Treaties — Kinds of — Inter-Allied Declaration of 1943 against Acts of Dispossession in Territories under Enemy Occupation or Control — Whether Amounting to a Treaty.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Changed Conditions — Interpretation of Hague Regulations in Light of Changed Conditions of Warfare Since 1907

War — In General — Miscellaneous — War of Agression — Purported Title Acquired by Occupant in War of Agression

Belligerent Occupation — Requisition of Private Property — Article 53 of Hague Regulations, 1907 — Seizure of Oil Installations — Crude Oil — Whether Constituting “Munitions de Guerre” — Interpretation of Hague Regulations in Light of Changed Conditions of Warfare Since 1907 — Nature of Title Acquired by Occupant — Whether Occupant Can Acquire Title in Crude Oil by Specification — Acquisition of Title in a War of Aggression — Maxim Ex Injuria Jus Non Oritur — Inter-Allied Declaration of 1943 Concerning Spoliation by Enemy Powers — Whether Amounting to a Treaty

Court of Justice of the European Communities — Functions Whether it is part of Court's duty to ensure respect for municipal law of member States — Power of Court to interpret or apply constitutional law of member States.

Court of Justice of the European Communities — Costs — Apportionment of — Rules of Procedure, Article 69.

International organization — European Goal and Steel Community — Decisions of High Authority — Violation of substantial procedural requirement — Requirement of reasons for decisions of High Authority — Rationale of this requirement — Decision authorizing trading regulations on basis of criteria as to amount of coal bought and sold by wholesaler — Inadequate reasons for selecting and changing these criteria — Alleged violation of Treaty, Article 65 — Détournement de pouvoir — Use of powers for illegal purpose.

Recognition of Acts of Foreign States and Governments — Extra-Territorial Effect of — Confiscatory and Revenue Laws — Disguised Confiscatory Measures — The Law of Sweden.

Extradition — Political Crimes — Treason — Conditions of Extradition — Crime Committed in Requested State — Effect of War on Extradition Treaty.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Conspiracy — Agreement concluded outside territorial jurisdiction — Continuation of agreement within territory — Acts within territory in furtherance of conspiracy — Acts of parties to agreement — Conspiracy aimed at State asserting jurisdiction — Whether sufficient to confer jurisdiction even where no acts take place within the territory of that State — Presumption against extraterritorial effect of legislation — When rebutted

Extradition — Double criminality — Jurisdiction — Whether crime would have been within jurisdiction of requested State — The law of Hong Kong

Extradition — Inter-State Extradition in United States — Danger to Extradited person in Requesting State.

The Individual in International Law — Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Expropriation of Property for General Purposes — Guarantees of International Agreement Concluded Subsequent to Expropriation.

Treaties — Operation of — Expropriation of Property for General Purposes — Guarantees of International Agreement Concluded Subsequent to Expropriation.

Treaties — Conditions of Validity of — Alleged Invalidity on Account of Violation of Fundamental Right of Property as Guaranteed by Constitution, by General International Law, and by the European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Washington Agreement of May 25, 1946, on German Assets in Switzerland — Agreement between Germany and Switzerland of August 26, 1952, on German Assets in Switzerland — Expropriation of Property for General Purposes — Guarantees of International Agreement Concluded Subsequent to Expropriation — The Law of Germany

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Exemptions from — Public ships and other property of foreign States — Cuban ship taken to United States port by crew seeking asylum in United States — Effect of previous waiver of immunity from enforcement of judgment upon later suit to enforce libel in rem — Effect of statements of Executive with respect thereto and with respect to ownership of property — The law of the United States of America.

International Comity — Public Policy — Respect for Law of Foreign Friendly State — Penal, Political and Revenue Laws — Contract for Sale of Goods — Intention of Parties to Obtain Goods in Foreign Country and Deliver Them to Destination Prohibited by Laws of Exporting Country — Whether Contract Enforceable in English Courts.

Boundaries — Water Boundaries — The thalweg — Equal Division of Boundary Waters where Rights of Navigation are not at Issue.

Governments — Recognition — Libya — National Transitional Council — Statement by the United Kingdom Government that it recognized the National Transitional Council as the sole Government of Libya — Effects — Bank accounts operated by Libyan Embassy in London — Whether bank entitled to act on instructions from representative of National Transitional Council — Certificate by Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs — Whether conclusive

Diplomatic relations — Diplomats — Accreditation — Statement by the United Kingdom Government that it recognized the National Transitional Council as the sole Government of Libya — Appointment of Chargé d’Affaires in London by National Transitional Council — Expulsion of diplomats appointed by former government — Authority to give instructions regarding embassy bank accounts — The law of England

International tribunals — Jurisdiction — Admissibility — United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 (“UNCLOS”) — Annex VII tribunal — Scope of jurisdiction — Whether restricted to alleged violation of UNCLOS — Other international court seised of case — Whether tribunal should defer to other court — Suspension of proceedings — Whether precluding exercise of provisional measures jurisdiction

International tribunals — Provisional measures of protection — Criteria — Urgency — Need for measures to preserve rights of either party — Equality between parties — Prevention of serious harm to the marine environment

Sea — Marine environment — UNCLOS — Protection of marine environment — Use of provisional measures jurisdiction

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Territorial limits of jurisdiction — Anti-trust and competition law — E.E.C. Treaty, Article 85 — Application to agreement — Where one party situated in a non-member State — Effects produced in member States — Relation of municipal competition law to Community Law — The law of the European Communities

Human rights — Treaties — Reservations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Criteria for determining validity of reservations entered under Covenant — Whether general international law rules governing validity of reservations inapplicable in certain circumstances because of special nature of human rights treaties

