We study the exact Hausdorff and packing dimensions of the prime Cantor set, $\Lambda _P$, which comprises the irrationals whose continued fraction entries are prime numbers. We prove that the Hausdorff measure of the prime Cantor set cannot be finite and positive with respect to any sufficiently regular dimension function, thus negatively answering a question of Mauldin and Urbański (1999) and Mauldin (2013) for this class of dimension functions. By contrast, under a reasonable number-theoretic conjecture we prove that the packing measure of the conformal measure on the prime Cantor set is in fact positive and finite with respect to the dimension function $\psi (r) = r^\delta \log ^{-2\delta }\log (1/r)$, where $\delta $ is the dimension (conformal, Hausdorff, and packing) of the prime Cantor set.

We prove a multidimensional conformal version of the scale recurrence lemma of Moreira and Yoccoz [Stable intersections of regular Cantor sets with large Hausdorff dimensions. Ann. of Math. (2) 154(1) (2001), 45–96] for Cantor sets in the complex plane. We then use this new recurrence lemma, together with Moreira’s ideas in [Geometric properties of images of Cartesian products of regular Cantor sets by differentiable real maps. Math. Z. 303 (2023), 3], to prove that under the right hypothesis for the Cantor sets $K_1,\ldots ,K_n$ and the function $h:\mathbb {C}^{n}\to \mathbb {R}^{l}$, the following formula holds:

$$ \begin{align*}HD(h(K_1\times K_2 \times \cdots\times K_n))=\min \{l,HD(K_1)+\cdots+HD(K_n)\}.\end{align*} $$

We prove a number of results concerning the Hausdorff and packing dimension of sets of points which escape (at least in average) to infinity at a given rate under non-autonomous iteration of exponential maps. In particular, we generalize the results proved by Sixsmith in 2016 and answer his question on annular itineraries for exponential maps.

We study the dynamics of towers defined by fixed points of renormalization for Feigenbaum polynomials in the complex plane with varying order $\ell $ of the critical point. It is known that the measure of the Julia set of the Feigenbaum polynomial is positive if and only if almost every point tends to $0$ under the dynamics of the tower for corresponding $\ell $ . That in turn depends on the sign of a quantity called the drift. We prove the existence and key properties of absolutely continuous invariant measures for tower dynamics as well as their convergence when $\ell $ tends to $\infty $ . We also prove the convergence of the drifts to a finite limit, which can be expressed purely in terms of the limiting tower, which corresponds to a Feigenbaum map with a flat critical point.

We present a new method of proving the Diophantine extremality of various dynamically defined measures, vastly expanding the class of measures known to be extremal. This generalizes and improves the celebrated theorem of Kleinbock and Margulis [Logarithm laws for flows on homogeneous spaces. Invent. Math.138(3) (1999), 451–494] resolving Sprindžuk’s conjecture, as well as its extension by Kleinbock, Lindenstrauss, and Weiss [On fractal measures and Diophantine approximation. Selecta Math.10 (2004), 479–523], hereafter abbreviated KLW. As applications we prove the extremality of all hyperbolic measures of smooth dynamical systems with sufficiently large Hausdorff dimension, and of the Patterson–Sullivan measures of all nonplanar geometrically finite groups. The key technical idea, which has led to a plethora of new applications, is a significant weakening of KLW’s sufficient conditions for extremality. In the first of this series of papers [Extremality and dynamically defined measures, part I: Diophantine properties of quasi-decaying measures. Selecta Math.24(3) (2018), 2165–2206], we introduce and develop a systematic account of two classes of measures, which we call quasi-decaying and weakly quasi-decaying. We prove that weak quasi-decay implies strong extremality in the matrix approximation framework, as well as proving the ‘inherited exponent of irrationality’ version of this theorem. In this paper, the second of the series, we establish sufficient conditions on various classes of conformal dynamical systems for their measures to be quasi-decaying. In particular, we prove the above-mentioned result about Patterson–Sullivan measures, and we show that equilibrium states (including conformal measures) of nonplanar infinite iterated function systems (including those which do not satisfy the open set condition) and rational functions are quasi-decaying.

