This concluding chapter discusses various aspects related to the use of SMMR: how does SMMR relate to existing advice for case selection; in which sequence should the different SMMR designs be applied; how should one choose among SMMR designs if all of them cannot be performed due to constraints (time, money, data, etc.); which types of sets (crisp or fuzzy) should one use when planning to perform SMMR; how can SMMR be fruitfully combined with theory evaluation, robustness tests, cluster diagnostics, and procedures that integrate time and temporality into the QCA? Learning goals: - Reflect on challenges in putting SMMR into practice - Understand the different ways in which to choose among the various SMMR designs - Learn about the implications of using different types of sets in SMMR - Develop ideas on how to combine SMMR with other, advanced tools in set-theoretic methods that share the feature of classifying cases - Further appreciate the full suit of SMMR designs as the yardstick for measures to be taken to strengthen descriptive and causal inference

The ontological dimension of human rights in the digital domain concerns its theoretical foundations and the content of human rights norms. Based on the Aristotelian theory of epistemology, this represents the side of objective reality. The non-coherence theory of digital human rights explores the ontology of human rights at various levels of generality. Eight justification models articulated for the human rights offline domain will be applied to digital human rights. If the implicitness of human rights online were to originate from this same online domain, it could no longer be viewed through non-coherence theory, as it would represent an entirely independent and separate paradigm of meanings. Since the online world is determined by technical possibilities, we can formulate a hypothesis that the gap between the implicit and explicit dimensions of human rights online are by default narrowing since these elements of implicitness, which cannot be realised online, are simply rejected.

Iberian colonies produced the vast majority of world precious metals in the Early Modern period, which increased liquidity in the Iberian Peninsula. The chapter focuses on the relationship between liquidity and financial development – including other relevant variables such as instruments and institutions – to examine the efficiency of the financial systems in Castile and Portugal. Public credit, debt management and the cost of public debt service are considered, as well as private debt, the diversity of financial instruments and the cost of capital. Finally, the authors compile their perspective on the main similarities and differences in the development of the financial systems of Castile and Portugal.

This chapter examines the meaning of a ‘use of force’ under article 2(4) of the UN Charter, focusing on its required means. It analyses whether ‘force’ in article 2(4) is restricted to particular means, namely, if it refers to physical/armed force only, if a weapon must be employed, what is considered a ‘weapon’ and if a release of kinetic energy is required. In doing so, it discusses subsequent agreements on the meaning of a ‘use of force’ in article 2(4), including the 1970 Friendly Relations Declaration, the General Assembly’s 1974 Definition of Aggression, 1987 Resolution 42/22 and the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document. It also examines in detail the travaux préparatoires of the Friendly Relations Declaration regarding the definition of ‘force’ in article 2(4) and arguments for and against a broad interpretation. This chapter concludes that ‘use of force’ article 2(4) refers only to physical force and not to non-physical forms of coercion, that it is not necessary that a ‘weapon’ be used nor is it required that kinetic energy be released, and that physical means are not essential for an act to constitute a ‘use of force’, as what counts are its physical effects.

This chapter discusses decisions that police should make about how to collect eyewitness identification evidence to ensure that they elicit the most accurate identification decisions from eyewitnesses. Eyewitness decisions include whether to select someone out of a lineup and whom to pick, as well as confidence in the accuracy of that choice. Although witnessing conditions – including (among others) whether the perpetrator and witnesses belong to the same racial/ethnic groups, weapon presence, and poor viewing conditions – can influence the accuracy of identification decisions, the chapter will focus primarily on how decisions made by the police about which identification procedures to use affect the accuracy of identification decisions. The chapter discusses many of these decisions in the context of the best practices that are recommended based on the available literature. Of special interest is when there is an interaction between the witness conditioning the decisions made by law enforcement. The chapter concludes with recommendations for future research on these topics.

This chapter addresses decision-making about the restoration of defendants who are adjudicated as incompetent to stand trial (IST) in an era in which there has been deemed a competency crisis that the number of impacted defendants has grown significantly. It describes the rationale for the importance of this topic and associated decisions, and provides the context for such decisions: hospital, jail, and outpatient. After reviewing the existing scientific literature on the frequency of restoration decisions and the duration and outcomes of relevant interventions, it describes a proposal for an approach to evaluating restorability that is more consistent with the available scientific evidence and a better fit for clinical and forensic practice. The chapter concludes with a more detailed discussion of both clinical and legal decisions in this area, elaborating on why this approach appears to offer a better fit for practice. Implications for future research, clinical and legal decision-making, and bias reduction are described.

The law presumes that all persons are capable of guiding their own day-to-day lives, but the presence of various types and degrees of mental disability or mental incapacity can call this capability into question. When competency is convincingly demonstrated to be impaired, to the extent that decision-making requires input, persistent guidance, or outright control by some external entity, the civil courts might elect at that juncture to impose some form of “substituted judgment.” Substituted judgment undertakes to address three broad and potentially overlapping decision-making domains, described here with brief accompanying examples: prior judgment (regarding wills and other advance directives), present judgment (regarding informed consent and the corresponding right to refuse treatment), and future judgment (regarding guardianship and conservatorship). This chapter will explore each of these domains in detail, identifying the contributions mental health professionals can make to reliable and valid forensic assessment in this regard.

Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize when she was seventeen. In part, the world knows about her because when the Taliban prohibited girls from attending school in Afghanistan, she spoke up about it, writing articles and giving talks. As is clear by her writing, Malala has strong values that include justice and equality for women as well as a love of learning and education. She also values safety. In making her choice to speak up and criticize her government’s decision, Malala was aware that she was increasing risks to herself and her family. In response, the Taliban shot (then fifteen-year-old) Malala in the head while she was on a school bus. Thankfully, she survived and continues to advocate for a future where girls are free to learn and lead.

Malala made decisions based on trade-offs among her values, even when the priority she placed on equality and justice made her vulnerable to Taliban hostility and increased her own risk of death.

After earning a commerce degree, Will got a corporate job and wore a suit to work every day, then came home to a rental condo in the city he shared with his girlfriend. After about a year he started to wonder why he wasn’t happy. Maybe if he took more time off or got a dog? But after another year of his job, a bit of travelling with his girlfriend, and a year of going on jogs and throwing sticks for their puppy, he still felt miserable. Will realized he had been doing all the things that mattered to others without knowing what truly mattered to himself. In a flurry of decisions, Will quit his job, broke up with his girlfriend, and moved back in with his parents. That’s when he ran into an old family friend, Leah, and, in a rush of details, told her about his life since graduation.