It is widely believed that exposure to sweetened foods and beverages stimulates the liking and desire for sweetness. Here we provide an updated review of the empirical evidence from human research examining whether exposure to sweet foods or beverages influences subsequent general liking for sweetness (‘sweet tooth’), based on the conclusions of existing systematic reviews and more recent research identified from a structured search of literature. Prior reviews have concluded that the evidence for a relationship between sweet taste exposure and measures of sweet taste liking is equivocal, and more recent primary research generally does not support the view that exposure drives increased liking for sweetness, in adults or children. In intervention trials using a range of designs, acute exposure to sweetness usually has the opposite effect (reducing subsequent liking and desire for sweet taste), while sustained exposures have no significant effects or inconsistent effects. Recent longitudinal observational studies in infants and children also report no significant associations between exposures to sweet foods and beverages with measures of sweet taste preferences. Overall, while it is widely assumed that exposure to sweetness stimulates a greater liking and desire for sweetness, this is not borne out by the balance of empirical evidence. While new research may provide a more robust evidence base, there are also a number of methodological, biological and behavioural considerations that may underpin the apparent absence of a positive relationship between sweetness exposure and liking.

People's Solidarity (Volkssolidarität) is an East German organization founded in Dresden, Saxony, in 1945. It is primarily known for its activities dedicated to the care of older people. However, in the early 1950s, members of People's Solidarity were also involved in international solidarity campaigns for Greece, North Korea, and Vietnam. This article examines this little-known chapter of the organization's past. It reveals an unusual willingness among older East Germans both to donate money for the benefit of people in distant countries, and to relate to their suffering regardless of the (post-war) hardships faced at home. As the example of People's Solidarity shows, internationalism to some extent informed the roots of everyday, voluntary care practices under socialist rule in East Germany.

The article explores the scenographic rendering of trauma in the theatre performance 872 days. Voices of the besieged city staged by a small theatre, Subbota, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The performance delves into the complex issues of private narratives of traumatic experiences, which, for decades, were deemed unimportant and even disruptive within the context of victory and glory of The Great Patriotic War. The production is based on memoirs and diaries of witnesses of the Leningrad siege. This study explores the connection between the scenographic ecology and empathic unsettlement, which is understood as a tool of approaching trauma through the experience of the audience. The article analyses how the scenographic rendering of trauma allows for potential representation and understanding of traumatic experience. It further looks at a theatre space as a place for mourning and reflexivity that allows the possibility of working through past trauma to better understand the present.

Recently, stochastic motion of 3.5-MeV alpha particles with orbits that vary between locally trapped and locally passing states (transitioning particles) in a Helias reactor was observed numerically. This validated the theoretical predictions that (i) the stochastic diffusion represents a mechanism of considerable delayed loss of fast ions in quasi-isodynamic stellarators and (ii) it is possible to prevent the escape of particles to the wall by closing the separatrix between the locally trapped and passing states. It was concluded that, in principle, the separatrix could be made closed, resulting in a reduction of fast ion losses, by compensating for the effect of the helical component of the magnetic field $(1, 1)$ with an enhanced ‘anti-helical’ harmonic $(1, -1)$; the enlargement of this harmonic was proposed previously for other reasons. This possibility is explored in this work. Equations of previous relevant works were generalised to include the $(1, -1)$ harmonic. Calculations were carried out for several magnitudes of the ratio of anti-helical to helical magnetic field harmonics. Positive effects were found already at the smallest anti-helical harmonic considered: when the latter ratio is 0.25, transitioning particles with the smallest and intermediate pitch parameters are confined and, moreover, their fraction decreased. When the ratio is 0.85, almost all transitioning particles are confined and their fraction is minimal; well-confined localised orbits dominate at the smallest pitch parameters.

The asymptotic behavior of the Jaccard index in G(n, p), the classical Erdös–Rényi random graph model, is studied as n goes to infinity. We first derive the asymptotic distribution of the Jaccard index of any pair of distinct vertices, as well as the first two moments of this index. Then the average of the Jaccard indices over all vertex pairs in G(n, p) is shown to be asymptotically normal under an additional mild condition that $np\to\infty$ and $n^2(1-p)\to\infty$.

We investigate an inverse boundary value problem of determination of a nonlinear law for reaction-diffusion processes, which are modeled by general form semilinear parabolic equations. We do not assume that any solutions to these equations are known a priori, in which case the problem has a well-known gauge symmetry. We determine, under additional assumptions, the semilinear term up to this symmetry in a time-dependent anisotropic case modeled on Riemannian manifolds, and for partial data measurements on ${\mathbb R}^n$.

