoto, Y., Onoda, K., et al. (2012). Brain activation during the perception of stressful word stimuli concerning interpersonal relationships in anorexia nervosa patients with high degrees of alexithymia in an fMRI paradigm. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 201, 113119.Google Scholar
Molenberghs, P., Cunnington, R., and Mattingley, J.B. (2009). Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 33, 975980.Google Scholar
Molenberghs, P., Johnson, H., Henry, J.D., et al. (2016). Understanding the minds of others: A neuroimaging meta–analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 65, 276291.Google Scholar
Moormann, P., Bermond, B., Vorst, H.C., et al. (2008). New avenues in alexithymia research: The creation of alexithymia types. In Vingerhoets, A.J.M., Nyklíček, I., and Denollet, J. (Eds.), Emotion Regulation, pp. 2742. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Decety, J., Ohnishi, T., et al. (2007). Empathy and judging other’s pain: An fMRI study of alexithymia. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 22232234.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Decety, J., et al. (2009). The human mirror neuron system in a population with deficient self‐awareness: An fMRI study in alexithymia. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 20632076.Google Scholar
Moriguchi, Y., Ohnishi, T., Lane, R.D., et al. (2006). Impaired self-awareness and theory of mind: An fMRI study of mentalizing in alexithymia. NeuroImage, 32, 14721482.Google Scholar
Mueller, J., Alpers, G.W., and Reim, N. (2006). Dissociation of rated emotional valence and Stroop interference in observer-rated alexithymia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 261269.Google Scholar
Nemiah, J.C., Freyberger, H., and Sifneos, P.E. (1976). Alexithymia: A view of the psychosomatic process. In Hill, O.W. (Ed.), Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, vol. 3, pp. 430439. London: Butterworths.Google Scholar
Noonan, M.P., Kolling, N., Walton, M.E., et al. (2012). Re‐evaluating the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward and reinforcement. European Journal of Neuroscience, 35, 9971010.Google Scholar
Ochsner, K.N., Silvers, J.A., and Buhle, J.T. (2012). Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: A synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1251, E1E24.Google Scholar
Papez, J.W. (1937). A proposed mechanism of emotion. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 38, 725743.Google Scholar
Paradiso, S., Vaidya, J.G., McCormick, L.M., et al. (2008). Aging and alexithymia: association with reduced right rostral cingulate volume. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16, 760769.Google Scholar
Parker, J.D., Keightley, M.L., Smith, C.T., et al. (1999). Interhemispheric transfer deficit in alexithymia: An experimental study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 464468.Google Scholar
Peck, C.J. and Salzman, C.D. (2014). The amygdala and basal forebrain as a pathway for motivationally guided attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 34, 1375713767.Google Scholar
Pessoa, L. (2008). On the relationship between emotion and cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9, 148158.Google Scholar
Phelps, E.A. (2004). Human emotion and memory: Interactions of the amygdala and hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 198202.Google Scholar
Pouga, L., Berthoz, S., de Gelder, B., et al. (2010). Individual differences in socioaffective skills influence the neural bases of fear processing: The case of alexithymia. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 14691481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preece, D., Becerra, R., Allan, A., et al. (2017). Establishing the theoretical components of alexithymia via factor analysis: Introduction and validation of the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 341352.Google Scholar
Reker, M., Ohrmann, P., Rauch, A.V., et al. (2010). Individual differences in alexithymia and brain response to masked emotion faces. Cortex, 46, 658667.Google Scholar
Richter, J., Möller, B., Spitzer, C., et al. (2006). Transcallosal inhibition in patients with and without alexithymia. Neuropsychobiology, 53, 101107.Google Scholar
Romei, V., De Gennaro, L., Fratello, F., et al. (2008). Interhemispheric transfer deficit in alexithymia: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 77, 175181.Google Scholar
Scarpazza, C., di Pellegrino, G., and Làdavas, E. (2014). Emotional modulation of touch in alexithymia. Emotion, 14, 602610.Google Scholar
Scarpazza, C., Làdavas, E., and di Pellegrino, G. (2015). Dissociation between emotional remapping of fear and disgust in alexithymia. PloS One, 10, e0140229.Google Scholar
Schaefer, A. and Gray, J.R. (2007). A role for the human amygdala in higher cognition. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 18, 355364.Google Scholar
Sifneos, P.E. (1973). The prevalence of “alexithymic” characteristics in psychosomatic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, 255262.Google Scholar
Silani, G., Bird, G., Brindley, R., et al. (2008). Levels of emotional awareness and autism: An fMRI study. Social Neuroscience, 3, 97112.Google Scholar
Spalletta, G., Pasini, A., Costa, A., et al. (2001). Alexithymic features in stroke: Effects of laterality and gender. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 944950.Google Scholar
Sturm, V.E. and Levenson, R.W. (2011). Alexithymia in neurodegenerative disease. Neurocase, 17, 242250.Google Scholar
Suslow, T., Kersting, A., and Arolt, V. (2003). Alexithymia and incidental learning of emotional words. Psychological Reports, 93, 10031012.Google Scholar
Suslow, T., Kugel, H., Rufer, M., et al. (2016). Alexithymia is associated with attenuated automatic brain response to facial emotion in clinical depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 65, 194200.Google Scholar
Sutherland, M.T., Carroll, A.J., Salmeron, B.J., et al. (2013). Insula’s functional connectivity with ventromedial prefrontal cortex mediates the impact of trait alexithymia on state tobacco craving. Psychopharmacology, 228, 143155.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D. (1997). Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TenHouten, W.D., Hoppe, K.D., Bogen, J.E., et al. (1986). Alexithymia: An experimental study of cerebral commissurotomy patients and normal control subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 312316.Google ScholarPubMed
Tucker, D.M. (1981). Lateral brain function, emotion, and conceptualization. Psychological Bulletin, 89, 1946.Google Scholar
van der Velde, J., Gromann, P.M., Swart, M., et al. (2014). Alexithymia influences brain activation during emotion perception but not regulation. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 285293.Google Scholar
van der Velde, J., Servaas, M.N., Goerlich, K.S., et al. (2013). Neural correlates of alexithymia: A meta-analysis of emotion processing studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 17741785.Google Scholar
van der Velde, J., van Tol, M.J., Goerlich-Dobre, K.S., et al. (2014). Dissociable morphometric profiles of the affective and cognitive dimensions of alexithymia. Cortex, 54, 190199.Google Scholar
Vorst, H.C. and Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413434.Google Scholar
Vuilleumier, P. (2005). How brains beware: Neural mechanisms of emotional attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 585594.Google Scholar
Watters, C.A., Taylor, G.J., Quilty, L.C., et al. (2016). An examination of the topology and measurement of the alexithymia construct using network analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 649659.Google Scholar
Weiskrantz, L. (1986). Blindsight: A Case Study and Implications. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wingbermühle, E., Theunissen, H., Verhoeven, W., et al. (2012). The neurocognition of alexithymia: Evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 24, 6780.Google Scholar
Wirsen, A., Af Klinteberg, B., Levander, S., et al. (1990). Differences in asymmetric perception of facial expression in free-vision chimeric stimuli and reaction time. Brain and Cognition, 12, 229239.Google Scholar
Xu, P., Opmeer, E.M., van Tol, M.J., et al. (2018). Structure of the alexithymic brain: A parametric coordinate-based meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 5055.Google Scholar
Zeitlin, S.B., Lane, R.D., O’Leary, D.S., et al. (1989). Interhemispheric transfer deficit and alexithymia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 14341439.Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Salmeron, B.J., Ross, T.J., et al. (2011). Factors underlying prefrontal and insula structural alterations in smokers. NeuroImage, 54, 4248.Google Scholar
Zotev, V., Krueger, F., Phillips, R., et al. (2011). Self-regulation of amygdala activation using real-time fMRI neurofeedback. PloS One, 6, e24522.Google Scholar

References

Aftanas, L.I. and Varlamov, A.A. (2004). Associations of alexithymia with anterior and posterior activation asymmetries during evoked emotions: EEG evidence of right hemisphere “electrocortical effort”. International Journal of Neuroscience, 114, 14431462.Google Scholar
Aftanas, L.I. and Varlamov, A.A. (2007). Effects of alexithymia on the activity of the anterior and posterior areas of the cortex of the right hemisphere in positive and negative emotional activation. Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology, 37, 6773.Google Scholar
Aftanas, L.I., Varlamov, A.A., Reva, N.V., and Pavlov, S.V. (2003). Disruption of early event-related theta synchronization of human EEG in alexithymics viewing affective pictures. Neuroscience Letters, 340, 5760.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Quilty, L.C., Taylor, G.J., et al. (2009). Are there subtypes of alexithymia? Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 413418.Google Scholar
