The story told in this chapter is that of two major waves in liberalization and globalization, occurring in the second halves of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Iberian economies participated in both waves, but in a way different from the core European economies. During the first globalization boom, despite the smaller domestic market, Portugal was more protectionist than Spain, what probably discouraged export competitiveness in international markets, and promoted a bigger dynamism in pushing more labour and pulling more capital lending from abroad. During the second globalization, Portugal was slightly more trade-friendly and international labour integrated than its Iberian neighbour, as expected for an economy with a small domestic market, and a robust global migration network. Finally, after fast industrialization and welfare convergence process to the more prosperous Europe, both Iberian countries have recently enjoyed, within the scope of European Institutions, more balanced growth and active participation in the international economy, at least until the financial crisis of 2008.

This chapter addresses the study of the technology in use in the Iberian Peninsula during the five final centuries of the Middle Ages, with special emphasis on the Christian kingdoms but not forgetting al-Andalus. First, agricultural techniques are considered, especially concerning irrigation agriculture. This is followed by the examination of other production sectors, including the sources of energy and the most significant technological innovations, as well as their routes of dissemination and social transference. The chapter ends with the exploration of both fluvial and maritime navigation techniques used in freight transport and the conclusions, which summarize some of the most relevant technological features of this period.

Chapter four examines the Muses, the sole female divinities who are regularly depicted as musicians in the surviving visual material. The ambiguity inherent to their representation, where it is never clear whether they are goddesses or human women, allows for their bodies to become visual forms capable of taking on multiple identities. Laferrière considers the images within their original contexts, including the domestic sphere, the cemetery, the sanctuary, and the symposium, to examine how the images invited their viewers to imagine the sounds of divine music and what effect this visualized music had upon the viewing audience. In each instance, she argues that the depictions of the Muses respond to the spaces in which they are encountered, so that their visual interpretation becomes inherently multivalent and malleable. When representations of the Muses are considered within a range of possible contexts of use, the vases make a powerful statement about the Muses: not only may they appear in any context or work through any female figure, but as divinities who are flexible in their visual representation, the Muses become visual forms capable of taking on multiple identities.

In the landmark case Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), the Supreme Court of the United States articulated the admissibility standard for expert evidence. In jurisdictions that have adopted the Daubert standard, trial court judges must make difficult decisions regarding the admissibility of proffered expert evidence. Although all federal courts and nearly all state courts use the Daubert standard, we know little about how judges fulfill their gatekeeping role when making admissibility decisions. This chapter reviews the empirical and theoretical considerations regarding how judges in Daubert jurisdictions determine which proffered expert evidence should be admitted. After reviewing the standards governing the admissibility of expert testimony, which includes a discussion of the Federal Rules of Evidence, Daubert, and related cases, the chapter provides a discussion of each Daubert criterion, including the available evidence relating to judges’ understanding of those criteria. It then discusses the heuristics and biases that affect judicial decision-making. The chapter concludes with a discussion of implications for practice and research.

The argument of non-coherence can be useful for explaining two principally different approaches about the interrelationship between constitutional principles originating from the offline reality and their applicability in the online domain. The first says that the constitutional ideas of the digital domain originate from the offline domain, and the second says that they do not, their origin being from inside the online domain in isolation from the offline. The process of the transposition of human rights law from one domain to another, including constitutional principles, has three stages. The first has to do with the reasons for such a transposition. The second stage is the emergence of ideas and subsequent discourse saying that something in human rights law and/or practice has to be changed in order to provide adequate protection online. The third stage of the transposition of offline fundamental rights to the online domain is the acceptance of new rights or principles, or conversely, the rejection of claims due to the absence of their necessity.

This monograph is about the change in meaning and scope of human rights rules, principles, ideas and concepts, and the interrelationships and related actors, on moving from the physical domain into the online domain. The transposition into the digital reality can alter the meaning of well-established offline human rights to a wider or narrower extent; it can turn positivity into negativity and vice versa. The digital human rights realm has different layers of complexity in comparison with the offline realm.

Investigative interviews with suspects are complex interpersonal interactions that are focused on eliciting statement evidence to use within subsequent investigative and judicial processes. When conducting an investigative interview, criminal investigators face a series of decision points – involving potentially competing alternatives – which collectively determine how the interview will unfold. These decisions are also made under real-world constraints of limited time and knowledge. Interviewer decision-making, therefore, is both psychologically complex and practically consequential. In the present chapter we examine the role of interviewer decision-making across five dimensions of investigative interviewing: Why (is an interview conducted?), Who (will participate?), When and Where (will the interview occur?), and What (techniques will be used?). We use this structure to outline the current state of the literature on suspect interviewing best practices and how each decision point raises factual and ethical considerations for interviewers, interviewees, and the criminal justice system more broadly. We conclude by discussing potential future directions for research that can continue to inform effective decision-making in this area.

In this chapter, we discuss the way people read, remember and understand discourse, depending on the type of relations that link discourse segments together. We also illustrate the role of connectives and other discourse signals as elements guiding readers’ interpretation. Throughout the chapter, we review empirical evidence from experiments that involve various methodologies such as offline comprehension tasks, self-paced reading, eye-tracking and event related potentials. One of the major findings is that not all relations are processed and remembered in the same way. It seems that causal relations play a special role for creating coherence in discourse, as they are processed more quickly and remembered better. Conversely, because they are highly expected, causal relations benefit less from the presence of connectives compared to discontinuous relations like concession and confirmation. Finally, research shows that in their native language, speakers are able to take advantage of all sorts of connectives for discourse processing, even those restricted to the written mode, and those that are ambiguous.

This chapter introduces the wide-ranging textual culture which grew up in medieval Iceland and generated the enormous variety of Old Norse-Icelandic written texts. It details the present-day locations of the major collections of Icelandic manuscripts and gives an account of how these manuscripts were preserved and what proportion of them may have been lost. An account of the origins of manuscript production in Iceland and its subsequent history follows, with criteria for dating manuscripts and discussion of different scripts. The effect of the introduction of the printing press is noted. Recent new approaches to manuscript studies, including codicology and greater attention to paper manuscripts and the physical processes of manuscript-making, are also covered. The chapter moves on to address digitization and the standardization of online texts, and concludes with discussion of what the future may hold for manuscript studies, including collaboration between palaeographers and scientists such as geneticists, ecologists and chemists, and the emergence of a new discipline of biocodicology, enabling a holistic examination of the interplay between many different environmental factors.

The past 20 years have seen a transformation in the provision of probation and parole services as science has been applied to our understanding of a range of criminological factors that influence behavior and increase a person’s risk of being involved in criminal behavior or of recidivating after incarceration. Many risk factors have been determined and studied, with some viewed as static and unable to be changed (e.g., early traumatic life experiences, past criminal involvement) and others viewed as dynamic or subject to change (e.g., job readiness, criminal thinking, victim access). As a former Assistant Deputy Chief U.S. Probation Officer for the District of Massachusetts, my goal was always to strengthen prosocial behaviors and skills to lower the risk of incarceration or postincarceration recidivism. The job we do, and the decisions we make, are strengthened by science and research. For instance, scientifically validated risk scales and evidence-based interventions, as discussed by Serin et al.