The seventh largest city in Japan by population size, located on the mouth of the Ota River, whose muddy waters pour into the Inland Sea, Hiroshima had been almost spared by the bombing until the summer of 1945.

At dawn on 6 August 1945, four reconnaissance planes flew over the city and disappeared again without dropping any bombs. At 7:31 the sirens signaled the end of the alert. The inhabitants left their shelters and went about their business.

Desde que la Asamblea Parlamentaria del Consejo de Europa aprobñ, en 1984, una resolutiñn en favor del CICR, éste ha efectuado numerosas gestiones ante los países miembros y, gracias al apoyo de los parlamentarios, tanto en dicho Consejo como en los Parlamentos nacionales, ha logrado que los Gobiernos de los países miembros incrementen su ayuda, principalmente en el piano financiero.

Can the Red Cross help to maintain peace and should it not, alongside its humanitarian role, also fulfil a mission of peace? This is far from being a new consideration, raised by recent developments in the peace movement and by demonstrations in favour of peace.

Whether the Red Cross, by its very nature, is a factor for peace; whether its humanitarian work should finally result in eliminating war, are questions as old as the idea of the Red Cross itself. Very early on, Henry Dunant declared that it was not enough to relieve the suffering of victims of war but that war itself should be banned.

My views concerning the negotiation of the 1977 Protocols were set forth some 13 years ago in my contribution to the book published in honor of Jean Pictet, and I do not want to repeat them here. But perhaps, from the perspective of the intervening years, there may be a few things I could usefully add.

To ensure that it is respected, international humanitarian law (IHL) requires mechanisms for its implementation. Most of these are known and have proved their worth, whether as means of prevention, control or repression. They do however have their limitations and, in this sense, the International Fact-Finding Commission provided for in Article 90, Protocol I, fills a gap.

«La celebración, rica en símbolos, del cincuentenario de las Naciones Unidas invita a reflexionar sobre la historia de ayer y de mañana. Es grato también al Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja participar en este momento privilegiado, que le permite reafirmar su fe en el ser humano rindiendo homenaje a una institutión hecha a su imagen y semejanza: imperfecta, única e irremplazable.

Board of Governors. — It is for the Secretariat of the League of Red Cross Societies, in its own publications, to report on the 26th session of its Board of Governors, which was held in Prague from September 30 to October 7, 1961, under the chairmanship of Mr. John MacAulay, and to comment on the numerous decisions which were made on this occasion.

In our last month's issue we gave an account of ICRC relief work up to the end of October 1968 in Nigeria and the secessionist province Biafra. This clearly brought out the scale and very considerable cost of the mission which will continue for months to come. As the financial situation had reached the crisis stage, the International Committee invited representatives of governments, National Societies and international institutions, able to help it, to a meeting in Geneva, in order to explain the facts which justify not only the massive scale of, but also support for, the Red Cross action. There were in fact three meetings, one of National Societies, the second of representatives of governments and inter-governmental institutions and the third of voluntary agencies.

Del 28 de diciembre de 1975 al 8 de enero de 1976, fueron repatriados a su país de origen 922 súbditos paquistaníes e indios, residentes en Saigón, en 4 vuelos organizados por la Cruz Roja Internacional, en estrecha colaboración con las autoridades y la Cruz Roja de la República de Vietnam del Sur, por una parte, y de los Gobiernos del Paquistán y de la India y de las Sociedades nacionales de esos países, por otra parte.

Whilst the African continent has been beset with many of the modern- day conflicts, and with them violations of international humanitarian law, through the work of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the International Criminal Court, African states have demonstrated their intent to hold accountable the perpetrators of the gravest international crimes. By the end of 2005, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda celebrated its eleventh year, the Special Court for Sierra Leone will have completed its fourth year and the International Criminal Court will be more than three and a half years old. As the present review of their activities shows, the delivery of justice through international jurisdictions is a complex and often time-consuming process.

Presidents of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) occupy a special position: they are not only direct witnesses to the march of history, but they also participate in it given their prominent role in the humanitarian sphere. This dual status becomes particularly salient when they write about the organization they run. By reviewing the published writings of ICRC presidents, this article analyzes how these individuals combine their personal experience with the organization's history, and the role this history plays in their writing.

En noviembre de 1977, el Gobierno belga confió a una comisión interdepartamental el estudio de las cuestiones relativas a la ratificación de los Protocolos adicionales a los Convenios de Ginebra, aprobados el 8 de junio de ese mismo año, antes de que fuesen abiertos para la firma el 12 de diciembre. Se trataba, en esa etapa, de determinar si Bélgica debía formular alguna declaración interpretativa, incluso reserva, en el momento de la ratificación y de preparar el proyecto de ley para aprobarla. Esto suponía una concertación, no solamente entre los diferentes departamentos ministeriales concernidos por la aplicación de los Protocolos, sino también entre el Gobierno belga y los Gobiernos de los países miembros de la alianza militar de la que Bélgica formaba parte.

Henry Dunant first came up against the problem of war at the battle of Solferino. The impact of the experience remained in his memory for ever and decided the course of his life. Spurred on by a deep repugnance for violence, he then set out on the long road which would lead him to propound ways and means first to protect victims of war, then to restrict the circumstances wherein war could arise, and finally to abolish war altogether. These three approaches—protection, restriction and abolition—complemented each other; they were not alternatives. To Henry Dunant's way of thinking they formed a cohesive system aimed at curbing the excesses of war while at the same time preventing its appearance and eradicating its causes.

We have said that this requirement is absolute. However, in exceptional circumstances, it may be necessary to make a choice; for instance, when a doctor or nurse, for want of medicines in sufficient quantities, is only in a position to cure a certain number of patients in his care. This is frequently a tragedy for the Red Cross, comparable to that of a raft which will sink if any more castaways cling to it. Can one, in all conscience, use an oar and rap the knuckles of human beings, children perhaps, whose misfortune it is to have not arrived first ? I know of several cases where doctors have only treated the sick, wounded or starving who still had a chance of survival, leaving those for whom there was no longer any hope to die. All this represents a matter of conscience, as it is called, because the decision must be left to the individual responsible, who will reach it after deep reflection and carefully weighing the pros and cons.