Bayot, M., Pleyers, G., Kotsou, I., et al. (2014). Joint effect of alexithymia and mood on the categorization of nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Psychiatry Research, 216, 242247.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Clayton, K., Liberova, A., et al. (2007). A cognitive and an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations. Cognition and Emotion, 21, 11251136.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Righart, R., Ridderinkhof, K.R., et al. (2008). Alexithymia and the brain potential P300. Netherlands Journal of Psychology, 64, 6577.Google Scholar
Bertsch, K., Böhnke, R., Kruk, M.R., et al. (2009). Influence of aggression on information processing in the emotional Stroop task – an event-related potential study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 2838.Google Scholar
Borhani, K., Borgomaneri, S., Làdavas, E., et al. (2016). The effect of alexithymia on early visual processing of emotional body postures. Biological Psychology, 115, 18.Google Scholar
Borhani, K., Làdavas, E., Maier, M.E., et al. (2015). Emotional and movement-related body postures modulate visual processing. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 10921101.Google Scholar
Campanella, S., Falbo, L., Rossignol, M., et al. (2012). Sex differences on emotional processing are modulated by subclinical levels of alexithymia and depression: A preliminary assessment using event-related potentials. Psychiatry Research, 197, 145153.Google Scholar
Carretié, L., Hinojosa, J.A., Martín-Loeches, M., et al. (2004). Automatic attention to emotional stimuli: Neural correlates. Human Brain Mapping, 22, 290299.Google Scholar
Clark, V.P. and Hillyard, S.A. (1996). Spatial selective attention affects early extrastriate but not striate components of the visual evoked potential. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8, 387402.Google Scholar
Cuthbert, B.N., Schupp, H.T., Bradley, M.M., et al. (2000). Brain potentials in affective picture processing: Covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biological Psychology, 52, 95111.Google Scholar
Fazio, R.H. (2001). On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition & Emotion, 15, 115141.Google Scholar
Franz, M., Schaefer, R., Schneider, C., et al. (2004). Visual event-related potentials in subjects with alexithymia: Modified processing of emotional aversive information? American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 728735.Google Scholar
Freeman, W.J. (1987). Analytic techniques used in the search for the physiological basis of the EEG. In Gevins, A. and Remond, A. (Eds.), Handbook of Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, pp. 583664. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Goerlich, K.S., Aleman, A., and Martens, S. (2012). The sound of feelings: Electrophysiological responses to emotional speech in alexithymia. PLoS One, 7, e36951.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goerlich, K.S., Witteman, J., Aleman, A., et al. (2011). Hearing feelings: Affective categorization of music and speech in alexithymia, an ERP study. PLoS One, 6, e19501.Google Scholar
Imperatori, C., Della Marca, G., Brunetti, R., et al. (2016). Default Mode Network alterations in alexithymia: An EEG power spectra and connectivity study. Scientific Reports, 6, 36653.Google Scholar
Jessen, S. and Kotz, S.A. (2011). The temporal dynamics of processing emotions from vocal, facial, and bodily expressions. NeuroImage, 58, 665674.Google Scholar
Kircher, T.T., Rapp, A., Grodd, W., et al. (2004). Mismatch negativity responses in schizophrenia: A combined fMRI and whole-head MEG study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 294304.Google Scholar
Klauer, K.C. and Musch, J. (2003). Affective priming: Findings and theories. In Musch, J. and Klauer, K.C. (Eds.), The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion, pp. 749. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Korpilahti, P., Krause, C.M., Holopainen, I., et al. (2001). Early and late mismatch negativity elicited by words and speech-like stimuli in children. Brain and Language, 76, 332339.Google Scholar
Kutas, M. and Federmeier, K.D. (2011). Thirty years and counting: Finding meaning in the N400 component of the event-related brain potential (ERP). Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 621647.Google Scholar
Linden, D.E. (2005). The P300: Where in the brain is it produced and what does it tell us? The Neuroscientist, 11, 563576.Google Scholar
Luck, S.J., Woodman, G.F., and Vogel, E.K. (2000). Event-related potential studies of attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 432440.Google Scholar
Maier, M.E., Scarpazza, C., Starita, F., et al. (2016). Error monitoring is related to processing internal affective states. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, 10501062.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, A., Ichikawa, Y., Kanayama, N., et al. (2006). Gamma band activity and its synchronization reflect the dysfunctional emotional processing in alexithymic persons. Psychophysiology, 43, 533540.Google Scholar
Näätänen, R. (1995). The mismatch negativity: A powerful tool for cognitive neuroscience. Ear and Hearing, 16, 618.Google Scholar
Phillips, M.L., Drevets, W.C., Rauch, S.L., and Lane, R. (2003). Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 504514.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O. and Gramann, K. (2011). Electrophysiological evidence of early processing deficits in alexithymia. Biological Psychology, 87, 113121.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O. and Gramann, K. (2012). Attenuated modulation of brain activity accompanies emotion regulation deficits in alexithymia. Psychophysiology, 49, 651658.Google Scholar
Preece, D., Becerra, R., Allan, A., et al. (2017). Establishing the theoretical components of alexithymia via factor analysis: Introduction and validation of the attention-appraisal model of alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 341352.Google Scholar
Rossignol, M., Philippot, P., Crommelinck, M., et al. (2008). Visual processing of emotional expressions in mixed anxious-depressed subclinical state: An event-related potential study on a female sample. Neurophysiologie Clinique/Clinical Neurophysiology, 38, 267275.Google Scholar
Roye, A., Jacobsen, T., and Schröger, E. (2007). Personal significance is encoded automatically by the human brain: An event-related potential study with ringtones. European Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 784790.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D., and Bagby, R.M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191199.Google Scholar
TenHouten, W.D., Walter, D.O., Hoppe, K.D., et al. (1987). Alexithymia and the split brain: V. EEG alpha-band interhemispheric coherence analysis. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 47, 110.Google Scholar
Thierry, G., Pegna, A.J., Dodds, C., et al. (2006). An event-related potential component sensitive to images of the human body. NeuroImage, 32, 871879.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, N., Luminet, O., De Sousa, M.C., et al. (2008). Categorical perception of anger is disrupted in alexithymia: Evidence from a visual ERP study. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 10521067.Google Scholar
Vorst, H.C. and Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413434.Google Scholar
Walker, S., O’Connor, D.B., and Schaefer, A. (2011). Brain potentials to emotional pictures are modulated by alexithymia during emotion regulation. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 11, 463475.Google Scholar
Watters, C.A., Taylor, G.J., Quilty, L.C., et al. (2016). An examination of the topology and measurement of the alexithymia construct using network analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 649659.Google Scholar

References

Aguilera, G., Kiss, A., Luo, X., et al. (1995a). The renin angiotensin system and the stress response. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 771, 173186.Google Scholar
Aguilera, G., Kiss, A., and Sunar-Akbasak, B. (1995b). Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism after chronic stress in the rat. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 96, 15121519.Google Scholar
Albert, P.R. and Lemonde, S. (2004). 5-HT1A receptors, gene repression, and depression: Guilt by association. Neuroscientist, 10, 575593.Google Scholar
Alkan Härtwig, E., Aust, S., and Heuser, I. (2013). HPA system activity in alexithymia: A cortisol awakening response study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 21212126.Google Scholar
Amico, J.A., Johnston, J.M., and Vagnucci, A.H. (1994). Suckling-induced attenuation of plasma cortisol concentrations in postpartum lactating women. Endocrine Research, 20, 7987.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Baughman, H.M., Schermer, J.A., Veselka, L., et al. (2013). A behavior genetic analysis of trait emotional intelligence and alexithymia: A replication. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 16, 554559.Google Scholar
Baughman, H.M., Schwartz, S., Schermer, J.A., et al. (2011). A behavioral-genetic study of alexithymia and its relationships with trait emotional intelligence. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 14, 539543.Google Scholar
Berenbaum, H. and James, T. (1994). Correlates and retrospectively reported antecedents of alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 353359.Google Scholar
Berton, O., McClung, C.A., DiLeone, R.J., et al. (2006). Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in social defeat stress. Science, 311, 864868.Google Scholar
Bruni, R., Serino, F.M., Galluzzo, S., et al. (2006). Alexithymia and neuroendocrine-immune response in patients with autoimmune diseases: Preliminary results on relationship between alexithymia construct and TNF-alpha levels. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1069, 208211.Google Scholar
Buchheim, A., Heinrichs, M., George, C., et al. (2009). Oxytocin enhances the experience of attachment security. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 14171422.Google Scholar
