The reader should be officially informed that in this chapter I take leave of the widely accepted consensus about nature–nurture. This is not a textbook, and everything that I have said up to now has been very much my own take on things, but for the most part I have not strayed far from what most scientists would say about the intellectual history of nature and nurture. Not everyone perhaps, but most people agree that Galton was a racist, eugenics a moral and scientific failure, heritability of behavioral differences nearly universal, heritability a less than useful explanatory concept, twin studies an interesting but ultimately limited research paradigm, and linkage and candidate gene analysis of human behavior decisive failures.

Eighteen management and ethics cases with model answers and follow-up questions provide essential practice for the interview. Cases covered are similar to those expected at interview. We go into depth on specific areas of management and ethics as relevant to the interview, including GMC guidance on consent, treatment escalation plans, never events, and assessing capacity. We provide follow-up alternate scenarios for candidates to practice with their colleagues.

Methods for solving the various population balance formulations are presented and explained. The methods are presented progressively based on the kinetic and transport processes involved. In terms of methodology, the solution methods for the kinetic part of the population balance equation (PBE) are classified into several families: analytical/similarity, moment, discretisation and Monte Carlo methods. Methods for solving coupled computational fluid dynamics (CFD) – PBE problems are also presented. For each method, the advantages and disadvantages that determine its suitability for certain classes of problems are discussed.

As the other contributions to this volume demonstrate, the notion of participation has not only enjoyed a long history but has been central to many of the greatest philosophical and spiritual achievements of previous centuries (Sherman 2008; Davison 2019; Annice 1952). Indeed, participation and its various linguistic cognates (μέθεξις, κοινωνία, μίμησις, participatio, etc.) arguably constitute the symbolic and conceptual center of the broadly Platonic tradition that lies behind so much of Western thought and culture. From Plato’s initial exploration of the concept to the great Neoplatonic syntheses, Patristic speculative theologies, the theological metaphysics of Anselm and Aquinas, or Nicholas of Cusa’s theocosmology, alongside so many others, the doctrine of participation has enjoyed a career long and venerable enough to make almost any philosophical concept envious. Accordingly, participation will always be of interest to the history of philosophy and theology, but how does the concept of participation fare in the century nearest our own?

By adding WZ terms to the superstring actions, we find actions with kappa symmetry. Similarly, for super-p-branes, we can describe actions, and find a brane scan, related to the existence of a kappa symmetry. In curved superspace, the supergravity equations of motion in 11 dimensions are obtained from the condition of kappa symmetry. The superembedding formalism starts with the superembedding conditions. For the case of the particle, we describe it and give example. For the superstring, we sketch how it is done.

We have witnessed a growing number of investigations into the acquisition process in a multilingual context, which has become recognized as an independent field, quantitatively and qualitatively different from second language acquisition. Scholars have started to differentiate between learners/speakers on the basis of the complexity of their linguistic background, with the numer of known languages being an additional variable. A growing body of studies into the acquisition of third language phonology demonstrates an inherent complexity of the field reflected, among others, in multidirectional dynamic cross-linguistic influence. As shown, multilingual learners have at their disposal a broadened phonetic repertoire, a raised level of metalinguistic awareness and enhanced perceptual sensitivity, which may facilitate the learning of subsequent phonological systems. Thus, this chapter aims to compare bilingual and trilingual phonetics and phonology by providing an overview of recent research into both subdomains, identifying their common features and, importantly, their points of departure for L3 phonology, with a view to providing new insights into the acquisition of speech.

In this chapter, I explore the imaginaries of prosperity underlying the European Union’s (EU) approach to industrial law and policy. Long considered a taboo in European politics, the EU began to rediscover industrial policy after the 2008 great financial crisis, gradually increasing its ambitions when it came to shaping the relations between the state and the market. Having reviewed an array of EU measures, starting with the 2010 industrial policy and including the more recent burst of legislative proposals (Chips Act, Batteries Act, Critical Minerals Act, and Net Zero Industry Act), this chapter aims to do two things. First, it identifies shifts in the background understanding of political economy, including the role and appropriate objectives of markets, politics, law, and government, that lie behind successive policy interventions. Second, this chapter sketches the contours of the new synthesis of prosperity that emerges from these recent proposals and measures, while at the same time, and in no ambiguous terms, drawing attention to its considerable limitations.

Chapter 4 focuses on the sensuous quintet integral to Guru Nanak’s metaphysical thought and praxis. Materially made up of transcendent fibers, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching, and seeing have the cognitive capacity to take audiences off to limitless territories, or inversely, get them tangled up in messy affairs. They belong to everybody irrespective of race, gender, sexuality, class, politics, or religion, and though they are different modalities, they are a part of the same unitary living body and work together intersensorially and synaesthetically. For Guru Nanak there is no stereotypical hierarchy between “lower” and “higher” senses; the five are equally saturated with ontological, ethical, psychological, and soteriological import and flourish in concert. However, in order to understand their critical role and function, the somatic agents are analyzed separately. Hopefully the positive, progressive Nanakian outlook can cure some of the chronic somatophobic abnormalities prevailing across cultures.

