Les instruments auxquels un État peut avoir recours pour atténuer les risques que font peser les inégalités économiques sur la démocratie sont nombreux et peuvent prendre différentes formes. Dans cet article, nous cherchons à mettre en lumière la dimension normative des trois principaux instruments auxquels on a généralement recours pour mitiger l'influence de l'argent dans la compétition électorale, ainsi que le contexte dans lequel ils furent institués, remodelés – et parfois démantelés – au Canada. Ces trois mécanismes sont la limitation des dépenses électorales, le plafonnement des contributions privées et le financement public des partis. Il ne s'agit toutefois pas uniquement de décrire ces instruments, mais de réfléchir aux justifications normatives spécifiques à chacun, et d'en comprendre leur complémentarité. Plus largement, il s'agit d'offrir un cadre pour penser les enjeux de financement électoral en philosophie politique, un sujet trop souvent laissé dans l'ombre par la théorie démocratique.

Academics across Canada, an officially bilingual and multicultural country, devote a lot of attention to diversity and representation. This is particularly true for political scientists. In this research note, we focus on the linguistic composition of panels and overall linguistic fragmentation of the most important in-person event for Canadian political science: the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association (CPSA). To do so, we generated a dataset based on the official program of the 2023 annual conference. Our main results are twofold. First, we find an important under-representation of French-speaking events and academic communications (i.e., panels and papers). Second, we computed Herfindahl-Hirschman indexes demonstrating that francophone-dominated panels and co-authored papers with francophone first authors are significantly more linguistically diverse than anglophone panels and papers. Our results highlight important blind spots in Canadian political science and help make sense of the lack of representation of French-language work in Canadian academia.

Previous investigations on protein associations with diet quality and obesity still have inconclusive findings, possibly due to how protein intake was expressed. This study aimed to compare how different ways of expressing total protein intake may influence its relationships with diet quality and obesity. Usual protein intake was estimated from the 2011–12 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 7637 adults, ≥19 years), expressed in grams (g/d), percent energy (%EI), and grams per actual kilogram body weight (g/kgBW/d). Diet quality was assessed using the 2013 Dietary Guidelines Index, and obesity measures included Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Sex-stratified multiple linear and logistic regressions were performed and adjusted for potential confounders. Total protein (g/d) was directly associated with diet quality (males, β = 0.15 (95% CI 0.12, 0.19); females, β = 0.25 (0.22, 0.29)), and this association was consistent across units. Protein intake (g/d) was directly associated with BMI (males, β = 0.07% (0.04%, 0.11%); females, β = 0.09% (0.04%, 0.15%)), and WC (males, β = 0.04 (0.01, 0.06); females, β = 0.05 (0.00, 0.09)). While in males, protein as %EI was associated with higher WC, no association was found in females. Adults with higher protein intake (g/d) had higher odds of overweight/obesity (males, OR = 1.01 (1.00, 1.01); females, OR = 1.01 (1.00, 1.01)), and central overweight/obesity (females, OR = 1.01 (1.00, 1.01)), but no significant association with females odds of overweight/obesity when protein was expressed in %EI. In conclusion, protein intake was positively associated with diet quality and obesity, yet these associations were stronger for women. The effect sizes also varied by measurement unit due to the different scales of those units.

This work presents the integration of an elemental analyzer (EA) and an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) into the 6 MV AMS system at the Institute for Nuclear Physics, University of Cologne. The AMS measurement of δ13C values for IAEA-C6 reference material resulted in –11.39(226)‰, compared to –10.28(32)‰ obtained by IRMS. The EA-IRMS system was also tested with IAEA-C3, IAEA-C5, and IAEA-C7 reference materials, yielding –24.79(9), –25.18(15), and –14.76(18)‰ respectively. Compared to the IAEA information values given as –24.91(49), –25.49(72) and –14.48(21)‰ respectively. To investigate an observed sample mass dependency, environmental samples from Spitzbergen were examined, showing δ13C values of –25.17(55), –25.80(31), and –26.17‰ in Cologne, while Hamburg recorded –24.8(1), –25.5(1), and –26.2(13)‰. In summary, this new setup could enable online analysis and quasi-simultaneous measurements of 14C, δ13C, and δ15N for ultra-small samples, utilizing precise δ13C values from IRMS for fractionation correction of the 14C/14C isotopic ratio.

Dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been implicated in the development of psychosis and subthreshold psychotic symptoms commonly referred to as psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). The exact mechanisms linking the HPA axis responses with the emergence of PLEs remain unknown. The present study aimed to explore real-life associations between stress, negative affect, salivary cortisol levels (a proxy of the HPA axis activity) as well as PLEs together with their underlying cognitive biases (i.e., threat anticipation and aberrant salience). The study was based on the experience sampling method scheduled over 7 consecutive days in the sample of 77 drug-naïve, young adults (18–35 years). The saliva samples were collected with each prompt to measure cortisol levels. A temporal network analysis was used to explore the directed associations of tested variables. Altogether, 3234 data entries were analyzed. Data analysis revealed that salivary cortisol levels did not directly predict next-moment fluctuations of PLEs. However, higher salivary cortisol levels were associated with higher next-moment levels of PLEs through the effects on threat anticipation and negative affect. In turn, PLEs appeared to predict cortisol levels through the effects on negative affect and event-related stress. Negative affect and threat anticipation were the most central nodes in the network. There might be bidirectional associations between the HPA axis responses and PLEs. Threat anticipation and negative affect might be the most important mediators of these associations. Interventions targeting these mediators might hold promise for disrupting the connection between the HPA axis dysregulation and PLEs.

We introduce and study two conditions on groups of homeomorphisms of Cantor space, namely the conditions of being vigorous and of being flawless. These concepts are dynamical in nature, and allow us to study a certain interplay between the dynamics of an action and the algebraic properties of the acting group. A group $G\leq \operatorname {Homeo}(\mathfrak {C})$ is vigorous if for any clopen set A and proper clopen subsets B and C of A, there is $\gamma \in G$ in the pointwise stabiliser of $\mathfrak {C}\backslash A$ with $B\gamma \subseteq C$. A nontrivial group $G\leq \operatorname {Homeo}(\mathfrak {C})$ is flawless if for all k and w a nontrivial freely reduced product expression on k variables (including inverse symbols), a particular subgroup $w(G)_\circ $ of the verbal subgroup $w(G)$ is the whole group. We show: 1) simple vigorous groups are either two-generated by torsion elements, or not finitely generated, 2) flawless groups are both perfect and lawless, 3) vigorous groups are simple if and only if they are flawless, and, 4) the class of vigorous simple subgroups of $\operatorname {Homeo}(\mathfrak {C})$ is fairly broad (the class is closed under various natural constructions and contains many well known groups, such as the commutator subgroups of the Higman–Thompson groups $G_{n,r}$, the Brin-Thompson groups $nV$, Röver’s group $V(\Gamma )$, and others of Nekrashevych’s ‘simple groups of dynamical origin’).

The Social Security Act of 1935 and its 1939 amendments included federal programs for maternal and infant welfare, child welfare services, and Aid to Dependent Children (ADC). Inclusion of these programs is largely owing to women reformers’ long advocacy for public assistance to families in need. The Social Security Act nationalized aspects of the program championed by the Children’s Bureau, itself a product of women’s civic organization and institution building. These advances laid the ground for crucial components of the contemporary American welfare state, which included surveillance and intrusion into the lives of ADC families and the perpetuation of a system of subnational administration that reproduced racial inequality. Yet critics of these female reformers have not fully considered the institutional constraints they faced and the policy transformations they did not control. This article considers the policy achievement of maternalists in terms of its policy failures by considering the bureaucratic struggles of female reformers once they reached access to federal policymaking, culminating in the Committee on Economic Security that led to the Social Security Act. We consider the strategies from a place of both access and marginalization as they jockeyed for bureaucratic territory with others with different claims to expertise.