Chen, J.S., Lipska, B.K., Halim, N., et al. (2004). Functional analysis of genetic variation in catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT): Effects on mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity in postmortem human brain. American Journal of Human Genetics, 75, 807821.Google Scholar
Chiodera, P., Salvarani, C., Bacchi-Modena, A., et al. (1991). Relationship between plasma profiles of oxytocin and adrenocorticotropic hormone during suckling or breast stimulation in women. Hormone Research, 35, 119123.Google Scholar
Conrad, R., Schilling, G., Haidl, G., et al. (2002). Relationships between personality traits, seminal parameters and hormones in male infertility. Andrologia, 34, 317324.Google Scholar
Corcos, M., Guilbaud, O., Paterniti, S., et al. (2004). Correlation between serum levels of interleukin-4 and alexithymia scores in healthy female subjects: Preliminary findings. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 686691.Google Scholar
De Berardis, D., Serroni, N., Campanella, D., et al. (2008). Alexithymia and its relationships with C-reactive protein and serum lipid levels among drug naive adult outpatients with major depression. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 32, 19821986.Google Scholar
de Timary, P., Roy, E., Luminet, O., et al. (2008). Relationship between alexithymia, alexithymia factors and salivary cortisol in men exposed to a social stress test. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 11601164.Google Scholar
Dewaraja, R., Tanigawa, T., Araki, S., et al. (1997). Decreased cytotoxic lymphocyte counts in alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 8386.Google Scholar
Dimsdale, J.E., Ziegler, M., and Mills, P. (1990). Renin correlates with blood-pressure reactivity to stressors. Neuropsychopharmacology, 3, 237242.Google Scholar
Ditzen, B., Schaer, M., Gabriel, B., et al. (2009). Intranasal oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces cortisol levels during couple conflict. Biological Psychiatry, 65, 728731.Google Scholar
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., et al. (2007). Oxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 731733.Google Scholar
Dowlati, Y., Herrmann, N., Swardfager, W., et al. (2010). A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 446457.Google Scholar
Drago, A, Ronchi, D.D., and Serretti, A. (2008). 5-HT1A gene variants and psychiatric disorders: A review of current literature and selection of SNPs for future studies. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 11, 701721.Google Scholar
Elenkov, I.J. and Chrousos, G.P. (1999). Stress hormones, Th1/Th2 patterns, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease. Trends in Eundocrinology and Metabolism, 10, 359368.Google Scholar
Finset, A., Graugaard, P.K., and Holgersen, K. (2006). Salivary cortisol response after a medical interview: The impact of physician communication behaviour, depressed affect and alexithymia. Patient Education and Counseling, 60, 115124.Google Scholar
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., et al. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press.Google Scholar
Gatt, J.M., Nemeroff, C.B., Dobson-Stone, C., et al. (2009). Interactions between BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and early life stress predict brain and arousal pathways to syndromal depression and anxiety. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 681695.Google Scholar
Gong, P.Y., Liu, J.T., Li, S., et al. (2014). Serotonin receptor gene (5-HT1A) modulates alexithymic characteristics and attachment orientation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 274279.Google Scholar
Grabe, H.J., Ruhrmann, S., Ettelt, S., et al. (2006). Alexithymia in obsessive-compulsive disorder – results from a family study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75, 312318.Google Scholar
Groeschel, M. and Braam, B. (2011). Connecting chronic and recurrent stress to vascular dysfunction: No relaxed role for the renin–angiotensin system. American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology, 300, F1F10.Google Scholar
Groves, J.O. (2007). Is it time to reassess the BDNF hypothesis of depression? Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 10791088.Google Scholar
Guilbaud, O., Curt, F., Perrin, C., et al. (2009). Decreased immune response in alexithymic women: A cross-sectional study. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 63, 297304.Google Scholar
Guilbaud, O., Jeammet, P., and Corcos, M. (2006). Alexithymia, stress and immunity. In Faith, R.E.. Murgo, A.J., Good, R.A., & Plotnikoff, N.P. (Eds.), Cytokines: Stress and Immunity, 2nd edition, pp. 101109. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis.Google Scholar
Guilliams, T.G. and Edwards, L. (2010). Chronic stress and the HPA axis. The Standard, 9, 112.Google Scholar
Ham, B.J., Lee, M.S., Lee, Y.M., et al. (2005). Association between the catechol O-methyltransferase Val108/158Met polymorphism and alexithymia. Neuropsychobiology, 52, 151154.Google Scholar
Heinrichs, M., Wagner, D., Schoch, W., et al. (2005). Predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms from pretraumatic risk factors: A 2-year prospective follow-up study in firefighters. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 22762286.Google Scholar
Henry, J.P., Haviland, M.G., Cummings, M.A., et al. (1992). Shared neuroendocrine patterns of post-traumatic stress disorder and alexithymia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 54, 407415.Google Scholar
Hermes, S., Hennig, J., Stingl, M., et al. (2011). Keine assoziation zwischen alexithymie und dem Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val 158Met-Polymorphismus. Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 57, 5161.Google Scholar
Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Laukkanen, E., et al. (2001). Alexithymia and depression: A prospective study of patients with major depressive disorder. Psychosomatics, 42, 229234.Google Scholar
Honkalampi, K., Lehto, S.M., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., et al. (2011). Alexithymia and tissue inflammation. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 80, 359364.Google Scholar
Hua, J., Le Scanff, C., Larue, J., et al. (2014). Global stress response during a social stress test: Impact of alexithymia and its subfactors. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 5361.Google Scholar
Irwin, M.R. and Cole, S.W. (2011). Reciprocal regulation of the neural and innate immune systems. Nature Reviews. Immunology, 11, 625632.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, M.M., Zachariae, R., Skytthe, A., et al. (2007). Genetic and environmental factors in alexithymia: A population-based study of 8,785 Danish twin pairs. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 76, 369375.Google Scholar
Kano, M., Hamaguchi, T., Itoh, M, et al. (2007). Correlation between alexithymia and hypersensitivity to visceral stimulation in human. Pain, 132, 252263.Google Scholar
Kano, M., Mizuno, T., Kawano, Y., et al. (2012). Serotonin transporter gene promoter polymorphism and alexithymia. Neuropsychobiology, 65, 7682.Google Scholar
Kano, M., Muratsubaki, T., Morishita, J., et al. (2015). Influence of alexithymia on brain activity during rectal distention in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84, 37.Google Scholar
Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., et al. (2011). The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: Evidence of genetic moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 444454.Google Scholar
Karukivi, M. and Saarijarvi, S. (2014). Development of alexithymic personality features. World Journal of Psychiatry, 4, 91102.Google Scholar
Kendler, K.S., Karkowski, L.M., and Prescott, C.A. (1999). Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 837841.Google Scholar
Koh, K.B., Choe, E., Song, J.E., et al. (2006). Effect of coping on endocrinoimmune functions in different stress situations. Psychiatry Research, 143, 223234.Google Scholar
Koh, M.J., Kang, J.I., Namkoong, K., et al. (2016). Association between the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val(158)Met polymorphism and alexithymia in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Yonsei Medical Journal, 57, 721727.Google Scholar
Koh, M.J., Kim, W., Kang, J.I., et al. (2015). Lack of association between oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene polymorphisms and alexithymia: Evidence from patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. PLoS One, 10, e0143168.Google Scholar
Kojima, M., Kojima, T., Suzuki, S., et al. (2014). Alexithymia, depression, inflammation, and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research, 66, 679686.Google Scholar
Kooiman, C.G., van Rees Vellinga, S., Spinhoven, P., et al. (2004). Childhood adversities as risk factors for alexithymia and other aspects of affect dysregulation in adulthood. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73, 107116.Google Scholar
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., et al. (2005). Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature, 435, 673676.Google Scholar
Lachman, H.M., Papolos, D.F., Saito, T., et al. (1996). Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: Description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics, 6, 243250.Google Scholar
Le, H.N., Berenbaum, H., and Raghavan, C. (2002). Culture and alexithymia: Mean levels, correlates and the role of parental socialization of emotions. Emotion, 2, 341360.Google Scholar
Lemche, E., Klann-Delius, G., Koch, R., et al. (2004). Mentalizing language development in a longitudinal attachment sample: Implications for alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 73, 366374.Google Scholar
Lemonde, S., Turecki, G., Bakish, D., et al. (2003). Impaired repression at a 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor gene polymorphism associated with major depression and suicide. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 87888799.Google Scholar
