Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive States as international persons — In general — Sovereignty and independence — Conduct of foreign relations — Conclusiveness of statements of the Executive — Sovereign immunity — Refusal of State Department to indicate immunity — Whether binding upon courts — The law of the United States

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and restrictions upon territorial jurisdiction — Foreign States — Doctrine of sovereign immunity — Relationship to act of State doctrine — Central bank — Acts of bank regarded as commercial — Sovereign immunity not applicable — Whether act of State available as a defence — The law of the United States

State responsibility — Nature and kinds of — For taking of, or interference with, property — Currency regulation — Cuba — Right of foreign investors to convert proceeds of investment into foreign currency — Certificates promising to pay foreign currency on presentation of equivalent amount in Cuban currency — Suspension of all payment under such certificates — Whether equivalent to confiscation of property rights — Whether contrary to international law — The law of the United States

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Scope and application — What constitutes act of State — Whether relevant that foreign sovereign has violated its own laws — Hickenlooper Amendment to United States Foreign Assistance Act 1964 — Scope — Whether limited to cases involving confiscation of property rights — Currency regulations — Cuba — Decision to suspend processing of certificates promising to convert Cuban currency into United States dollars — Whether equivalent to a confiscation of property — Nature of rights under such certificates — Sovereign immunity — Restrictive theory — Role of State Department — The law of the United States

Aliens — Treatment of — Property of Aliens — Payments under Life Insurance Policies Alien Beneficiaries Resident Abroad — Alleged Inability to Receive, Control and Enjoy Payments — Beneficiaries of American Insurance Policies Resident in Country under Alleged Communist Regime — Deposit

Individuals–Position of–Obligations Imposed upon Aliens Resident in Territory of Contracting Parties.

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Requirement of prima facie basis for jurisdiction on the merits — Whether Court possessing compulsory jurisdiction — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Article I of the Optional Protocol concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes, 1963 — Criteria for indicating measures — Risk of irreparable damage to rights — Urgency — Whether grave and exceptional circumstances requiring Court to indicate measures for a stay of execution — Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 41

Consular relations — Right of access to consul for person arrested — Paraguayan national sentenced to death by court in United States of America — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Article 36(1) (b) — Failure of arresting authorities to inform of right to contact Paraguayan consulate — Effect of non-notification — Whether United States of America violating its international legal obligations with respect to Vienna Convention — Whether Paraguay entitled to remedy restitutio in integrum under Vienna Convention

International organizations — Immunity — Attachment and execution — Whether assets of organization liable to attachment to satisfy arbitration award — Discovery of assets — Whether court has jurisdiction to require organization to make full disclosure of its assets — Officials — Immunity — Immunity from suit and legal process for things done or omitted to be done by officials in performance of their functions — Whether conferring immunity from being required to give evidence — Inviolability of archives — Whether order that organization disclose details of its assets inconsistent with inviolability of official archives — The law of England

States as international persons — Composite and dependent States and Territories — Trust Territories — Rights and duties of administering authority — Effect of possible conflict between legislation and the Trusteeship Agreement — The law of Tanzania

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and agencies and their property — Agreement for lease of films by television authority of foreign State — Action for breach of agreement — Whether authority entitled to jurisdictional immunity — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972, Articles 1 to 15 — Whether declaratory of existing international law on jurisdictional immunity of States — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — Whether nature or purpose of act decisive — Requirement of close connection between case and forum — Attachment of assets — Immunity from attachment — European Convention on State Immunity, 1972, Article 23 — Whether declaratory of existing international law on immunity from enforcement of States — Egyptian Office of Information and Tourism — Whether entitled to immunity from attachment — Whether its assets allocated for the performance of sovereign functions — Relevance of distinction between patrimonial and administrative assets — Whether purpose for which assets are allocated is decisive — The law of Switzerland

Treaties — Interpretation — Consideration of preparatory work — Significance of preparatory work — Preparatory work revealing deliberate omission of any express mention of particular freedom — Whether that freedom entirely excluded from treaty — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1951

Disputes — Other international courts — European Court of Human Rights — Procedure — Whether court should consider question proprio motu

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Freedom of association — Trade union closed shop — Employees engaged before introduction of closed shop required to join specified trade unions when closed shop introduced — Employees refusing to join dismissed — No remedy under domestic law — Whether freedom of association includes freedom not to join an association — Whether being compelled to join a trade union contrary to one's convictions violates freedom of thought and expression — Treaties — Interpretation — Preparatory work — Significance of preparatory work — International courts — Procedure — Whether court should examine questions proprio motu — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950

Recognition of Governments — Validity of Legislative Acts of Unrecognised Governments — Decrees of Nationalisation — Dissolved Insurance Company Continuing Business in the United States.

