Economics, trade and finance — Trade concessions — Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and its Member States and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Suspension by the European Community in view of hostilities in Yugoslavia — Effect — Whether justifiable

International organizations — European Community — Status as subject of international law — Whether Community institutions bound by international law — Whether customary international law part of the Community legal order — Whether individual can challenge Community legislation as contrary to international law — United Nations — Security Council — Determination of threat to international peace and security — Resolution 713 (1991) concerning conflict in the Former Yugoslavia — Implications

International tribunals — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Judicial review of acts of Community institutions — Suspension of treaty by Council alleged to be contrary to rules of international law of treaties — Whether act reviewable — Standard of review — Review for manifest errors of assessment by Council

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Law of the European Community — Customary international law as part of Community legal order — Rules contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969

Sources of international law — Treaties and customary international law — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Whether stating rules of customary international law — Which provisions of Convention declaratory of custom

Treaties — Termination and suspension — Fundamental change of circumstances — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 62 and 65 — Conditions — Exception to principle of pacta sunt servanda — Confined to exceptional circumstances — Suspension by European Community of Cooperation Agreement with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia because of continued hostilities in Yugoslavia — Whether suspension justified by fundamental change of circumstances

War and armed conflict — Effects — Treaties — Fundamental change of circumstances — Whether armed conflict accompanying dissolution of State sufficient to justify suspension of trade and cooperation agreement — The law of the European Community

War — Effects of outbreak of war — On enemy subjects — Persona standi in judicio — Restoration of standing to sue — As to property subject to vesting — Trading with the enemy — Termination of war — By unilateral action of State — Effect of — The law of the United States of America.

War — Effects of outbreak of war — Trading with the enemy — Persona standi in judicio — Restoration of standing to sue — As to property subject to vesting — Termination of war — By unilateral action of State — The law of the United States of America.

War — Termination of — By unilateral action of State — Effect on enemy alien — Restoration of standing to sue — As to property subject to vesting — Trading with the enemy legislation — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Limits of — Extraterritorial Application of Anti-trust Laws — Combination of Foreign and Domestic Companies in Restraint of Trade — Acts Performed in Foreign Territory by Foreign Company — Presence of Foreign Company within State of Forum — Method of Establishment of — Subsidiary and Parent Companies — The Law of the United States of America.

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Head of State — Whether acts performed outside scope of official duties attract immunity as acts of instrumentality of State — Acts in violation of international law — Claim by alien for wrongful death resulting from torture by security forces in foreign State — Whether international law forms part of substantive domestic law providing basis for jurisdiction of United States courts — United States Alien Tort Act — Whether providing cause of action for violation of international law or purely jurisdictional — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — The law of the United States

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and State-owned corporations — Commercial activity — Meaning and scope — Whether relating to specific act of which complaint made or normal activity of defendant — Procedure — Removal of action against foreign State to Federal court — Whether involving removal of actions against co-defendants — Act of State doctrine — Refusal of entry by immigration officials — Deportation — Whether acts of State — Whether doctrine precludes judicial inquiry into commercial consequences flowing from those acts — The law of the United States

Air Law — Flying Boat — Whether Ship or Vessel — Marine Insurance — Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 — Air Navigation Acts, 1920 and 1936

Belligerent Occupation — Killing, Ill-treatment and Deportation of Civilian Inhabitants — Employment of Inhabitants in Prohibited Work — Prisoners of War — Execution without Trial — Employment of Prisoners of War in Dangerous or Prohibited Work — Belligerent Status of Irregular Forces — Guerrilla Warfare — Execution of Francs-Tireurs without Trial — Killing of Hostages — War Crimes as Reprisals — Wanton Destruction and Devastation of Property in Occupied Territory by Occupying Belligerent during Forced Retreat — Legal Responsibility of Military Commander and of Chief-of-Staff for War Crimes committed within the Area of Command — Military Necessity and the Hague Regulations — Pleas of Act of State and Superior Orders.

States as international persons — State succession — With regard to contractual obligations — Merger of States — Agreement with the former ruler granting exemptions from taxes — Whether successor bound — Continuity of the law — What is law — The constitution of India — The law of India

Jurisdiction — Territorial limits of — Domestic agency of foreign bank — Order of Court to produce documents situate in foreign State — As to transactions outside demanding State — Foreign corporation in position of witness — Production of documents in violation of law of foreign State — Letters rogatory — The law of the United States of America.

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Exemptions from and retrictions upon jurisdiction — Foreign States — Claim for repairs to Embassy — Whether claim can be brought in German Federal Court — Absolute State immunity — Restricted State immunity — Distinction between acta jure imperii and acta jure gestionis — Whether based on purpose of activity or on link between activity and sovereign functions of State or on whether activity gainful or not — Whether decisive factor nature of activity and legal relationship resulting therefrom — Whether characterization of activities as sovereign or non-sovereign determined by international law or municipal law — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany.