Lin, S., Zhao, S.F., and Yan, F.H. (2005). The influence of alexithymia in stress on secretory IgA and cortisol in saliva. [Article in Chinese] Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue, 14, 561564.Google Scholar
Luminet, O., Grynberg, D., Ruzette, N., et al. (2011). Personality-dependent effects of oxytocin: Greater social benefits for high alexithymia scorers. Biological Psychology, 87, 401406.Google Scholar
Luminet, O. and Lenoir, V. (2006). Alexithymie parentale et capacités émotionnelles des enfants de 3 et 5 ans. Enfance, 58, 335356.Google Scholar
Lumley, M.A., Mader, C., Gramzow, J., et al. (1996a). Family factors related to alexithymia characteristics. Psychosomatic Medicine, 58, 211216.Google Scholar
Lumley, M.A., Ovies, T., Stettner, L., et al. (1996b). Alexithymia, social support and health problems. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 519530.Google Scholar
Maes, M., Song, C., Lin, A., et al. (1998). The effects of psychological stress on humans: Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine, 10, 313318.Google Scholar
Mahler, J., Barnow, S., Freyberger, H.J., et al. (2009). Intrafamiliäre transmission alexithymer affektregulierung. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy, 8, 311.Google Scholar
Mandarelli, G., Tarsitani, L., Ippoliti, F., et al. (2011). The relationship between alexithymia and circulating cytokine levels in subjects undergoing upper endoscopy. Neuroimmunomodulation, 18, 3744.Google Scholar
Marin, M.F., Pilgrim, K., and Lupien, S.J. (2010). Modulatory effects of stress on reactivated emotional memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 13881396.Google Scholar
Martinowich, K., Manji, H., and Lu, B. (2007). New insights into BDNF function in depression and anxiety. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 10891093.Google Scholar
Matsumoto, M., Weickert, C.S., Akil, M., et al. (2003). Catechol O-methyltransferase mRNA expression in human and rat brain: Evidence for a role in cortical neuronal function. Neuroscience, 116, 127137.Google Scholar
McCaslin, S.E., Inslicht, S.S., Neylan, T.C., et al. (2006). Association between alexithymia and neuroendocrine response to psychological stress in police academy recruits. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 425427.Google Scholar
McEwen, B.S. and Wingfield, J.C. (2003). The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Hormones and Behavior, 43, 215.Google Scholar
McIntosh, R.C., Ironson, G., Antoni, M., et al. (2014). Alexithymia is linked to neurocognitive, psychological, neuroendocrine, and immune dysfunction in persons living with HIV. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 36, 165175.Google Scholar
Mezzavilla, M., Ulivi, S., La Bianca, M., et al. (2015). Analysis of functional variants reveals new candidate genes associated with alexithymia. Psychiatry Research, 227, 363365.Google Scholar
Mikolajczak, M., Roy, E., Luminet, O., et al. (2007). The moderating impact of emotional intelligence on free cortisol responses to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 10001012.Google Scholar
Montag, C., Markett, S., Basten, U., et al. (2010). Epistasis of the DRD2/ANKK1 Taq Ia and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism impacts novelty seeking and harm avoidance. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 18601867.Google Scholar
Papciak, A.S., Feuerstein, M., and Spiegel, J.A. (1985). Stress reactivity in alexithymia: Decoupling of physiological and cognitive responses. Journal of Human Stress, 11, 135142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parsey, R.V., Hastings, R.S., Oquendo, M.A., et al. (2006). Effect of a triallelic functional polymorphism of the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region on expression of serotonin transporter in the human brain. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 4851.Google Scholar
Pedrosa Gil, F., Bidlingmaier, M., Ridout, N., et al. (2008). The relationship between alexithymia and salivary cortisol levels in somatoform disorders. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 62, 366373.Google Scholar
Pedrosa Gil, F., Nickel, M., Ridout, N., et al. (2007). Alexithymia and interleukin variations in somatoform disorder. Neuroimmunomodulation, 14, 235242.Google Scholar
Pezawas, L., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Drabant, E.M., et al. (2005). 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: A genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 828834.Google Scholar
Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., Gigantesco, A., et al. (2011). Genetic influences on alexithymia and their relationship with depressive symptoms. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 256263.Google Scholar
Pohjalainen, T., Rinne, J.O., Någren, K., et al. (1998). The A1 allele of the human D2 dopamine receptor gene predicts low D2 receptor availability in healthy volunteers. Molecular Psychiatry, 3, 256260.Google Scholar
Porcelli, P., Cozzolongo, R., Cariola, F., et al. (2015). Genetic associations of alexithymia in predicting interferon-induced depression in chronic hepatitis C. Psychopathology, 48, 417420.Google Scholar
Quirin, M., Carter, C.S., Bode, R.C., et al. (2014). The role of oxytocin and alexithymia in the therapeutic process. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1074.Google Scholar
Reed, R.G. and Raison, C.L. (2016). Stress and the immune system. In Esser, C. (Ed.), Environmental Influences on the Immune System, pp. 97126. Vienna: Springer.Google Scholar
Reiss, D. and Neiderhiser, J.M. (2000). The interplay of genetic influences and social processes in developmental theory: Specific mechanisms are coming into view. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 357374.Google Scholar
Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J.M., Hetherington, E.M., and Plomin, R.P. (2009). The Relationship Code: Deciphering Genetic and Social Influences on Adolescent Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sharpley, C.F., Palanisamy, S.K., Glyde, N.S., et al. (2014). An update on the interaction between the serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress and depression, plus an exploration of non-confirming findings. Behavioural Brain Research, 273, 89105.Google Scholar
Spitzer, C., Brandl, S., Rose, H.J., et al. (2005). Gender-specific association of alexithymia and norepinephrine/cortisol ratios. A preliminary report. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 59, 7376.Google Scholar
Sprouse, J.S. and Aghajanian, G.K. (1987). Electrophysiological responses of serotoninergic dorsal raphe neurons to 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists. Synapse, 1, 39.Google Scholar
Swart, M., Bruggeman, R., Laroi, F., et al. (2011). COMT Val158Met polymorphism, verbalizing of emotion and activation of affective brain systems. NeuroImage, 55, 338344.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. and Bagby, R.M. (2013). Psychoanalysis and empirical research: The example of alexithymia. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 61, 99133.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D., and Bagby, R.M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191199.Google Scholar
Temoshok, L.R., Waldstein, S.R., Wald, R.L., et al. (2008). Type C coping, alexithymia, and heart rate reactivity are associated independently and differentially with specific immune mechanisms linked to HIV progression. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 781792.Google Scholar
Terock, J., Hannemann, A., Janowitz, D., et al. (2017). Living alone and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone-system: Differential effects depending on alexithymic personality features. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 96, 4248.Google Scholar
Terock, J., Janowitz, D., Spitzer, C., et al. (2015). Alexithymia and self-directedness as predictors of psychopathology and psychotherapeutic treatment outcome. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 62, 3441.Google Scholar
Terock, J., Van der Auwera, S., Janowitz, D., et al. (2018). Childhood trauma and functional variants of 5-HTTLPR are independently associated with alexithymia in 5,283 subjects from the general population. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 87, 5861.Google Scholar
Todarello, O., Casamassima, A., Daniele, S., et al. (1997). Alexithymia, immunity and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Replication. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 66, 208213.Google Scholar
Todarello, O., Casamassima, A., Marinaccio, M., et al. (1994). Alexithymia, immunity and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: A pilot study. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 61, 199204.Google Scholar
Valera, E.M. and Berenbaum, H. (2001). A twin study of alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 239246.Google Scholar
van der Velde, J., Servaas, M.N., Goerlich, K.S., et al. (2013). Neural correlates of alexithymia: A meta-analysis of emotion processing studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 17741785.Google Scholar
Vorst, H.C.M. and Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413434.Google Scholar
Walter, N.T., Montag, C., Markett, S.A., et al. (2011). Interaction effect of functional variants of the BDNF and DRD2/ANKK1 gene is associated with alexithymia in healthy human subjects. Psychosomatic Medicine, 73, 2328.Google Scholar
Wermter, A.K., Kamp-Becker, I., Hesse, P., et al. (2010). Evidence for the involvement of genetic variation in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) in the etiology of autistic disorders on high-functioning level. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B – Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 153B, 629639.Google Scholar
Wise, R.A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 483494.Google Scholar
Woda, A., Picard, P., and Dutheil, F. (2016). Dysfunctional stress responses in chronic pain. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 71, 127135.Google Scholar
