Authigenic chlorites and illites coexisting in clastic reservoir sandstones have been studied by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). All 16 samples studied are drill or sidewall cores from sandstones of relatively uniform age situated offshore Norway with burial depths ranging between 2400 m and 5000 m and representing temperatures between 90°C and 180°C. Chlorites and illites with authigenic equilibrium type texture and morphology were analyzed by EDS. Tetrahedral Al and octahedral Fe+Mg in chlorite increases with burial at the expense of Si and vacant octahedral positions in the chlorite structure. Illites show a clear increase in K. These factors indicate that a continuous chemical modification of these minerals takes place in the diagenetic interval studied through continuous dissolution and precipitation reactions.

Laboratory-hydrolyzed and commercial OH-Al solutions were characterized using kinetics of Al-ferron color development, kinetics of structural OH neutralization with H+, 27Al NMR spectroscopy, and sulfate precipitation. The results showed that the Al13 complexes having the Keggin structure were dominant only in fresh, laboratory-hydrolyzed OH-Al solutions of OH/Al molar ratio = 1.8 and above. These species gradually converted to other polynuclear forms that reacted with ferron slowly, were not detectable by 27Al NMR spectroscopy, and yielded different basic Al sulfates following Na2SO4 addition. These more stable complexes can best be interpreted to have a Al(OH)3-fragment structure. In the three commercial aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) solutions studied, Al13 complexes accounted for a small portion of the total Al present. More than 80% of the Al was present as species that were not detectable with NMR spectroscopy and resembled the slow-reacting complexes in aged, laboratory-hydrolyzed OH-Al solutions. Small portions of the slow-reacting complexes appeared to be submicron particulates that acted as nuclei for gibbsite formation or aggregates of Al13 complexes that dispersed to Al13 upon dilution. Polyaluminum chloride (PA) solution resembled the moderately aged laboratory-hydrolyzed OH-Al solutions.

The chemical composition of hydrothermal chlorite was determined by means of more than 200 electron microprobe analyses (EMPA) in almost all of the 70 chlorite-bearing samples taken from 5 boreholes in a study of the active geothermal system of Los Humeros, Mexico. Bulk rock composition of 6 different volcanic lithologies, as well as available in situ temperatures and chemical compositions of chlorite, were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) in order to test the dependence of chlorite composition on physicochemical parameters. The results show that chlorite minerals display a wide range of chemical compositions in this hydrothermal system that reflect the particular conditions of crystallization episodes: The Na + K + 2Ca values are low (from 0 to 0.6) and they show no correlation patterns with octahedral vacancies (¤) in chlorite, indicating that compositional variations are not due to the intergrowth of smectite and/or illite. The octahedral occupancy of most chlorite is relatively high (from 11.3 to 11.95), especially that from a high-temperature range, as is the case of metamorphic chlorite. The octahedral occupancy seems not to be related to other chemical variables of chlorite from the G3, G4 and G5 lithologic units, suggesting that the lack of complete occupancy is not dependent on “contamination” by other silicates (such as quartz). Cationic substitution in tetrahedral sites in chlorite is small and via a Tschermak exchange (MgVISiIV ↔ AlVIAlIV). To preserve a charge balance in the structure, an octahedral substitution of R2+ by Al3+ accompanies the Tschermak exchange. The chemical composition of hydrothermal chlorite is very similar to that of metamorphic chlorite but slightly different from equivalent phases found in diagenetic environments. In hydrothermal chlorite the SiVI, AlVI and ¤ decrease, whereas the AlIV and Fe2+ contents increase with the degree of alteration and depth, the same way as in chlorite formed in diagenetic high-temperature environments. The ferrous iron content, in general, increases with depth and temperature; however, whole-rock chemistry affects the iron distribution in chlorite of Los Humeros. Changes in the oxygen fugacity of fluids at depth also affect the iron distribution in chlorite, XFe = Fe/(Fe + Mg), which ranges from 0.30 to 0.38 in oxidizing conditions and from 0.39 to 0.60 in reducing conditions. Finally, the chemical composition of chlorite in Los Humeros appears to change with temperature, but the correlations of ¤ and AlIV with temperature are more variable than in another nearby active geothermal system located in Los Azufres, Mexico. This implies that geothermometers based on chlorite composition and empirically calibrated in some geothermal systems cannot be generalized and it is necessary to consider other physicochemical variables.