We perform direct numerical simulations of actively controlled laminar separated wakes around low-aspect-ratio wings with two primary goals: (i) reducing the size of the separation bubble and (ii) attenuating the wing tip vortex. Instead of preventing separation, we modify the three-dimensional (3-D) dynamics to exploit wake vortices for aerodynamic enhancements. A direct wake modification is considered using optimal harmonic forcing modes from triglobal resolvent analysis. For this study, we consider wings at angles of attack of $14^\circ$ and $22^\circ$, taper ratios $0.27$ and $1$, and leading edge sweep angles of $0^\circ$ and $30^\circ$, at a mean-chord-based Reynolds number of $600$. The wakes behind these wings exhibit 3-D reversed-flow bubble and large-scale vortical structures. For tapered swept wings, the diversity of wake vortices increases substantially, posing a challenge for flow control. To achieve the first control objective for an untapered unswept wing, root-based actuation at the shedding frequency is introduced to reduce the reversed-flow bubble size by taking advantage of the wake vortices to significantly enhance the aerodynamic performance of the wing. For both untapered and tapered swept wings, root-based actuation modifies the stalled flow, reduces the reversed-flow region and enhances aerodynamic performance by increasing the root contribution to lift. For the goal of controlling the tip vortex, we demonstrate the effectiveness of actuation with high-frequency perturbations near the tip. This study shows how insights from resolvent analysis for unsteady actuation can enable global modification of 3-D separated wakes and achieve improved aerodynamics of wings.

We discuss the modal, linear stability analysis of generalized Couette–Poiseuille (GCP) flow between two parallel plates moving with relative speed in the presence of an applied pressure gradient vector inclined at an angle $0\leqslant \phi \leqslant 90^\circ$ to the plate relative velocity vector. All possible GCP flows can be described by a global Reynolds number $Re$, $\phi$ and an angle $0\leqslant \theta \leqslant 90^\circ$, where $\cos \theta$ is a measure of the relative weighting of Couette flow to the composite GCP flow. This provides a novel and uncommon group of generally three-dimensional base velocity fields with wall-normal twist, for which Squire's theorem does not generally apply, requiring study of oblique perturbations with wavenumbers $(\alpha,\beta )$. With $(\theta,\phi )$ fixed, the neutral surface $f(\theta,\phi ;Re,\alpha,\beta )=0$ in $(Re, \alpha,\beta )$ space is discussed. A mapping from GCP to plane Couette–Poiseuille flow stability is found that suggests a scaling relation $Re^*\alpha /k = H(\theta ^*)$ that collapses all critical parameters, where ${Re}^*= Re\,({\alpha _1}/{\alpha })\,({\sin \theta }/{\sin {\theta }^*})$ and $\tan \theta ^*=({\alpha _{1}}/\alpha )\tan \theta$, with $\alpha _1=\alpha \cos \phi +\beta \sin \phi$. This analysis does not, however, directly reveal global critical properties for GCP flow. The global $Re_{cr}(\theta,\phi )$ shows continuous variation, while $\alpha _{cr}(\theta,\phi )$ and $\beta _{cr}(\theta,\phi )$ show complex behaviour, including discontinuities owing to jumping of critical states across neighbouring local valleys (in $Re$) or lobes of the neutral surface. The discontinuity behaviour exists for all low $\phi$. For $\phi \gtrsim 21^\circ$, variations of $\alpha _{cr}(\theta )$ and $\beta _{cr}(\theta )$ are generally smooth and monotonic.