Yagihashi, M., Kano, M., Muratsubaki, T., et al. (2015). The association between alexithymia and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reaction in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84, 79.Google Scholar
Yehuda, R., Giller, E.L., Southwick, S.M., et al. (1991). Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 30, 10311048.Google Scholar

References

Allen, R., Davis, R., and Hill, E. (2012). The effects of autism and alexithymia on physiological and verbal responsiveness to music. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 432444.Google Scholar
Apfel, R.J. and Sifneos, P.E. (1979). Alexithymia: Concept and measurement. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 32, 180190.Google Scholar
Baba, T., Sato, S., Monchi, R., et al. (2003). Alexithymia and psychophysiological reactivity to emotional arousal stimuli. The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology, 16, 2130.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Balconi, M., Pala, F., Manenti, R., et al. (2016). Facial feedback and autonomic responsiveness reflect impaired emotional processing in Parkinson’s Disease. Scientific Reports, 6, srep31453.Google Scholar
Bausch, S., Stingl, M., Hartmann, , et al. (2011). Alexithymia and script-driven emotional imagery in healthy female subjects: No support for deficiencies in imagination. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52, 179184.Google Scholar
Bermond, B., Bierman, D.J., Cladder, M.A., et al. (2010). The cognitive and affective alexithymia dimensions in the regulation of sympathetic responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 75, 227233.Google Scholar
Bogdanov, V.B., Bogdanova, O.V., Gorlov, D.S., et al. (2013). Alexithymia and empathy predict changes in autonomic arousal during affective stimulation. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 26, 121132.Google Scholar
Bokeriia, L.A., Golukhova, E.Z., Polunina, A.G., et al. (2008). Alexithymia, depression and heart rate in candidates for cardiac surgery. International Journal of Cardiology, 126, 448449.Google Scholar
Bradley, M.M. (2009). Natural selective attention: Orienting and emotion. Psychophysiology, 46, 111.Google Scholar
Bradley, M.M. and Lang, P.J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion, 25, 4959.Google Scholar
Brewer, R., Cook, R., and Bird, G. (2016). Alexithymia: A general deficit of interoception. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 150664.Google Scholar
Byrne, N. and Ditto, B. (2005). Alexithymia, cardiovascular reactivity, and symptom reporting during blood donation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67, 471475.Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J.T., Tassinary, L.G., and Berntson, G.G. (Eds.), (2007). Handbook of Psychophysiology, 3rd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cacioppo, J.T., Uchino, B.N., Crites, S.L., et al. (1992). Relationship between facial expressiveness and sympathetic activation in emotion: A critical review, with emphasis on modeling underlying mechanisms and individual differences. Journal of Personality, 62, 110128.Google Scholar
Carlson, E.D. and Chamberlain, R.M. (2005). Allostatic load and health disparities: A theoretical orientation. Research in Nursing and Health, 28, 306315.Google Scholar
Cecchetto, C., Korb, S., Rumiati, R.I., et al. (2017). Emotional reactions in moral decision-making are influenced by empathy and alexithymia. Social Neuroscience, 13, 115.Google Scholar
Connelly, M. and Denney, D.R. (2007). Regulation of emotions during experimental stress in alexithymia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 62, 649656.Google Scholar
Constantinou, E., Panayiotou, G., and Theodorou, M. (2014). Emotion processing deficits in alexithymia and response to a depth of processing intervention. Biological Psychology, 103, 212222.Google Scholar
Darrow, S.M. and Follette, W.C. (2014). A behavior analytic interpretation of alexithymia. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 3, 98108.Google Scholar
Davydov, D.M., Luminet, O., and Zech, E. (2013). An externally oriented style of thinking as a moderator of responses to affective films in women. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 87, 152164.Google Scholar
De Gucht, V., Fischler, B., and Heiser, W. (2004). Neuroticism, alexithymia, negative affect, and positive affect as determinants of medically unexplained symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 16551667.Google Scholar
Denise, L.L.J. (2009). The Relationship between the Affective Components of Alexithymia and Facial Recognition and Expression of Emotion (Doctoral Dissertation). National University of Singapore, Singapore.Google Scholar
Doom, J.R. and Gunnar, M.R. (2013). Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present and future. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 13591373.Google Scholar
Dressaire, D., Stone, C.B., Nielson, K.A., et al. (2015). Alexithymia impairs the cognitive control of negative material while facilitating the recall of neutral material in both younger and older adults. Cognition and Emotion, 29, 442459.Google Scholar
Eastabrook, J.M., Lanteigne, D.M., and Hollenstein, T. (2013). Decoupling between physiological, self-reported, and expressed emotional responses in alexithymia. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 978982.Google Scholar
Franz, M., Olbrich, R., Croissant, B., et al. (1999). Gefühl ohne Sprache oder Sprache ohne Gefühl? Weitere Hinweise auf die Validität der Entkopplungshypothese der Alexithymie [Feelings without speech or speech without feelings? Further evidence for the decoupling hypothesis of alexithymia]. Der Nervenarzt, 70, 216224.Google Scholar
Franz, M., Schaefer, R., and Schneider, C. (2003). Psychophysiological response patterns of high and low alexithymics under mental and emotional load conditions. Journal of Psychophysiology, 17, 203213.Google Scholar
Fredrikson, M. and Matthews, K. (1990). Cardiovascular responses to behavioral stress and hypertension: A meta-analytic review. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 12, 3039.Google Scholar
Freund, S. (2012). An Examination of the Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Aspects of Alexithymia. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Retrieved from http://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/4805Google Scholar
Friedlander, L., Lumley, M.A., Farchione, T., et al. (1997). Testing the alexithymia hypothesis: Physiological and subjective responses during relaxation and stress. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 233239.Google Scholar
Fukunishi, I., Sei, H., Morita, Y., et al. (1999). Sympathetic activity in alexithymics with mother’s low care. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 46, 579589.Google Scholar
Gaigg, S.B., Cornell, A.S., and Bird, G. (2018). The psychophysiological mechanisms of alexithymia in autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22, 227231.Google Scholar
Gilbert, A.M. (2008). The Physiological Response to Implicit and Explicit Fear Faces in Alexithymia (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.Google Scholar
Gross, J.J. and Thompson, R.A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In Gross, J.J. (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation, pp. 324. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Grynberg, D., Davydov, D.M., Vermeulen, N., et al. (2012). Alexithymia is associated with an augmenter profile, but not only: Evidence for anticipation to arousing music. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 53, 375381.Google Scholar
Gündel, H., Greiner, A., Ceballos-Baumann, A.O., et al. (2004). Alexithymia is no risk factor for exacerbation in spasmodic torticollis patients. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 56, 699705.Google Scholar
Hayes, S.C., Barnes-Holmes, D., and Wilson, K.G. (2012). Contextual behavioral science: Creating a science more adequate to the challenge of the human condition. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 1, 116.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M., Herbert, C., and Pollatos, O. (2011). On the relationship between interoceptive awareness and alexithymia: Is interoceptive awareness related to emotional awareness? Journal of Personality, 79, 11491175.Google Scholar
Hua, J., Le Scanff, C., Larue, J., et al. (2014). Global stress response during a social stress test: Impact of alexithymia and its subfactors. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 50, 5361.Google Scholar
Jula, A., Salminen, J.K., and Saarijärvi, S. (1999). Alexithymia: A facet of essential hypertension. Hypertension, 33, 10571061.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T.B. (2010). Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 865878.Google Scholar
Kleiman, A., Kramer, K.A., Wegener, I., et al. (2016). Psychophysiological decoupling in alexithymic pain disorder patients. Psychiatry Research, 237, 316322.Google Scholar
Krystal, H. (1988). Integration and Self-healing. Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Ahern, G.L., Schwartz, G.E., et al. (1997). Is alexithymia the emotional equivalent of blindsight? Biological Psychiatry, 42, 834844.Google Scholar
Lane, R.D., Weihs, K.L., Herring, A., et al. (2015). Affective agnosia: Expansion of the alexithymia construct and a new opportunity to integrate and extend Freud’s legacy. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 55, 594611.Google Scholar
Lang, P.J. (1979). A bio-informational theory of emotional imagery. Psychophysiology, 16, 495512.Google Scholar
Lehrer, P.M., Vaschillo, E., Vaschillo, B., et al. (2003). Heart rate variability biofeedback increases baroreflex gain and peak expiratory flow. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 796805.Google Scholar
