The population of the world is ageing. This has led to an increase in interventions and surgical procedures that would have been unheard of about fifty years ago. In this chapter we discuss the perioperative management of older patients, and the emphasis is on hip fracture patients. Factors such as limited physiological reserve, comorbidities, and the trauma of surgery itself are discussed, together with their perioperative management. The impact of pre-existing dementia and of post-operative delirium and depression is also covered here. The pre-operative management of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, the reversal of anticoagulation before surgery, and the treatment of infections are included. The evidence base around cut-offs for haemoglobin levels acceptable for surgery is also discussed. Finally, the post-operative management of acute kidney injury, infections, myocardial infarction, congestive cardiac failure, post-operative delirium, post-operative cognitive dysfunction, and depression is explored in conjunction with their evidence base.

Chapter 1 sets out the main questions and contentions in the book. It explores the concept of freedom and identifies it as a central concept in Athenian democratic ideology in both the private and public spheres. Scholarly debates on the concept of freedom are outlined, with an especial emphasis on Isaiah Berlin’s notion of positive and negative freedom and its application to Athens in subsequent scholarship. Distinguishing democratic freedom from negative and republican versions, I argue that Athenians understood freedom as the ability to do “whatever one wished,” which I classify as a modified version of positive freedom. The focus on citizen agency in accomplishing his will differentiates Athenian democracy from other constitution types and affects its institutional features. The chapter closes with a brief overview of the rest of the chapters.

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a dynamic and objective investigation that studies the responses of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and skeletal muscular systems to exercise stress in an integrated way.

This is achieved by the measuring gas exchange, respiratory rate and volume, heart rate and ECG parameters, BP, and oxygen saturation (Figure 1.1) whilst a patient undertakes exercise using an ergometer (a device that is used to quantify physical performance by providing a known workload).

Thoroughly revised and expanded, the new edition of this established textbook equips readers with a robust and practical understanding of experimental fluid mechanics. Enhanced features include improved support for students with emphasis on pedagogical instruction and self-learning, end-of-chapter summaries, 127 examples, 165 problems, refined illustrations, as well as new coverage of techniques in digital photography, frequency analysis of signals and the measurement of forces. It describes comprehensively classical and modern methods for flow visualisation and measuring flow rate, pressure, velocity, temperature, concentration, forces and wall shear stress, alongside supporting material on system response, measurement uncertainty, signal analysis, data analysis, optics, laboratory apparatus and laboratory practice. With enhanced instructor resources, including lecture slides, additional problems, laboratory support materials and online solutions, this is the ideal textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying experimental fluid mechanics and is also suitable for an introductory measurements laboratory. Moreover, it is a valuable resource for practising engineers and scientists in this area.

In this chapter, the geometric description of generic branes in Yang–Mills matrix model is elaborated, and structures familiar from gravity are identified. The dynamics resulting from the classical model is interpreted as pre-gravity.

People often speak of random acts of violence. Traumatic events may be unpredictable, but they are not random. A political psychology of trauma requires an understanding of the patterned nature of traumatic experiences, which is the main objective of this chapter. Traumatic experiences are associated with factors such as gender, age, minority ethnic or religious group and poverty. Different demographic groups tend to have different types and ranges of traumatic experiences. There are groups of people who may be far more vulnerable than others when they encounter a traumatic experience. On the other hand, when people encounter a traumatic experience from a position of relative strength, the outcome is likely to be very different to having the same experience at a moment of vulnerability. The role of these social risks and their consequence for people’s subsequent resources is centrally relevant to how people adjust to trauma. People’s responses to the events they experience are covered in later chapters, though obviously these two factors, the experience and the response, are connected. The main goal of the chapter is to uncover how social economic and political resources play a role in shaping people’s exposure and vulnerability to traumatic events.

Chapter 9 involves shock–boundary-layer interactions that are intrinsic to supersonic engine intakes, transonic gas turbine blade tip gaps and blade passages, scramjet isolator ducts, transonic and supersonic flight vehicle surfaces, and surfaces of rockets, missiles, and reentry vehicles. It is of particular interest because it can result in large temporal and spatial pressure variations, and greatly affect boundary development including causing flow separation that feeds into the flow unsteadiness, and subsequently has a large impact on aerodynamic performance. The outcome of shock–boundary-layer interactions strongly depends on steady and unsteady initial conditions that can be factored into flow control approaches. Methods for these are presented.