The twentieth century in Africa, more than elsewhere in the world, has been an era of startling and unprecedented changes. These changes have been most dramatic with respect to the sociopolitical organization of the continent. While at the beginning of the century, most of Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, had hardly emerged from prefeudal or feudal social formations, the advent of European colonialists, whose avarice for conquest and colonial territories was fueled by the blossoming technological capabilities of the Industrial Revolution and the expansionist market demand of a new and burgeoning capitalist economy in Europe, transformed the face of Africa forever.

To obtain Cu-kaolinites with a controlled range of chemical compositions, syntheses were performed by hydrothermally ageing gels with kaolinite stoichiometric compositions. Gels were prepared with sodium metasilicate and nitrates of octahedral cations. Temperature of synthesis was 250°C with a corresponding equilibrium water pressure of 38 bars.

Three samples with copper contents ranging from 0.1 to 7% and another one with the chemical composition of the Cu end-member were synthesized. While this fourth sample led to tenorite after the hydrothermal treatment, the three others crystallized well into kaolinite.

Up to almost 1% CuO was measured by TEM in some isolated ‘clean’ and hexagonal kaolinite particles. EPR and XPS spectroscopies were consistent with an octahedral position of Cu2+. In IR spectra, vAl-OH-Cu absorption bands were not observed, but vAl2OH bands appeared more and more blurred when Cu content of samples increased. Weak bands situated at 868 cm−1 and 840 cm−1 are tentatively attributed to δAlCuOH. By differential thermal analysis, a downward shift of 20°C in temperature of the endothermic peak from the less Cu-rich sample to the most Cu-rich one, argued for the existence of some Al-OH-Cu bonds, whose binding energies are presumed to be less than the Al-OH-Al ones.

In view of these results, Cu2+ appears incorporated in the octahedral sheet of kaolinite. Moreover, this incorporation is made without major perturbation of the kaolinite structure.

Silanol groups in protonated magadiite (H-magadiite) were characterized by 1H and 2H solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). H-magadiite and deuterated (D) magadiite were synthesized by the treatment of Na-rich magadiite with 0.2 N HC1 and 0.2 N DC1, respectively. In the 1H NMR spectrum measured at room temperature, silanol groups of H-magadiite showed two signals at 3.75 and 5.70 ppm, indicating that two types of silanol groups were present. The ratio of silanol groups associated with strong hydrogen bonding (5.70 ppm) to those with weaker hydrogen bonding (3.75 ppm) was 2 to 1. The 2H NMR spectra of deuterated magadiite were measured in the temperature range from 150 to 440 K. In the spectra measured at temperatures below 294 K, silanol groups showed Pake doublet patterns. These patterns were composed of two components corresponding to the two types of silanol groups shown in the 1H NMR analysis. Both silanol groups produced wobbling motions with increasing temperature. Above 294 K, the profile of the Pake doublet pattern was transformed gradually to a near triangular pattern, indicating that the silanol groups underwent other motions also, such as a two-site jump.

When I was preparing a paper about the problem Greek studies have with globalization of culture on the threshold of the twenty-first century, I was asked who the Greek man was, considered as a separate entity, and how future decades would see him. The question had all the appearance of a trap. The very idea of ‘the Greek man’ is disturbing, even though it is so commonplace that it is hard to trace it back to its origins. Of course it contains a well-established but ill-defined consensus around the Greeks as the first free, rational human beings to found a free polity, who furthermore presided over the creation of a literature without equal in Antiquity and an exceptional and innovative body of art. A more precise answer could also echo the prestigious and much discussed title of Werner Jaeger's indispensable and troubling volume: Paideia. Die Formung des griechischen Menschen (1934), and even become, rather insidiously because of its date and the last few words of the sub-title, a parasitic echo of the period when a mythical discourse evoked Aryans and non-Aryans. But we must take care not to place the thesis of Werner Jaeger, to whom I will return, in that company, since the title is less a reflection of a suspect mode of thought than a simple coincidence of choice of language. And the reason it turns up here is that Jaeger and Dodds, whom we shall meet later, are the two opposite poles of this paper, standing in Greek studies on either side of the bloodstained struggle that transformed Europe and the West's relationship with the rest of the world for ever.

The links which connect the nature of the medium to the methods of access and to the objects of knowledge, relationships between form and content, are a broad continuum whose interlinked facts require a transdisciplinary study.