We consider a certain two-parameter family of automorphisms of the affine plane over a complete, locally compact non-Archimedean field. Each of these automorphisms admits a chaotic attractor on which it is topologically conjugate to a full two-sided shift map, and the attractor supports a unit Borel measure which describes the distribution of the forward orbit of Haar-almost all points in the basin of attraction. We also compute the Hausdorff dimension of the attractor, which is non-integral.

In this paper, we investigate the two-dimensional shrinking target problem in beta-dynamical systems. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}>1$ be a real number and define the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$-transformation on $[0,1]$ by $T_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}:x\rightarrow \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}x\;\text{mod}\;1$. Let $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{i}$ ($i=1,2$) be two positive functions on $\mathbb{N}$ such that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{i}\rightarrow 0$ when $n\rightarrow \infty$. We determine the Lebesgue measure and Hausdorff dimension for the $\limsup$ set

$$\begin{eqnarray}W(T_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{1},\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{2})=\{(x,y)\in [0,1]^{2}:|T_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}^{n}x-x_{0}|<\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{1}(n),|T_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}^{n}y-y_{0}|<\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F9}_{2}(n)\text{ for infinitely many }n\in \mathbb{N}\}\end{eqnarray}$$

$x_{0},y_{0}\in [0,1]$

We provide a closed formula of Bowen type for the Hausdorff dimension of a very general shrinking target scheme generated by the nonautonomous dynamical system on the interval $[0,1)$, viewed as $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$, corresponding to a given method of Cantor series expansion. We also examine a wide class of examples utilising our theorem. In particular, we give a Diophantine approximation interpretation of our scheme.

Gaussian particles provide a flexible framework for modelling and simulating three-dimensional star-shaped random sets. In our framework, the radial function of the particle arises from a kernel smoothing, and is associated with an isotropic random field on the sphere. If the kernel is a von Mises-Fisher density, or uniform on a spherical cap, the correlation function of the associated random field admits a closed form expression. The Hausdorff dimension of the surface of the Gaussian particle reflects the decay of the correlation function at the origin, as quantified by the fractal index. Under power kernels we obtain particles with boundaries of any Hausdorff dimension between 2 and 3.

We study the geometry of the space of measures of a compact ultrametric space $X$, endowed with the $L^{p}$ Wasserstein distance from optimal transportation. We show that the power $p$ of this distance makes this Wasserstein space affinely isometric to a convex subset of $\ell ^{1}$. As a consequence, it is connected by $1/p$-Hölder arcs, but any ${\it\alpha}$-Hölder arc with ${\it\alpha}>1/p$ must be constant. This result is obtained via a reformulation of the distance between two measures which is very specific to the case when $X$ is ultrametric; however, thanks to the Mendel–Naor ultrametric skeleton it has consequences even when $X$ is a general compact metric space. More precisely, we use it to estimate the size of Wasserstein spaces, measured by an analogue of Hausdorff dimension that is adapted to (some) infinite-dimensional spaces. The result we get generalizes greatly our previous estimate, which needed a strong rectifiability assumption. The proof of this estimate involves a structural theorem of independent interest: every ultrametric space contains large co-Lipschitz images of regular ultrametric spaces, i.e. spaces of the form $\{1,\dots ,k\}^{\mathbb{N}}$ with a natural ultrametric. We are also led to an example of independent interest: a space of positive lower Minkowski dimension, all of whose proper closed subsets have vanishing lower Minkowski dimension.

In this paper, we give several pictorial fractal representations of the ample or Kähler cone for surfaces in a certain class of $K3$ surfaces. The class includes surfaces described by smooth (2, 2, 2) forms in ${{\mathbb{P}}^{1}}\,\times \,{{\mathbb{P}}^{1}}\,\times \,{{\mathbb{P}}^{1}}$ defined over a sufficiently large number field $K$ that have a line parallel to one of the axes and have Picard number four. We relate the Hausdorff dimension of this fractal to the asymptotic growth of orbits of curves under the action of the surface's group of automorphisms. We experimentally estimate the Hausdorff dimension of the fractal to be 1.296 ± .010.