Leonidou, C., Panayiotou, G., Bati, A., et al. (2016). Coping with psychosomatic symptoms: The buffering role of psychological flexibility and impact on quality of life. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–13. epub ahead of print. 1359105316666657.Google Scholar
Linden, W., Lenz, J.W., and Stossel, C. (1996). Alexithymia, defensiveness and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 41, 575583.Google Scholar
Luminet, O., Rimé, B., Bagby, R.M., et al. (2004). A multimodal investigation of emotional responding in alexithymia. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 741766.Google Scholar
Luminet, O., Vermeulen, N., Demaret, C., et al. (2006). Alexithymia and levels of processing: Evidence for an overall deficit in remembering emotion words. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 713733.Google Scholar
Lundh, L.-G. and Simonsson-Sarnecki, M. (2002). Alexithymia and cognitive bias for emotional information. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 10631075.Google Scholar
Martin, J.B. and Pihl, R.O. (1985). The stress-alexithymia hypothesis: Theorectical and empirical considerations. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 43, 169176.Google Scholar
Martin, J.B. and Pihl, R.O. (1986). Influence of alexithymic characteristics on physiological and subjective stress responses in normal individuals. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 45, 6677.Google Scholar
Martínez-Sánchez, F. and Ato-García, M. (2011). Sympathetic reactivity to experimentally induced stress in alexithymia. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 27, 757762.Google Scholar
Martínez-Sánchez, F., Ortiz-Soria, B., and Ato-García, M. (2001). Subjective and autonomic stress responses in alexithymia. Psicothema, 13, 5762.Google Scholar
Martínez-Velázquez, E.S., Honoré, J., de Zorzi, L., et al. (2017). Autonomic reactivity to arousing stimuli with social and non-social relevance in alexithymia. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 361.Google Scholar
Mauss, I.B., Levenson, R.W., McCarter, L., et al. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5, 175190.Google Scholar
McCubbin, J.A., Loveless, J.P., Graham, J.G., et al. (2013). Emotional dampening in persons with elevated blood pressure: Affect dysregulation and risk for hypertension. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 47, 111119.Google Scholar
McEwen, B.S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840, 3344.Google Scholar
McEwen, B.S. (2008). Central effects of stress hormones in health and disease: Understanding the protective and damaging effects of stress and stress mediators. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583, 174185.Google Scholar
McEwen, B.S. and Gianaros, P.J. (2010). Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 190222.Google Scholar
McTeague, L.M. and Lang, P.J. (2012). The anxiety spectrum and the reflex physiology of defense: From circumscribed fear to broad distress. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 264281.Google Scholar
Mogg, K. and Bradley, B.P. (2016). Anxiety and attention to threat: Cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 87, 76108.Google Scholar
Mueller, E.M., Hofmann, S.G., Santesso, D.L., et al. (2009). Electrophysiological evidence of attentional biases in social anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 11411152.Google Scholar
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Catmur, C., et al. (2017). Interoception and psychopathology: A developmental neuroscience perspective. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 4556.Google Scholar
Näätänen, P., Ryynanen, A., and Keltikangas-Jarvinen, L. (1999). The influence of alexithymic characteristics on the self-perception and facial expression of a physiological stress state. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 68, 252262.Google Scholar
Nandrino, J.-L., Berna, G., Hot, P., et al. (2012). Cognitive and physiological dissociations in response to emotional pictures in patients with anorexia. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 72, 5864.Google Scholar
Neumann, S.A., Sollers, J.J. III, Thayer, J.F., et al. (2004). Alexithymia predicts attenuated autonomic reactivity, but prolonged recovery to anger recall in young women. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 53, 183195.Google Scholar
Newton, T.L. and Contrada, R.J. (1994). Alexithymia and repression: Contrasting emotion-focused coping styles. Psychosomatic Medicine, 56, 457462.Google Scholar
Nielson, K.A. and Meltzer, M.A. (2009). Modulation of long-term memory by arousal in alexithymia: The role of interpretation. Consciousness and Cognition, 18, 786793.Google Scholar
Niiranen, T.J., Jula, A.M., Kantola, I.M., et al. (2006). Prevalence and determinants of isolated clinic hypertension in the Finnish population: The Finn-HOME study. Journal of Hypertension, 24, 463470.Google Scholar
Nilsonne, G., Tamm, S., Golkar, A., et al. (2017). Effects of 25 mg oxazepam on emotional mimicry and empathy for pain: A randomized controlled experiment. Open Science, 4, 160607.Google Scholar
O’Connor, D.B. and Ashley, L. (2008). Are alexithymia and emotional characteristics of disclosure associated with blood pressure reactivity and psychological distress following written emotional disclosure. British Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 495512.Google Scholar
Panayiotou, G. and Constantinou, E. (2017). Emotion dysregulation in alexithymia: Startle reactivity to fearful affective imagery and its relation to heart rate variability. Psychophysiology, 54, 13231334.Google Scholar
Papciak, A.S., Feuerstein, M., and Spiegel, J.A. (1985). Stress reactivity in alexithymia: Decoupling of physiological and cognitive responses. Journal of Human Stress, 11, 135142.Google Scholar
Peasley-Miklus, C.E., Panayiotou, G., and Vrana, S.R. (2016). Alexithymia predicts arousal-based processing deficits and discordance between emotion response systems during emotional imagery. Emotion, 16, 164174.Google Scholar
Peira, N., Fredrikson, M., and Pourtois, G. (2014). Controlling the emotional heart: Heart rate biofeedback improves cardiac control during emotional reactions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 91, 225231.Google Scholar
Peters, R.M. (2006). The relationship of racism, chronic stress emotions, and blood pressure. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 38, 234240.Google Scholar
Peters, R.M. and Lumley, M.A. (2007). Relationship of alexithymia to cardiovascular disease risk factors among African Americans. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48, 3441.Google Scholar
Phillips, M.L., Drevets, W.C., Rauch, S.L., et al. (2003). Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry, 54, 504514.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Herbert, B.M., Wankner, S., et al. (2011a). Autonomic imbalance is associated with reduced facial recognition in somatoform disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 232239.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O. and Schandry, R. (2008). Emotional processing and emotional memory are modulated by interoceptive awareness. Cognition and Emotion, 22, 272287.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Schubö, A., Herbert, B.M., et al. (2008). Deficits in early emotional reactivity in alexithymia. Psychophysiology, 45, 839846.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Werner, N.S., Duschek, S., et al. (2011b). Differential effects of alexithymia subscales on autonomic reactivity and anxiety during social stress. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 70, 525533.Google Scholar
Rabavilas, A.D. (1987). Electrodermal activity in low and high alexithymia neurotic patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 47, 101104.Google Scholar
Ramsay, D.S. and Woods, S.C. (2014). Clarifying the roles of homeostasis and allostasis in physiological regulation. Psychological Review, 121, 225247.Google Scholar
Ramsay, D.S. and Woods, S.C. (2016). Physiological regulation: How it really works. Cell Metabolism, 24, 361364.Google Scholar
Roedema, T.M. and Simons, R.F. (1999). Emotion-processing deficit in alexithymia. Psychophysiology, 36, 379387.Google Scholar
Scarpazza, C. (2015). Deficit in the Emotional Embodiment in Alexithymia (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.Google Scholar
Seeman, T., Epel, E., Gruenewald, T., et al. (2010). Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 223239.Google Scholar
Shah, P., Hall, R., Catmur, C., et al. (2016). Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception. Cortex, 81, 215220.Google Scholar
Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2009). Alexithymia as related to facial imitation, mentalization, empathy, and internal working models-of-self and -others. Neuropsychoanalysis, 11, 111128.Google Scholar
Starita, F., Làdavas, E., and di Pellegrino, G. (2016). Reduced anticipation of negative emotional events in alexithymia. Scientific Reports, 6, 27664.Google Scholar
Stone, L.A. and Nielson, K.A. (2001). Intact physiological response to arousal with impaired emotional recognition in alexithymia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 92102.Google Scholar
Swart, M., Kortekaas, R., and Aleman, A. (2009). Dealing with feelings: Characterization of trait alexithymia on emotion regulation strategies and cognitive-emotional processing. PLoS One, 4, e5751.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (1997). Disorders of Affect Regulation: Alexithymia in Medical and Psychiatric Illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Ryan, D., and Bagby, R.M. (1985). Toward the development of a new self-report alexithymia scale. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 44, 191199.Google Scholar
Thayer, J.F. and Brosschot, J.F. (2005). Psychosomatics and psychopathology: Looking up and down from the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 10501058.Google Scholar
Thayer, J.F. and Lane, R.D. (2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 201216.Google Scholar
Trinkler, I., Devignevielle, S., Achaibou, A., et al. (2017). Embodied emotion impairment in Huntington’s Disease. Cortex, 92, 4456.Google Scholar