State Responsibility — Vicarious Responsibility — Responsibility of United States in respect of Vessel Handed Over to Great Britain under Lend-Lease Act and Operated by Great Britain.

Diplomatic Immunities — Staff of Diplomatic Mission — Immunity of — Waiver of Immunity — Requirement of Consent of Head of Mission — The Law of Argentina.

Diplomatic Immunities — Retinue of Head of Mission — Chauffeur to Ambassador — Absence of Immunity — The Law of Argentina.

Human rights — Freedom from torture — Nature of prohibition of torture — Whether a rule of jus cogens — Consequences — Remedies for torture — Whether State entitled to claim State immunity when sued for torture — Whether other States required to provide remedy for acts of torture committed outside their territory — Convention against Torture, 1984, Article 14(1) — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 14 — Balance to be struck between prohibition of torture and State sovereignty

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Customary international law — Part of Canadian common law — Treaties — Effect in Canadian law of treaty not implemented by legislation — International law principles and values as aid to construction of legislation — Expert evidence on international law — Admissibility — Value

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Exceptions to immunity — Penal proceedings — Commercial activity — Torts occasioning personal or bodily injury — Whether exception to immunity for non-commercial torts extends to torture committed by defendant State in its own territory — Whether there is an exception to immunity for violations of jus cogens — Canada State Immunity Act 1982

Treaties — Interpretation — Relevance of subsequent practice — Convention against Torture, 1984 — Practice of States Parties — Reports to Committee against Torture — Response to declaration by United States of America — The law of Canada

Treaties — Operation and Enforcement of — Relation to Municipal Law — Primacy of Treaties — French Constitution of 1946.

The individual in international law — In general — Human rights and freedoms — Right to marry and found a family — Right to protection for family life — Obligation of State not to discriminate on grounds of sex — Alien men married to Mauritian nationals not entitled to reside in Mauritius as of right — No such restriction imposed on alien wives of Mauritian men — Whether discrimination against Mauritian women — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights — Optional Protocol — U.N. Human Rights Committee — Communications by alleged victims of violations of the Covenant — Definition of victim — Whether individual not personally affected entitled to complain that legislation violates Covenant — Actio popularis

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Right to form and join trade union — Whether applicable to conduct of State as employer — State refusing to make collective agreements with small independent union — Policy of restricting the number of organizations with which collective agreements were to be concluded — Whether discriminatory — Whether municipal law providing an effective remedy — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Articles 11, 13 and 14

Treaties — Interpretation — Subsequent practice of parties — Court referring to European Social Charter, 1961, to confirm interpretation of European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and State-owned enterprises — Action for breach of contract — Sovereign immunity — Waiver — Need to establish personal jurisdiction — Whether waiver of immunity amounts to implied submission to jurisdiction — Arbitration clause — Commercial activities provisions of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Relationship between substantive and procedural questions — The law of the United States

Consular relations — Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963, Article 36 — Requirement that consulate be informed of detention of one of its nationals — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Consequences of non-compliance — Whether evidence obtained during detention not notified to consulate must be suppressed — Extent to which complaint of non-compliance may be excluded because not raised at earlier point in proceedings — Relationship between Articles 36(1) and (2) — Remedies for non-compliance — Optional Protocol — Extent of jurisdiction

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction — Optional Protocol to the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 1963 — Extent of jurisdiction conferred by Optional Protocol — Whether extending to claim for breach of provisional measures — Whether extending to claim based on customary law concept of diplomatic protection — Admissibility of claims

International Court of Justice — Provisional measures of protection — Statute of the International Court of Justice, Article 41 — Criteria for the indication of provisional measures

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 31–3

Nationality — Proof of nationality — Dual nationality — Nationality of claims

Arbitration — Law Applied by Arbitral Tribunals — Arbitration between Government and Private Company — Meaning of Terms “Principles of Justice, Equity and Good Conscience” as Source of Arbitral Award — Agreement Concluded by Government of Islamic Country — Construction of Agreement — Availability of Settled Law in the Islamic Country Concerned — Legal Principles Applicable to Modern Commercial Contract.

Arbitration — Appointment and Withdrawal of Arbitrators — Attempted Removal of Umpire from Office — Relevance of the Attitude of the Parties — Adjudication upon Claims Pleaded before the Conflict between the Commission and the Government — Withdrawal of National Commissioner — Effect on the Work of the Commission — Refusal to Replace a Commissioner.