In this frank and powerful memoir, Rebecca writes about her life with a severe mood disorder, which ultimately revealed itself to be bipolar disorder. People may be surprised to read of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and wonder why it wasn’t clear from the start. The answer is that this is quite common. There are often several episodes of depression before a ‘high’, and this can, in any case, be difficult to distinguish from the ‘hyper-wellness’ of the release from depression.

Chapter 6 opens with extensions of martingale theory in two directions: to σ-finite measures and to random variables with values in a Banach space. In §6.2 I prove Burkholder’s Inequality for martingales with values in a Hilbert space. The derivation that I give is essentially the same as Burkholder’s second proof, the one that gives optimal constants. Finally, the results in §6.1 are used in §6.3 to derive Birkhoff’s Individual Ergodic Theorem and a couple of its applications.

Jan Clarke’s chapter examines the period of Molière and his contemporaries from the perspective of theatrical establishments. Focusing on three companies – Molière’s troupe (1658–73), the Hôtel Guénégaud company (1673–80) and the Comédie-Française (from 1680 onwards) – Clarke highlights a number of interrelated factors: the prime importance of a theatre’s location within the capital; financial structures ranging from royal patronage and ticket sales to concessions, for example, for the refreshment booth, as well as theatres’ multiple expenditures, including for rent, heating, transport and above all company members’ pensions. Across the analysis, Clarke illustrates how a theatre not only provided a living for company members and their employees but also contributed to the livelihoods of myriad other associates, from the most skilled to the most humble, the majority of whom remain anonymous, while others have left only fleeting traces in contemporary documents.

This chapter describes the immediate aftermath of the Vietnamese invasion. Apart from the ongoing war in Cambodia, the immediate, violent response to the Vietnamese invasion was the February 1979 Sino-Vietnamese war.

The chapter examines the relationship between the size and diversity of the expellee population and entrepreneurship and occupational change in West Germany. Using statistical data at the municipal and county levels, it documents a reversal of fortune: although expellee presence presented economic challenges in the immediate postwar period, in the long run, it increased entrepreneurship rates, education, and household incomes. The more regionally diverse the expellee population, the better the long-run economic performance in receiving communities.

Chapter 2 develops our theoretical argument of how an “anger rule” has been applied to Black Americans. Throughout American history, we make clear that Black political anger has been depicted as menacing. Special rules, laws, and devices have been instituted to keep what American society considers a dangerous form of emotional expression from being unleashed. Society has neutralized this anger by applying an angry feeling rule to Black Americans. If they break this rule by voicing anger, they will be penalized. This punishment takes different forms throughout American history, such as the brutality inflicted upon enslaved Black Americans, the lynching of Black Americans, the mass incarceration of Black men and women, and denying federal assistance to Black families. In this chapter, we focus on another penalty – electoral defeat. We theorize that whites invested in this anger rule will punish Black politicians for expressing anger. We also contend that Black Americans navigate this anger rule by strategically rallying behind Black politicians who constrain their anger in political spaces dominated by whites. However, in Black spaces, we argue that this anger has a home among Black Americans.

Despite Barth’s opposition to metaphysics, John’s Gospel explicitly begins with the metaphysical statement that ‘the Word became flesh’, which is a foundation for Barth’s theology.

The interpretations of revealed truth have developed as new scientific and moral insights have arisen.

Barth has not given up juridical (penal substitutionary) models of atonement, yet states a very different participative model.

Barth’s short history of Protestantism as a decay into liberal ‘heresy’ can be counteracted by a recognition of a positive growth of human values, scientific knowledge, and critical history In modern theology.

This chapter sets the scene for the remainder of the volume. It establishes the conceptual foundations of English language teaching as a profession and highlights its complexity. Professional teaching needs to be regarded as a multidimensional process that combines issues pertinent to the classroom context and teaching–learning with institutional and general pedagogical factors. The process of becoming a professional teacher therefore implies an ongoing commitment to educational change and growth. By adopting a broader perspective, practitioners will be able to teach in a manner that is beneficial to students and society alike. This chapter also elucidates the fact that professional language teaching entails the use of culturally and socially embedded communication and an ability to connect pedagogy with language learning. To address these issues successfully, teachers need to engage in ongoing processes of reflection and theorisation of their practice. To conclude the chapter, a synopsis of all the chapters in this book is provided, highlighting the key themes that emerge from each.