Treaties — Reservations — Human rights treaties — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Object and purpose test — Validity of reservations entered under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Validity to be determined by reference to object and purpose of Covenant — Organ to determine the compatibility of reservations to treaty — Whether general rules of international law governing State's capacity to object to treaty reservation inapplicable in respect of human rights treaties — Whether United Nations Human Rights Committee alone having the capacity to determine compatibility of a reservation to Covenant

Economics, trade and finance — Trade concessions — Cooperation Agreement between the European Economic Community and its Member States and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia — Suspension by the European Community in view of hostilities in Yugoslavia — Effect — Whether justifiable

International organizations — European Community — Status as subject of international law — Whether Community institutions bound by international law — Whether customary international law part of the Community legal order — Whether individual can challenge Community legislation as contrary to international law — United Nations — Security Council — Determination of threat to international peace and security — Resolution 713 (1991) concerning conflict in the Former Yugoslavia — Implications

International tribunals — Court of Justice of the European Communities — Judicial review of acts of Community institutions — Suspension of treaty by Council alleged to be contrary to rules of international law of treaties — Whether act reviewable — Standard of review — Review for manifest errors of assessment by Council

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Law of the European Community — Customary international law as part of Community legal order — Rules contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969

Sources of international law — Treaties and customary international law — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969 — Whether stating rules of customary international law — Which provisions of Convention declaratory of custom

Treaties — Termination and suspension — Fundamental change of circumstances — Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Articles 62 and 65 — Conditions — Exception to principle of pacta sunt servanda — Confined to exceptional circumstances — Suspension by European Community of Cooperation Agreement with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia because of continued hostilities in Yugoslavia — Whether suspension justified by fundamental change of circumstances

War and armed conflict — Effects — Treaties — Fundamental change of circumstances — Whether armed conflict accompanying dissolution of State sufficient to justify suspension of trade and cooperation agreement — The law of the European Community

Air Law — Flying Boat — Whether Ship or Vessel — Marine Insurance — Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 — Air Navigation Acts, 1920 and 1936

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Conduct of foreign relations — Treaty-making power — Federal Republic of Germany — Constitutional review of exercise of treaty-making power — Treaty on European Union, 1992 (“Maastricht Treaty”) — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Constitutional limitations — Accession of Federal Republic of Germany to Treaty on European Union — Extension of powers of European Community — Compatibility with Basic Law of the Federal Republic following enactment of Law amending Basic Law of 28 December 1992 — Article 23(1) of Basic Law — Whether providing satisfactory constitutional basis for accession of Federal Republic to Maastricht Treaty — Whether Federal Constitutional Court should obtain opinion of experts or Community institutions concerning interpretation of Treaty — Whether fundamental principle of democratic legitimacy in Federal Republic undermined by membership of European Union — Whether such membership violating Articles 20, 38 and 79(3) of Basic Law — Whether such membership irreversible — Scope of permissible transfer of sovereignty to Community institutions — Requirement that living democracy must be preserved in Member States during process of European integration — Condition that national parliaments should retain substantial level of authority — Whether acts of Community institutions are subject to national constitutional review to ensure that their powers are not exceeded

International organizations — European Community — Powers — Extension of powers by treaty — Treaty on European Union, 1992 — Legal basis for extension of powers — Whether European Community developing into political union without clearly restricted powers — Distinction between pooling of sovereignty in economic sphere and inter-governmental co-operation in other spheres — Article A of Treaty — Principle of limited specific attribution of powers to Community institutions — Article F(3) of Treaty — Whether granting Union competence to determine or extend its own powers — Effect of principle of subsidiarity — Establishment of common monetary and exchange rate policy — Whether automatically leading towards monetary union beyond control of Member States — Legal effect of target dates for achievement of monetary union — Requirement that extension of Community powers to be accompanied by enhancement of democratic foundations of Community institutions — Requirement that Union should respect national identities and existing democratic principles of Member States — Preamble and Article F(1) of Treaty

Human rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany — Treaty on European Union, 1992 and secondary legislation — Possible conflict with fundamental rights under Basic Law — Primary role of Court of Justice of European Community in ensuring respect for fundamental rights — Whether Federal Constitutional Court retaining ultimate right to secure compatibility of Community legislation with fundamental constitutional rights

International organizations — European Community — Institutions — Court of Justice — Power — Treaty on European Union, Article L — Exclusion of jurisdiction of Court over certain provisions of Treaty — Whether affecting general jurisdiction of Court to interpret provisions of Community treaties

International organizations — European Community — Institutions — European Parliament — Position within institutional structure of European Union — Role of ensuring democratic legitimacy for Union — Whether any need for enhancement of powers — Significance of method of election by citizens of Member State — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

International Court of Justice — Jurisdiction of — Power to Determine Jurisdiction — Article 36 (6) of the Statute — Termination of Declaration of Acceptance of Compulsory Jurisdiction of the Court — Effect on Pending Cases.

The individual in international law — Human rights and freedoms — Right to form and join trade union — Whether applicable to conduct of State as employer — State refusing to make collective agreements with small independent union — Policy of restricting the number of organizations with which collective agreements were to be concluded — Whether discriminatory — Whether municipal law providing an effective remedy — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Articles 11, 13 and 14

Treaties — Interpretation — Subsequent practice of parties — Court referring to European Social Charter, 1961, to confirm interpretation of European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950

State immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Head of State — Whether acts performed outside scope of official duties attract immunity as acts of instrumentality of State — Acts in violation of international law — Claim by alien for wrongful death resulting from torture by security forces in foreign State — Whether international law forms part of substantive domestic law providing basis for jurisdiction of United States courts — United States Alien Tort Act — Whether providing cause of action for violation of international law or purely jurisdictional — United States Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act — The law of the United States