Nowadays, attempts to discern these links seem to concern two central groups of correlations, which have been analysed from the perspective of different disciplines.

In the foreground of correlations we find the relationship between the material characteristics of the mediums and the methods of access to their contents; in this field of cultural technologies, the history of verbal language is punctuated first by the ‘invention’ of writing and its different systems, then by a series of transformations of manuscripts and the printed word, and finally by electronic communication. In the study of this first relationship, the history, psychology and physiology of reading establish a relationship between several parameters: on the one hand, the system of signs and spaces in the organization of the written code, and on the other hand, the methods of appropriation of this code by the reader (both reading aloud and silent reading), linear progression or freedom of selection of the contents, degree of speed, amount of information” habits of memorization, etc.

Dante Cicchetti’s remarkable contributions to the field of developmental psychopathology include the advancement of key principles such as the interplay of typical and atypical development, multifinality and equifinality, the dynamic processes of resilience, and the integration of multiple levels of analysis into developmental theories. In this paper we assert that person-centered data analytic methods are particularly well-suited to advancing these tenets of developmental psychopathology. We illustrate their utility with a brief novel empirical study focused on underlying patterns of childhood neuroendocrine regulation and prospective links with emerging adult functioning. Results indicate that a childhood neuroendocrine profile marked by high diurnal cortisol paired with low diurnal DHEA was uniquely associated with more adaptive functioning in emerging adulthood. We discuss these findings, and person-centered methods more broadly, within the future of developmental psychopathology.

Pedro Alvares Cabral's ships left Portugal on 9 March 1500 en route for the territory that he first named Terra de Vera Cruz and that later came to be known as Brazil. On the 22 March they called at the island of São Nicolau [Caminha, 1500], one of the northernmost islands of the Cape Verde group; this was about forty years after the discovery of the archipelago in 1460-62 [Albuquerque, 1991]. It is known that Vasco da Gama had stopped at the island of Santiago in 1498 on his voyage to India, and also in 1499 on the return journey. Straight after the discovery of Brazil Cabral sailed for India and on the way back also dropped anchor at Santiago. Indeed, our archipelago, which is situated off Cape Verde in Senegal (the place from which it appears to take its name), was to become an important stopover point for maritime traffic between Europe, Asia and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, both to allow crews to rest and to take on water, wood and some food supplies. It also became important as a holding point for slaves (a large number of whom came from around thirty Guinean ethnic groups and subgroups). They were dispatched from Santiago, known then as Cape Verde island, to territories such as Brazil from the early sixteenth century onwards, since these territories, which had only recently been discovered and were little known, needed people to work and populate them.

Sozaboy's language is what I call "rotten English," a mixture of Nigerian pidgin English, broken English and occasional flashes of good, even idiomatic English. This language is disordered and disorderly. Born of a mediocre education and severely limited opportunities, it borrows words, patterns and images freely from the mother-tongue and finds expressions in a very limited English vocabulary. To its speakers, it has the advantage of having no rules and no syntax. It thrives on lawlessness, and is part of the dislocated and discordant society in which Sozaboy must live, move and have not his being. (K. S.-W.)

The mode of growth of authigenic, lath-shaped illitic particles has been investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Two types of clay lath have been identified: overgrowths on platelets of illite or illite-smectite and discrete particles. Both are neoformed and show a slight increase in abundance with depth over the 70 m depth interval sampled. Interpretation of lattice fringe data is not unambiguous but indicates that the clay is either illite or illite-smectite with R1 structure. The formation of discrete particles of authigenic illite, or even R1 illite-smectite, is compatible with present burial depths and a regional geothermal gradient of approximately 40°C/km. This illite also differs from many previous reported occurrences of authigenic illite in mudrocks in that it appears to have formed, without being preceded by progressive illitization of illite-smectite.

How define tolerance? Tolerance consists in abstaining from intervening in the actions and opinions of other persons when these opinions or actions appear disagreeable, frankly unpleasant or morally reprehensible to us. But each will feel that there exists a real difference between that which is disagreeable or unpleasant and that which is morally repugnant. To respect this intuition, I would propose to distinguish between a narrow sense of tolerance - I tolerate that which appears displeasing or disagreeable to me, but I do not tolerate that which I judge to be morally wrong - and a broad sense in which I tolerate even that which I disapprove of morally. If we adopt the narrow sense, we have at our disposal a first answer to the question of knowing how far to tolerate: I tolerate that which relates to displeasure or to annoyance, but not that which I believe to be wrong.