Ruminal microbes catabolise feed carbohydrates mainly into SCFA, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2), with predictable relationships between fermentation end products and net microbial increase. We used a closed in vitro batch culture system, incubating grass and maize silages, and measured total gas production at 8 and 24 h, as well as the truly degraded substrate, the net production of SCFA, CH4, and microbial biomass at 24 h, and investigated the impact of silage type and inoculum microbial mass on fermentation direction. Net microbial yield was negatively correlated with total gas at 8 h (P < 0•001), but not at 24 h (P = 0•052), and negatively correlated with CH4 production (P < 0•001). Higher initial inoculum microbial mass was related to a lower net microbial yield (P < 0•001) but a higher CH4 production (P < 0•001). A significant difference between grass silage and maize silage was detected within the context of these relationships (P < 0•050). The metabolic hydrogen (2H) recovery was 102.8 ± 12.3 % for grass silages and 118.8 ± 13.3% for maize silages. Overall, grass silages favoured more substrate conversion to microbial biomass and less to fermentation end products than maize silage. Lower inoculum microbial mass facilitated more microbial growth and, because of the 2H sink by microbial synthesis, decreased CH4 production.

The Pacific bryozoan, Smittoidea prolifica Osburn, 1952, is reported for the first time from the Northwest Atlantic coast. Colonies were discovered during routine benthic sampling of Casco Bay, Maine, encrusting mussel shells and barnacles. Aiming to compare specimens from native and introduced locations, uncertainties about the Pacific range of S. prolifica were resolved by re-examining specimens from Japan, southern Korea, the United States west coast, and Mexico. The occurrence of this species in Japan was confirmed but southern Korea specimens were found to be Smittoidea spinigera (Liu, 1990). Comparisons of biometrics among specimens from widely dispersed locations where S. prolifica is native and introduced showed significant trends in variation with most characters largest for California and smallest for Germany. Zooid width was largest for Maine specimens. Comparisons between oceans showed that Pacific and Atlantic specimens differed significantly in all measures except zooid length and orifice width. Low substrate specificity and broad range of temperatures and salinities in occupied habitats suggests the potential for successful introduction is high. Smittoidea prolifica was most likely introduced through commercial shipping from the North Sea where it is an established non-native species. This was the third non-indigenous species found in Casco Bay discovered within the same timeframe and which shared the same likely region of origin. This spike matched a rise in commercial shipping from the Northeast Atlantic to Portland, Maine, suggesting this seaport is shifting towards becoming a bioinvasion hotspot.

La Cour pénale internationale s’est penchée récemment sur la question nouvelle de la réparation des préjudices transgénérationnels. Dans son analyse, la cour s’appuie sur un type de préjudice qui dépasse la victime immédiate et qui en vise une qui n’a vécu l’événement traumatique original, que par l’entremise d’un transfert générationnel. En ce qui concerne la réparation, il faut établir si ce préjudice est spécifique et autonome justifiant une reconnaissance et, par conséquent, une mesure de réparation. La question de réparer un préjudice transgénérationnel est d’actualité et encore peu étudiée en droit pénal international. Le présent article vise à apporter une contribution dans ce domaine en examinant la façon dont le préjudice transgénérationnel est juridiquement élaboré dans certains exemples s’inscrivant dans un contexte de violations massives et graves des droits humains. Enfin, l’article analyse la jurisprudence de la Cour pénale internationale, mettant en lumière les difficultés et les dilemmes générés par la reconnaissance des préjudices transgénérationnels dans la sphère juridique pénale.

Designing autonomous robotic systems for monitoring tasks in critical security scenarios requires more rigorous verification criteria. The losses associated with unsuccessful practical experiments are immeasurable, ranging from the simple loss of high-value-added equipment to those related to loss of life. This reality justifies the need to adopt an extensive framework of tools for realistic, efficient, and responsive computer simulation. This article proposes a novel integration architecture and combines open-source tools to promote the successful implementation of autonomous robotic systems in monitoring tasks. The proposed solution relies on consolidated tools like Robot Operating System (ROS), Gazebo Simulator, and ArduPilot FCU (Flight Control Unit). It includes full support for implementing XITL techniques (such as Model, Software, and Hardware) – in the Loop. Experimental results demonstrate the proposal’s effectiveness for a new model of autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) in a realistic environment, dedicated to environmental monitoring in challenging natural conditions, commonly found in a stretch of the Madeira River – Brazil, specifically at Santo Antônio hydroelectric plant.