Moreover, we present cases where it is possible to exploit the nonlinear interaction to break the gauge symmetry. This leads to full determination results of the nonlinear term. As an application, we show that it is possible to give a full resolution to classes of inverse source problems of determining a source term and nonlinear terms simultaneously. This is in strict contrast to inverse source problems for corresponding linear equations, which always have the gauge symmetry. We also consider a Carleman estimate with boundary terms based on intrinsic properties of parabolic equations.

We calculate the mean throughput, number of collisions, successes, and idle slots for random tree algorithms with successive interference cancellation. Except for the case of the throughput for the binary tree, all the results are new. We furthermore disprove the claim that only the binary tree maximizes throughput. Our method works with many observables and can be used as a blueprint for further analysis.

Foodborne infections with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter spp. remain an important public health concern. Publicly available data collected by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric Bacteria related to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chickens and turkeys at the slaughterhouse level across the United States between 2013 and 2021 were analysed. A total of 1,899 chicken-origin (1,031 Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and 868 Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)) and 798 turkey-origin (673 C. coli and 123 C. jejuni) isolates were assessed. Chicken isolates exhibited high resistance to tetracycline (43.65%), moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (19.5%), and low resistance to clindamycin (4.32%) and azithromycin (3.84%). Turkey isolates exhibited very high resistance to tetracycline (69%) and high resistance to ciprofloxacin (39%). The probability of resistance to all tested antimicrobials, except for tetracycline, significantly decreased during the latter part of the study period. Turkey-origin Campylobacter isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials than isolates from chickens. Compared to C. jejuni isolates, C. coli isolates had higher odds of resistance to all antimicrobials, except for ciprofloxacin. The study findings emphasize the need for poultry-type-specific strategies to address differences in AMR among Campylobacter isolates.

If the owl of Minerva flies only at dusk, what are we to make of the recent flurry of popular histories about foreign correspondents? In 2021, with You Don't Belong Here, Elizabeth Becker told us “How Three Women Rewrote the Story of War” in Vietnam, and Judith Mackrell gave us the stories of “Six Women Writers on the Front Lines of World War II” in The Correspondents.1 The year before, Nancy Cott, the pioneering scholar of U.S. gender history, explored the intertwined biographies of interwar journalists Dorothy Thompson, Vincent Sheean, Rayna Raphaelson, and John Gunther in Fighting Words.2 And then, in 2022, Deborah Cohen, an acclaimed historian of British and European cultural politics, subbed the relatively obscure Raphaelson out of Cott's quartet and added in H. R. Knickerbocker, the Pulitzer Prize–winning European correspondent in Last Call at the Hotel Imperial.3 (Cohen also elevates the role of Frances Gunther, John's wife, who suffered from crippling writer's block but was perhaps the most interesting thinker of the bunch.) When two leading, accomplished historians at the height of their games write essentially the same book, you know that something is in the air. So what era's eclipse are these works marking?

This dossier explores the ways in which theatre and performance practitioners across the globe have addressed the deeply gendered modes of differential access to public spaces, institutional support, and resources through their creative as well as activist work, during the pandemic and its aftermath. In the last three years, the pandemic has transformed experiences of urban space globally. Access to public space has always been gendered as well as shaped by geographical location, race, caste, class and sexual identity. These traditional modes of differential access have been radically reorganized by the isolation and uncertainty engendered by the global pandemic. While ‘working from home’ was certainly not an option for everyone (most notably, care-workers in an overwhelmingly feminized profession), confinement to domestic space also meant escalating incidents of gendered violence for others. Additionally, the lack of sustainable income opportunities meant, as contributions to this dossier will demonstrate, the stripping away of roofs from over the heads of vulnerable citizens, whether impoverished artistes in want of state support or migrant workers on an uncertain daily wage. Staying at home was no longer an option, because ‘home’ often ceased to exist as a viable shelter, whether literally or by implication. For performers and theatre-workers all over the world, it was a time of intensified precarity: not only a loss of employment and income, but also a growing sense of artistic and professional purposelessness. While some were able to reorient this bewilderment through virtual and digital performances, for many grassroots performers, especially in the global South, access to these modes of public engagement were limited. In countries like India, street theatre activists felt unable and unwilling to switch to the digital space, while the prohibition on public assembly struck an irrevocable blow to women's protest movements.