Vanman, E.J., Dawson, M.E., and Brennan, P.A. (1998). Affective reactions in the blink of an eye: Individual differences in subjective experience and physiological responses to emotional stimuli. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 9941005.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, N. and Luminet, O. (2009). Alexithymia factors and memory performances for neutral and emotional words. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 305309.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, N., Luminet, O., and Corneille, O. (2006). Alexithymia and the automatic processing of affective information: Evidence from the affective priming paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 6491.Google Scholar
Vermeulen, N., Toussaint, J., and Luminet, O. (2010). The influence of alexithymia and music on the incidental memory for emotion words. European Journal of Personality, 24, 551568.Google Scholar
Vorst, H.C.M. and Bermond, B. (2001). Validity and reliability of the Bermond–Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 413434.Google Scholar
Waldstein, S.R., Kauhanen, J., Neumann, S.A., et al. (2002). Alexithymia and cardiovascular risk in older adults: Psychosocial, psychophysiological, and biomedical correlates. Psychology and Health, 17, 597610.Google Scholar
Wehmer, F.P.D., Brejnak, C.M.A., Lumley, M.P.D., et al. (1995). Alexithymia and physiological reactivity to emotion-provoking visual scenes. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 351357.Google Scholar
Werner, N.S., Jung, K., Duschek, S., et al. (2009). Enhanced cardiac perception is associated with benefits in decision-making. Psychophysiology, 46, 11231129.Google Scholar
Zohar, A.H., Cloninger, C.R., and McCraty, R. (2013). Personality and heart rate variability: Exploring pathways from personality to cardiac coherence and health. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 1, 3239.Google Scholar

References

Ainley, V., Maister, L., Brokfeld, J., et al. (2013). More of myself: Manipulating interoceptive awareness by heightened attention to bodily and narrative aspects of the self. Consciousness and Cognition, 22, 12311238.Google Scholar
Ainley, V., Tajadura-Jiminez, A., Fotopoulou, A., et al. (2012). Looking into myself: Changes in interoceptive sensitivity during mirror self-observation. Psychophysiology, 49, 16721676.Google Scholar
Ainley, V. and Tsakiris, M. (2013). Body conscious? Interoceptive awareness, measured by heartbeat perception, is negatively correlated with self-objectification. PLoS One, 8, e55568.Google Scholar
Bagby, R.M., Parker, J.D.A., and Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale – I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 2332.Google Scholar
Baier, B. and Karnath, H.O. (2008). Tight link between our sense of limb ownership and self-awareness of actions. Stroke, 39, 486488.Google Scholar
Barrett, L. and Simmons, W.K. (2015). Interoceptive predictions in the brain. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 419429.Google Scholar
Barsalou, L.W. (2007). Grounded cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617645.Google Scholar
Bechara, A. and Naqvi, N. (2004). Listening to your heart: Interoceptive awareness as a gateway to feeling. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 102103.Google Scholar
Bergouignan, L., Nyberg, L., and Ehrsson, H.H. (2014). Out-of-body-induced hippocampal amnesia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 111, 44214426.Google Scholar
Betka, S., Pfeifer, G., Garfinkel, S., et al. (2017). How do self-assessment of alexithymia and sensivitity to bodily sensations relate to alcohol consumption? Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 42, 8188.Google Scholar
Bornemann, B., Herbert, B.M., Mehling, W.E., et al. (2015). Differential changes in self-reported aspects of interoceptive awareness through three months of contemplative training. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, e01504.Google Scholar
Bornemann, B. and Singer, T. (2017). Taking time to feel your body: Steady increase in heartbeat perception accuracy and decreases in alexithymia over 9 months of contemplative mental training. Psychophysiology, 54, 469482.Google Scholar
Cameron, O.G. (2001). Interoception: The inside story – a model for psychosomatic processes. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 697710.Google Scholar
Craig, A.D. (2003). Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body. Current Opinion in Neurology, 13, 500505.Google Scholar
Craig, A.D. (2004). Human feelings: Why are some more aware than others? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 239241.Google Scholar
Craig, A.D. (2008). Interoception and emotion: A neuroanatomical perspective. In Lewis, M., Haviland-Jones, J.M., and Felman Barrett, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Emotions, 3rd edition, pp. 272290. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Craig, A.D. (2009). How do you feel – now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 5970.Google Scholar
Critchley, H.D., Corfield, D.R., Chandler, M.P., et al. (2000). Cerebral correlates of autonomic cardiovascular arousal: A functional neuroimaging investigation in humans. Journal of Physiology, 523, 259270.Google Scholar
Critchley, H.D. and Garfinkel, S.N. (2017). Interoception and emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 714.Google Scholar
Critchley, H.D., Mathias, C.J., and Dolan, R.J. (2001). Neuroanatomical basis for first- and second-order representations of bodily states. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 207212.Google Scholar
Critchley, H.D., Mathias, C.J., Josephs, O., et al. (2003). Human cingulate cortex and autonomic control: Converging neuroimaging and clinical evidence. Brain, 126, 21392152.Google Scholar
Critchley, H.D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., et al. (2004). Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 189195.Google Scholar
Damasio, A.R. (1999). The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.Google Scholar
Dunn, B.D., Dalgleish, T., Ogilvie, A.D., et al. (2007). Heartbeat perception in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 19211930.Google Scholar
Dunn, B.D., Galton, H.C., Morgan, R., et al. (2010). Listening to your heart: How interoception shapes emotion experience and intuitive decision making. Psychological Science, 21, 18351844.Google Scholar
Durlik, C., Brown, G., and Tsakiris, M. (2014). Enhanced interoceptive awareness during anticipation of public speaking is associated with fear of negative evaluation. Cognition and Emotion, 28, 530540.Google Scholar
Ernst, J., Böker, H., Hättenschwiler, J., et al. (2014). The association of interoceptive awareness and alexithymia with neurotransmitter concentrations in insula and anterior cingulate. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 857863.Google Scholar
Eshkevari, E., Rieger, E., Longo, M.R., et al. (2014). Persistent body image disturbance following recovery from eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 47, 400409.Google Scholar
Fischer, D., Berberich, G., Zaudig, M., et al. (2016). Interoceptive processes in anorexia nervosa in the time course of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7, 199.Google Scholar
Fischer, D., Messner, M., and Pollatos, O. (2017). Improvement of interoceptive processes after an 8-week body scan intervention. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 452.Google Scholar
Friston, K., Schwartenbeck, P., Fitzgerald, T., et al. (2013). The anatomy of choice: Active inference and agency. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 598.Google Scholar
Friston, K.J., Stephan, K.E., Montague, R., et al. (2014). Computational psychiatry: The brain as a phantastic organ. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 148158.Google Scholar
Fuchs, T. and Schlimme, J.E. (2009). Embodiment and psychopathology: A phenomenological perspective. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 22, 570575.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, S.N. and Critchley, H.D. (2013). Interoception, emotion and brain: New insights link internal physiology to social behaviour. Commentary on: Anterior insular cortex mediates bodily sensibility and social anxiety by Terasawa et al. (2012). Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 231234.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, S.N., Critchley, H.D., and Pollatos, O. (2015a). The interoceptive system: Implications for cognition, emotion, and health. In Cacioppo, J.T., Tassinary, L.G., and Berntson, G.G. (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology, 4th edition, pp. 427443. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, S.N., Manassei, M.F., Hamilton-Fletcher, G., et al. (2016). Interoceptive dimensions across cardiac and respiratory axes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 1708.Google Scholar
Garfinkel, S.N., Seth, A.K., Barrett, A.B., et al. (2015b). Knowing your own heart: Distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biological Psychology, 104, 6574.Google Scholar
Georgiou, E., Mai, S., and Pollatos, O. (2016). Describe your feelings: Body illusion related to alexithymia in adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1690.Google Scholar
Grynberg, D. and Pollatos, O. (2015). Alexithymia modulates the experience of the rubber hand illusion. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 357.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M., Blechert, J., Hautzinger, M., et al. (2013). Intuitive eating is associated with interoceptive sensitivity. Effects on body mass index? Appetite, 70, 2230.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M., Herbert, C., and Pollatos, O. (2011). On the relationship between interoceptive awareness and alexithymia: Is interoceptive awareness related to emotional awareness. Journal of Personality, 79, 11491175.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M., Herbert, C., Pollatos, O., et al. (2012a). Effects of short-term food deprivation on interoceptive awareness, feelings and autonomic cardiac activity. Biological Psychology, 89, 7179.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M., Muth, E.R., Pollatos, O., et al. (2012b). Interoception across modalities: On the relationship between cardiac awareness and the sensitivity for gastric functions. PLoS One, 7, e36646.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M. and Pollatos, O. (2012). The body in the mind: On the relationship between interoception and embodiment. Topics in Cognitive Science, 4, 692704.Google Scholar