Human rights — Freedom of expression — Limits on freedom of expression — Prohibitory injunction restraining applicant from repeating statements in consumer information bulletin — Conviction under German domestic legislation relating to unfair competition — Whether a justifiable interference with freedom of expression — Balancing of competing interests — States’ margin of appreciation not exceeded — Relevance of market economy — Relevance of publication based on isolated incident — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 10

Jurisdiction — Justiciability — Non-justiciability — Abstention of English courts from adjudicating on transactions of foreign States — Interpretation of unincorporated treaties beyond the interpretative jurisdiction of English courts — Exceptions — Protective measures to maintain status quo

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State — Justiciability — Dismemberment of States — Rights, obligations, liabilities and assets of successor States — Dismemberment of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Agreement on Succession Issues, 2001 — Justiciability in English courts

State succession — Dissolution of States — Dismemberment of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Successor States — Succession to assets and liabilities of SFRY — Whether justiciable in English court — The law of England

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Operation of — Effect in municipal law of subsequently enacted statute — Customary international law — Consistency of statute with — Seizure of property of enemy alien in time of war — The law of the United States of America.

State responsibility — Claims — State control over — WaiverSeizure of property of enemy alien in time of war — Claim for return of property.

War — Effects of outbreak of — On enemy subjects with regard to their property — Vesting of property — Trading with the enemy legislation — Consistency with prior treaty for protection of alien property — Customary international law — Consistency of legislation with — Waiver of claims — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Operation of — Effect in municipal law of subsequently enacted statute — Treaty regarding property rights of aliens — Vesting of property of enemy alien in time of war — Consistency with customary international law — Waiver of claims by treaty — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Foreign States — Immunity from suit of foreign Government agency in absence of Executive suggestion of immunity — Category of activities to which immunity extends — Distinction between commercial and public acts — Effect of arbitration agreement upon question of Immunity — Arbitration agreement as consent to jurisdiction of court — The law of the United States of America.

State Succession — Contractual Obligations — Benefit of the Contract — Partition — Succession by Components of Former Union to the Contractual Liability of the Union — India and Pakistan — Indian Independence (Rights, Property and Liabilities) Order, 1947 — The Law and Constitution of India.

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Status of EEC Treaty provisions under municipal law — Articles 48, 52 and 59 of Treaty — Direct effect — Treaty concerning Accession of Greece to European Communities, 1979 — Application of Community law with immediate effect from date of accession — Derogations for transitional period

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Incorporation of provisions into municipal legal order — Greek Constitution, Article 28

International organizations — European Economic Community — Institutions — Court of Justice — Powers — Binding nature of rulings by Court of Justice for municipal courts

Aliens — Right to non-discrimination — Scope of protection under EEC Treaty — Freedom of establishment — Whether including right to acquire land in other Community Member States — Whether acquisition must be associated with exercise of activity or provision of services in Member State concerned — The law of Greece

Statelessness — Position of Stateless Persons — Right to Poor Persons’ Facilities before Courts — Admission to Unemployment Benefit.

State succession — Succession with regard to obligations for torts — Pillage of private neutral property by soldiers — Acts committed by Imperial Russian soldiers — Soviet Decree of 1919 repudiating liability — Effect of — Claim under United States International Claims Settlement Act, 1949.

State responsibility — In general — Attributability — Responsibility for improper conduct of military operations — Pillage of neutral property — Responsibility of State for acts of its armed forces — Acts of Imperial Russian soldiers in 1915 — Responsibility of Soviet Government.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States — Foreign Legislation Impairing Private Rights — Consistency with Public Policy — German Currency Legislation — The Law of Holland.

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Article 189 — Legislation enacted by EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Regulations — Primacy of EEC law over subsequently enacted municipal law — Whether provisions of EEC law take precedence over fundamental rights under national constitutions

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Acts of institutions established by EEC Treaty — EEC regulations — Conflict with subsequently enacted municipal law — Whether municipal law automatically abrogated — Scope of role of national Constitutional Court in such circumstances — Powers of ordinary municipal courts to enforce direct applicability of EEC law

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — Effect in municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Nature of legal order established by Treaty — Conflict between provisions of EEC regulations and municipal law — Reference to national Constitutional Court alleging unconstitutionality of conflicting municipal law — Whether provisions of EEC law prevailing over subsequently enacted municipal law

International organizations — EEC — Legal status — Powers — Regulations enacted by Council — Direct applicability — Institutions — Court of Justice of European Communities — Effect of decisions in municipal legal order of Member States

Human rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Italian Constitution — EEC Treaty, 1957, and secondary legislation — Possible conflict with fundamental rights under Italian Constitution — Whether EEC provisions subject to constitutional review by municipal courts to establish compatibility with fundamental constitutional rights — The law of Italy

International criminal law — Criminal responsibility of individuals — International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Review of indictment — Concept of a prima facie case — Power of Tribunal to adopt rules of procedure