Enricofrancoite (IMA2023–002), ideally KNaCaSi4O10, is a new litidionite-group member found as the product of high-temperature alteration of hosting silicates with the enrichment by Cu-bearing fluids at the rock–fumaroles interface related to the 1872 eruption of Somma–Vesuvius volcano, southern Italy. It occurs as euhedral and platy crystals or crusts together with litidionite, tridymite, wollastonite and Al- and Fe-bearing diopside, kamenevite, perovskite, rutile, Ti-rich magnetite and colourless Si-glass. Single crystals of enricofrancoite are transparent colourless or light blue with a vitreous lustre. Mohs hardness is 5.5. Dmeas is 2.63(3) g/cm3 and Dcalc is 2.63 g/cm3. The mineral is optically biaxial (−), α = 1.542(5), β = 1.567(5),γ = 1.575(5); 2V(meas) = 60(2)° and 2Vcalc = 58°. The mean chemical composition (wt.%, electron-microprobe data) is: SiO2 64.81, Al2O3 0.03, TiO2 0.08, FeO 0.07, MgO 1.71, CaO 10.64, CuO 2.22, Na2O 8.56, K2O 11.41, total 99.94. The empirical formula based on 10 O apfu is: K0.90Na1.03(Ca0.71Mg0.16Cu0.10)Σ0.97Si4.02O10. The Raman spectrum contains bands at 133, 248, 265, 290, 335, 400, 438, 510, 600, 690 and 1120 cm–1 and the wavenumbers of the IR absorption bands are: 424, 470, 492, 530, 600, 630, 690, 750, 788, 970, 1040 and 1160 cm–1. The eight strongest lines of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern are [d, Å (I, %) hkl]: 6.75 (42) 01$\bar{1}$, 3.65 (20) 11$\bar{2}$, 3.370 (100) 02$\bar{2}$, 3.210 (52) 102, 3.051 (18) 111, 3.033 (25) 2$\bar{1}\bar{2}$, 2.834 (22) 02$\bar{3}$ and 2.411 (72) 03$\bar{2}$. Enricofrancoite is triclinic, space group P$\bar{1}$, unit-cell parameters refined from the single-crystal data are a = 7.0155(4) Å, b = 8.0721(4) Å, c = 10.0275(4) Å, α = 104.420(4)°, β = 99.764(4)°, γ = 115.126(5)° and V = 472.74(5) Å3. The crystal structure has been refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to R1 = 0.035 on the basis of 2078 independent reflections with Fo > 4σ(Fo). Enricofrancoite is an H2O-free analogue of calcinaksite with 5-coordinated Ca2+ at the M site.

The objective of this research was to study the cellulose addition effect on the geopolymerization of heated clay. The clay, composed of illite, plagioclase and kaolinite, was heated at 700°C for 2 h and mixed with cellulose (up to 10 mass%). The mixtures were NaOH-activated, and shaped samples were aged at 83°C for 30 days. The cured samples were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The influence of the cellulose addition on the mechanical/physical properties was also evaluated. The results showed that zeolite ZK-14, hydrosodalite, sodium carbonate and a geopolymer composed of poly(sialate) units were formed in all cured samples. The relative amounts of zeolite and metakaolin evolved antagonistically, whereas that of illite slightly decreased with increasing cellulose content. Metakaolin and illite were involved in the geopolymerization process. Cellulose addition led to the improvement of the flexural strength of the samples and to porosity reduction. By contrast, water absorption was increased. The positive effect of cellulose on sample performance is explained on the basis of hydrogen bonding between the functional moieties of cellulose and the active sites of sample constituents, namely zeolites, metakaolin, illite and the geopolymer. As a filler, zeolite probably contributed to sample strengthening, and the detrimental impact of Na-carbonate was insignificant. Based on the results obtained, the composites could be used as binders for brick manufacturing or as lightweight mortars.

An attendant exerts all his strength to squeeze in as many passengers as possible into a car at the 28th Street Station in New York. The most prominent passenger feature is the contorting face of a Black man. He is surrounded by white riders, one of whom is trying his best to read the newspaper, a little girl, who stands with her legs akimbo, and a white woman, obscured by the window. The hectic scene muddles the identity of body parts, more akin to a game of Twister than a fantasy of public mobility across an urban landscape. Reduced to limbs and faces, the diverse passengers portrayed in Bernard Brussel-Smith's 1940 lithograph demonstrate its title: Subway Crush.1