Additional well-crystallized kaolin from Washington County, Georgia, has been supplied to the Clay Minerals Society Source Clay Repository to replace the exhausted supply of KGa-1. This kaolin is called KGa-1B and is from a geographic location and stratigraphic position close to where KGa-1 was collected. Slight mineralogical and chemical differences are observed between KGa-1 and KGa-1B. KGa-1B crude appears slightly better crystalline than KGa-1, and it has a slightly higher titania content than KGa-1. The Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, alkali, and alkaline earth contents appear similar for both samples. KGa-1 has a slightly coarser particle size than KGa-1B crude. More intensive post-depositional alteration may have cleansed and crystallized the KGa-1B material to a slightly greater degree than the KGa-1 material.

Self-diffusion coefficients of H2O molecules in Na-rich hectorite gel were measured by 'H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Spin-echo pulse sequences with magnetic field gradient pulses for the translational diffusion measurement were applied to the hectorite gel at the Larmor frequency of 20 MHz. Effects of clay fraction (0-51.2 wt. %) and temperature (20.0-60.3°C) were studied. The results show: (1) Phenomenologically, the self-diffusion coefficient, D, of 1H2O in the clay gel is expressed by the normalized diffusivity, D/D0 = exp(−0.0257w), where D0 is the water self-diffusivity in bulk water at temperature and w is the weight fraction of the hectorite (wt. %). (2) The activation energy of H2O diffusivity in the hectorite gel is nearly equal to that in bulk water. Hence, the normalized diffusivity, D/D0, obeys a temperature-independent curve. (3) The exponential dependence of D/D0 on w for w <30 wt. % is explained by a random-walk model, in which free or unbound H2O molecules migrate in the geometrically complex and tortuous pore structure of randomly scattered clay-mineral grains.

Weathering of spodumene in a lateritized pegmatite in Western Australia was studied by investigating in situ samples by electron-beam techniques. The spodumene had mostly altered to smectite. However, some non-crystalline material adjacent to smectite and intermixed with smectite was also observed. No crystallographic orientation between spodumene and smectite was observed by high resolution techniques. The spodumene dissolved to produce etch pits similar to those observed on hornblende grains. The etch pits were almost completely filled with smectite. Most of the Li in the spodumene was lost during its weathering to smectite.

The Chinese are probably the most particular people in the world when it comes to their names. As the Chinese proverb says, “worse than being born under a bad star is to receive a bad name.” For this reason it is difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate the role of name signs in China without a certain knowledge of the Chinese tradition regarding the attribution of names. A legal Chinese name is made up of a family name, monosyllabic with some exceptions, followed by a monosyllabic or disyllabic first name. Theoretically, the 50,000 characters that make up the Chinese lexicon are potential choices for the composition of a first name. Due to the great number of homophones included in the Chinese language, it is difficult to identify the graphic form of a Chinese name by its pronunciation alone. Hence the custom of specifying the characters by writing them in the air or by indicating their signification, or even by simply presenting a calling card.

Does Seoul, a city of eight million inhabitants, one of the planet's ten megalopolises, still have shamans? Can there be a place for shamanism in a country like South Korea, which is striving to be modern? Can shamanism survive at all in a country where the successes of Christianity have been celebrated by Westerners? Can it adapt itself to religious pluralism? What is shamanism's role in the urban setting? How does the fast pace of urban life affect its rituals? How is shamanism presented in the mass media? Is it beginning to emerge from the centuries-long ostracism imposed on it by official ideologies?

These questions will be explored in this article on the basis of data gathered on-site in the city of Seoul between the years 1982 and 1991. We will attempt not only to highlight several important facts but to grasp the overall process of transformation that the city is imposing on shamans and shamanism.