Herbert, B.M., Pollatos, O., Flor, H., et al. (2010). Cardiac awareness and autonomic cardiac reactivity during emotional picture viewing and mental stress. Psychophysiology, 47, 342354.Google Scholar
Heydrich, L., Dodds, T.J., Aspell, J.E., et al. (2013). Visual capture and the experience of having two bodies – evidence from two different virtual reality techniques. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 946.Google Scholar
Hogeveen, J., Bird, G., Chau, A., et al. (2016). Acquired alexithymia following damage to the anterior insula. Neuropsychologia, 82, 142148.Google Scholar
James, W. (1884). What is an emotion? Mind, 9, 188205.Google Scholar
Liang, C., Chang, S.-Y., Chen, W.-Y., et al. (2015). Body ownership and experiential ownership in the self-touching illusion. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, e1591.Google Scholar
Longarzo, M., D’Olimpio, F., Chiavazzo, A., et al. (2015). The relationship between interoception and alexithymic trait. The Self-Awareness Questionnaire in healthy subjects. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, e1149.Google Scholar
Longo, M.R., Schüür, F., Kammers, M.P.M., et al. (2009). Self awareness and the body image. Acta Psychologica, 132, 166172.Google Scholar
Matthias, E., Schandry, R., Duschek, S., et al. (2007). Interoceptive awareness modulates attentional processing of visual stimuli. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 72, 154159.Google Scholar
Mehling, W.E., Gopisetty, V., Daubenmier, J., et al. (2009). Body awareness: Construct and self-report measures. PLoS One, 4, e5614.Google Scholar
Mehling, W.E., Wrubel, J., Daubenmier, J.J., et al. (2011). Body awareness: A phenomenological inquiry into the common ground of mind-body therapies. Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine, 6, 6.Google Scholar
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Catmur, C., and Bird, G. (2017). Interoception and psychopathology: A developmental neuroscience perspective. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 23, 4556.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, P.M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 10021005.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, P.M., Barsalou, L.W., Winkielman, P., et al. (2005). Embodiment in attitudes, social perception, and emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9, 184211.Google Scholar
Palmer, C.J., Paton, B., Hohwy, J., et al. (2013). Movement under uncertainty: The effects of the rubber-hand illusion vary along the nonclinical autism spectrum. Neuropsychologia, 51, 19421951.Google Scholar
Paul, T. and Thiel, A. (2005). Eating Disorder Inventory – 2, Deutsche Version. Göttingen: Hogrefe.Google Scholar
Petersen, S., Van Staeyen, K., Vögele, C., et al. (2015). Interoception and symptom reporting: Disentangling accuracy and bias. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 732.Google Scholar
Phan, K.L., Wager, T., Taylor, S.F., et al. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage, 16, 331348.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O. and Georgiou, E. (2016). Normal interoceptive accuracy in women with bulimia nervosa. Psychiatry Research, 240, 328332.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Gramann, K., and Schandry, R. (2007a). Neural systems connecting interoceptive awareness and feelings. Human Brain Mapping, 28, 918.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Herbert, B.M., Berberich, G., et al. (2016a). Atypical self-focus effect on interoceptive accuracy in anorexia nervosa. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, 484.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Herbert, B.M., Kaufmann, C., et al. (2007b). Interoceptive awareness, anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity to isometric exercise. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65, 167173.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Herbert, B.M., Mai, S., et al. (2016b). Changes in interoceptive processes following brain stimulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371, 1708.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Herbert, B.M., Wankner, S., et al. (2011). Autonomic imbalance is associated with reduced facial recognition in somatoform disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71, 232239.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Kirsch, W., and Schandry, R. (2005a). Brain structures involved in interoceptive awareness and cardioafferent signal processing: A dipole source localization study. Human Brain Mapping, 26, 5464.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Kirsch, W., and Schandry, R. (2005b). On the relationship between interoceptive awareness, emotional experience, and brain processes. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 948962.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Kurz, A.L., Albrecht, J., et al. (2008a). Reduced perception of bodily signals in anorexia nervosa. Eating Behaviors, 9, 381388.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O. and Schandry, R. (2004). Accuracy of heartbeat perception is reflected in the amplitude of the heartbeat-evoked brain potential. Psychophysiology, 41, 476482.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Schandry, R., Auer, D.P., et al. (2007c). Brain structures mediating cardiovascular arousal and interoceptive awareness. Brain Research, 1141, 178187.Google Scholar
Pollatos, O., Schubö, A., Herbert, B.M., et al. (2008b). Deficits in early emotional reactivity in alexithymia. Psychophysiology, 45, 839846.Google Scholar
Porges, S. (1993). Body Perception Questionnaire. Laboratory of Development Assessment, University of Maryland.Google Scholar
Preuschoff, K., Quartz, S.R., and Bossaerts, P. (2008). Human insula activation reflects risk prediction errors as well as risk. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 27452752.Google Scholar
Quattrocki, E. and Friston, K. (2014). Autism, oxytocin and interoception. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 410430.Google Scholar
Ronchi, R., Bello-Ruiz, J., Lukowska, M., et al. (2015). Right insular damage decreases heartbeat awareness and alters cardio-visual effects on bodily self-consciousness. Neuropsychologia, 70, 1120.Google Scholar
Schandry, R. (1981). Heart beat perception and emotional experience. Psychophysiology, 18, 483488Google Scholar
Schauder, K.B., Mash, L.E., Bryant, L.K., et al. (2015). Interoceptive ability and body awareness in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 131, 193200.Google Scholar
Seth, A.K., Suzuki, K., and Critchley, H.D. (2012). An interoceptive predictive coding model of conscious presence. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 395.Google Scholar
Shah, P., Hall, R., Catmur, C., et al. (2016). Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception. Cortex, 81, 215220.Google Scholar
Simmons, W.K., Avery, J.A., Barcalow, J.C., et al. (2013). Keeping the body in mind: Insula functional organization and functional connectivity integrate interoceptive, exteroceptive, and emotional awareness. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 29442958.Google Scholar
Smith, R. and Lane, R.D. (2015). The neural basis of one’s own conscious and unconscious emotional states. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 57, 129.Google Scholar
Suzuki, K., Garfinkel, S.N., Critchley, H.D., et al. (2013). Multisensory integration across exteroceptive and interoceptive domains modulates self-experience in the rubber-hand illusion. Neuropsychologia, 51, 29092917.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J. (1984). Alexithymia: Concept, measurement, and implications for treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 725732.Google Scholar
Taylor, G.J., Bagby, R.M., and Parker, J.D.A. (2016). What’s in the name “alexithymia”? A commentary on “Affective agnosia: Expansion of the alexithymia construct and a new opportunity to integrate and extend Freud’s legacy.” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 10061020.Google Scholar
Terasawa, Y., Fukushima, H., and Umeda, S. (2013). How does interoceptive awareness interact with the subjective experience of emotion? An fMRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 34, 598612.Google Scholar
Terasawa, Y., Kurosaki, Y., Ibata, Y., et al. (2015). Attenuated sensitivity to the emotions of others by insular lesion. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1314.Google Scholar
Tsakiris, M. (2010). My body in the brain: A neurocognitive model of body-ownership. Neuropsychologia, 48, 703712.Google Scholar
Tsakiris, M. (2017). The multisensory basis of the self: From body to identity to others. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006), 70, 597609.Google Scholar
Tsakiris, M., Hesse, M.D., Boy, C., et al. (2006). Neural signatures of body ownership: A sensory network for bodily self-consciousness. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 22352244.Google Scholar
Tsakiris, M., Jimenez, A.T., and Costantini, M. (2011). Just a heartbeat away from one’s body: Interoceptive sensitivity predicts malleability of body-representations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278, 24702476.Google Scholar
Wiens, S. (2005). Interoception in emotional experience. Current Opinion in Neurology, 18, 442447.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×