We study the case of an Axiom $\text{A}$ holomorphic non-degenerate (hence non-invertible) map $f:{{\mathbb{P}}^{2}}\mathbb{C}\to {{\mathbb{P}}^{2}}\mathbb{C}$, where ${{\mathbb{P}}^{2}}\mathbb{C}$ stands for the complex projective space of dimension 2. Let $\Lambda $ denote a basic set for $f$ of unstable index 1, and $x$ an arbitrary point of $\Lambda $; we denote by ${{\delta }^{s}}(x)$ the Hausdorff dimension of $\text{W}_{r}^{s}(x) \cap \,\Lambda$, where $r$ is some fixed positive number and $\text{W}_{r}^{s}(x)$ is the local stable manifold at $x$ of size $r;{{\delta }^{s}}(x)$ is called the stable dimension at$x$. Mihailescu and Urbański introduced a notion of inverse topological pressure, denoted by ${{P}^{-}}$, which takes into consideration preimages of points. Manning and McCluskey studied the case of hyperbolic diffeomorphisms on real surfaces and give formulas for Hausdorff dimension. Our non-invertible situation is different here since the local unstable manifolds are not uniquely determined by their base point, instead they depend in general on whole prehistories of the base points. Hence our methods are different and are based on using a sequence of inverse pressures for the iterates of $f$, in order to give upper and lower estimates of the stable dimension. We obtain an estimate of the oscillation of the stable dimension on $\Lambda $. When each point $x$ from $\Lambda $ has the same number ${d}'$ of preimages in $\Lambda $, then we show that ${{\delta }^{s}}(x)$ is independent of $x$; in fact ${{\delta }^{s}}(x)$ is shown to be equal in this case with the unique zero of the map $t\to P(t{{\phi }^{s}}-\log {d}')$. We also prove the Lipschitz continuity of the stable vector spaces over $\Lambda $; this proof is again different than the one for diffeomorphisms (however, the unstable distribution is not always Lipschitz for conformal non-invertible maps). In the end we include the corresponding results for a real conformal setting.

The concept of loosely Markov dynamical systems is introduced. We show that for these systems the recurrence rates and pointwise dimensions coincide. The systems generated by hyperbolic exponential maps, arbitrary rational functions of the Riemann sphere, and measurable dynamical systems generated by infinite conformal iterated function systems are all checked to be loosely Markov.

We investigate the finer fractal structure of the set of points escaping to infinity under iteration of an arbitrary exponential map. Providing exact formulas, we show how sensitively the Hausdorff dimension depends on the rate of growth of canonical Devaney–Krych codes.

It is shown that for any meromorphic function $f$ the Julia set $J(f)$ has constant local upper and lower box dimensions, $\overline{d}(J(f))$ and $\underline{d}(J(f))$ respectively, near all points of $J(f)$ with at most two exceptions. Further, the packing dimension of the Julia set is equal to $\overline{d}(J(f))$. Using this result it is shown that, for any transcendental entire function $f$ in the class $B$ (that is, the class of functions such that the singularities of the inverse function are bounded), both the local upper box dimension and packing dimension of $J(f)$ are equal to 2. The approach is to show that the subset of the Julia set containing those points that escape to infinity as quickly as possible has local upper box dimension equal to 2.

It is known that, if $f$ is a hyperbolic rational function, then the Hausdorff, packing and box dimensions of the Julia set $J(f)$ are equal. It is also known that there is a family of hyperbolic transcendental meromorphic functions with infinitely many poles for which this result fails to be true. In this paper, new methods are used to show that there is a family of hyperbolic transcendental entire functions $f_K$, $K \in {\mathbb N}$, such that the box and packing dimensions of $J(f_K)$ are equal to two, even though as $K \to \infty$ the Hausdorff dimension of $J(f_K)$ tends to one, the lowest possible value for the Hausdorff dimension of the Julia set of a transcendental entire function.

The points which converge to $\infty$ under iteration of the maps $z\mapsto\lambda\exp(z)$ for $\lambda \in \mathbb{C} \backslash \{0\}$ are investigated. A complete classification of such ‘escaping points’ is given: they are organized in the form of differentiable curves called rays which are diffeomorphic to open intervals, together with the endpoints of certain (but not all) of these rays. Every escaping point is either on a ray or the endpoint (landing point) of a ray. This answers a special case of a question of Eremenko. The combinatorics of occurring rays, and which of them land at escaping points, are described exactly. It turns out that this answer does not depend on the parameter $\lambda$.

It is also shown that the union of all the rays has Hausdorff dimension 1, while the endpoints alone have Hausdorff dimension 2. This generalizes results of Karpińska for specific choices of $\lambda$.