A synthetic octahedral-site-vacancy-free annite sample and its progressive oxidation, induced by heating in air, were studied by powder X-ray diffraction (pXRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and size-fraction separation methods. For a set heating time and as temperature is increased, the sample first evolves along an annite-oxyannite join, until all H is lost via the oxybiotite reaction (Fe2+ + OH− ⇌ Fe3+ + O2− + H↑). It then evolves along an oxyannite-ferrioxyannite join, where ideal ferrioxyannite, KFe3+8/3□1/3AlSi3O12, is defined as the product resulting from complete oxidation of ideal oxyannite, KFe3+2Fe2+AlSi3O12, via the vacancy mechanism (3 Fe2+ ⇌ 2 Fe3+ + [6]□ + Fe↑). A pillaring collapse transition is observed as a collapse of c near the point where ${\text{Fe}}^{2+}\text{/Fe}=\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.$ and all OH groups are predicted and observed to be lost. Quantitative analyses of H, using NRA, GC, and Raman spectroscopy, corroborate this interpretation and, in combination with accurate ferric/ferrous ratios from Mössbauer spectroscopy and lattice parameter determinations, allow a clear distinction to be made between vacancy-free and vacancy-bearing annite. The amount of Fe in ancillary Fe oxide phases produced by the vacancy mechanism is measured by Mössbauer spectroscopy to be 11.3(5)% of total Fe, in agreement with both the theoretical prediction of 1/9 = 11.1% and the observed TGA weight gain. The initiation of Fe oxide formation near the point of completion of the oxybiotite reaction (${\text{Fe}}^{2+}\text{/Fe}=\raisebox{1ex}{$1$}\!\left/ \!\raisebox{-1ex}{$3$}\right.$) is corroborated by pXRD, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and appearance of an Fe oxide hyperfine field sextet in the Mössbauer spectra. The region of Fe oxide formation is shown to coincide with a region of octahedral site vacancy formation, using a new Mössbauer spectral signature of vacancies that consists of a component at 2.2 mm/s in the [6]Fe3+ quadrupole splitting distribution (QSD). The crystal chemical behaviors of annite-oxyannite and of oxyannite-ferrioxyannite are best contrasted and compared to the behaviors of other layer-silicate series in terms of b vs. [D] (average octahedral cation to O bond length). This also leads to a diagnostic test for the presence of octahedral site vacancies in hydrothermally synthesized annite, based on a graph of b vs. Fe2+/Fe. The implications of the observed sequence of thermal oxidation reactions for the thermodynamic relevance of the oxybiotite and vacancy reactions in hydrothermal syntheses are examined and it is concluded that the oxybiotite reaction is the relevant reaction in the single-phase stability field of annite, at high hydrogen fugacity and using ideal starting cation stoichiometry. The vacancy reaction is only relevant in a multi-phase field, at lower hydrogen fugacity, that includes an Fe oxide equilibrium phase (magnetite) that can effectively compete for Fe, or when using non-ideal starting cation stoichiometries.

Clay mineralogy and whole-rock chemistry of the borate-bearing layers of the Hisarcik and Esbey mines were examined. The Hisarcik clays occur as laminated or unlaminated clay layers with sharp contacts. Unlaminated layers contain quartz derived from metamorphic rocks and carbonate fragments in a clay matrix, and are interpreted as reworked tuffs deposited in playa-lake environments. An important feature is that the unlaminated clays contain little MgO (3–15 wt. %) as compared with the laminated clays (15–30 wt. %). As previous studies have shown, the clay fraction of the studied profile contains predominantly Li-bearing saponite, and accounts for 60–90 wt. % of the clay fraction (<2 μm). Illite in the clay fraction varies from 0 to 67 wt. % and the average illite percentage never exceeds 40 wt. %. Chlorite is scarce (2–5 wt. %). Illite-smectite interstratified clays (illite at 70%, smectite at 30%) were only found in low concentrations in the laminated clay layers of the upper limestone unit (above the borate zone), where illite-2M of detrital origin is also present. The Esbey clays occur interstratified with colemanite layers and envelope colemanite nodules. Calcite is the major mineral of the clays whereas quartz, plagioclase, feldspar, colemanite, and cahnite are minor components. The MgO contents vary between 4.70–13.95 wt. % in the clays interstratified with colemanite layers, between 7.24–11.89 wt. % in the enveloping clays, and between 10.27–21.25 wt. % in clays located above the colemanite zone. The composition of the clay fraction (<2 μm) in all samples is similar. Smectite represents between 40–90 wt. % of the clay fraction in the upper portion of the stratigraphic profile and decreases towards the lower part of the stratigraphic profile. Smectite always occurs with illite which may vary from 20 to 90 wt. % of the clay fraction, and a small amount of kaolinite and chlorite. Illite-2M polytype is abundant. The d(060)-reflection position suggests that the smectite minerals from the Hisarcik and Esbey colemanite mines contain both dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites to form a transitional zone. These smectites are a product of a magnesium-rich alkaline playa-lake environment.