State territory — Parts of — Boundaries — Land boundaries — No established historical boundary line — Concept of a boundary belt — Recognition and acquiescence by territorial sovereign or suzerain state — Relinquishment of potential sovereign rights — Effect on successor states — Evidential value of maps — Acts in assertion of sovereignty — Exercise of jurisdiction in remote and uninhabited region — Relevance of acts of private individuals — Considerations of equity — Relevance of contiguity

Nationality — In general — Proof of nationality — Deportation order issued in respect of alien claiming to be a national of deporting State — Procedure for establishing national status — Subsequent legislation providing for deportation of named person — Whether his citizenship of deporting State relevant — Whether sovereign Parliament may legislate in denial of citizen’s right to live in country of his nationality — The law of Ghana.

Aliens — Expulsion of — Person claiming not to be alien — Procedure for determining alien or national status when deportation order already issued — The law of Ghana.

International law in general — Relation to municipal law — Power to legislate for “the peace, order and good government of Ghana” — Whether excluding power to legislate in contravention of international law — The law of Ghana.

International law in general — International comity — Whether bringing proceedings before International Court of Justice an unfriendly act

State territory — In general — Nature of territorial sovereignty — Rights over continental shelf — Whether territorial rights — Whether stemming from territorial sovereignty

State territory — Parts of State territory — Boundaries — Water boundaries — Delimitation of continental shelf boundaries

State territory — Parts of State territory — Continental shelf — Character of rights over the continental shelf — Whether territorial rights — Whether dispute about continental shelf rights a dispute relating to territorial status — Greek islands adjacent to Turkish coast — Whether possessing a continental shelf of their own Appropriate method of delimitation

State territory — Parts of State territory — Islands — Greek islands adjacent to the Turkish coast — Whether possessing a continental shelf of their own — Appropriate method of delimitation

Jurisdiction — In general — Territorial — Continental shelf — Whether dispute about continental shelf rights a dispute relating to territorial status — Greek islands adjacent to Turkish coast — Whether possessing a continental shelf of their own — Appropriate method of delimitation

Treaties — In general — Form of international agreements — Press communique issued by two Prime Ministers recording their decision that a dispute would be submitted to the International Court of Justice — Whether capable of amounting to a binding agreement

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Reservations — Whether reservation follows evolution of law to take account of new areas of law — Interpretation of reservations — Object and purpose — Distinction between intention and motive — Reference to trauaux preparatoires — Reciprocity — Whether Respondent State entitled to take advantage of reciprocal application of reservation in dispute settlement treaty without appearing before the Court

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of treaties — Operation and enforcement — Settlement of disputes agreement — Whether following evolution of law to include disputes relating to new legal issues

Treaties — Termination of treaties — By operation of law — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Whether terminated on dissolution of the League of Nations — Change of circumstances — Desuetude — Whether a ground for termination of treaties — Whether leading to termination of General Act

Treaties — Interpretation — Principles and rules of interpretation — Interpretation of reservation — Grammatical construction of reservation ambiguous — Reference to object and purpose — Distinction between intention and motive — Reference to travaux preparatoires — Whether reservation intended to follow evolution of law to take account of new legal issues — Interpretation of informal press communique — Reference to negotiating history

Treaties — Interpretation — Multilingual treaties — Examination of English and French texts of Greek reservation to General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Reference to travaux preparatoires of reservation — Relevance of Greek text of travaux preparatoires

Treaties — Interpretation — Consideration of preparatory work — Examination of preparatory work of reservation to treaty

International organization and administration — The United Nations — The Security Council — Dispute referred to Security Council and International Court of Justice simultaneously — Whether proper for Court to consider case

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Refusal of Respondent State to take part in proceedings — Examination of question of jurisdiction by Court — Extent to which Court may make use of written communications from Respondent — Principle of equality between parties — Indication of interim measures of protection — When necessary

Disputes — Negotiation — Dispute referred to International Court of Justice while negotiations still taking place — Whether a dispute — Whether proper for Court to hear case — Interaction between different methods for the peaceful settlement of disputes — Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations

Disputes — International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Respondent State declining to take part in proceedings — Duty of Court to satisfy itself that it has jurisdiction — Alternative bases for jurisdiction advanced by Applicant — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Whether in force — Applicant’s reservation to General Act — Whether Respondent entitled to take advantage of reservation without appearing before Court — Press communique stating that Prime Ministers of two States have agreed to submit case to the Court — Whether a basis for jurisdiction in respect of unilateral application by one State

Competence — Competence of the Court challenged on two grounds — Court entitled to base decision on whichever ground seems clearer

Procedure — Refusal of Respondent State to appear before Court — Consequences — Article 53 of the Statute of the Court — Extent to which Court can take account of written communications from the Respondent

Interim measures of protection — Circumstances in which indication of interim measures is required — Whether risk of irreparable prejudice needed — Whether Court has inherent power to indicate interim measures to prevent aggravation of dispute and threat to peace

Dispute also taken before United Nations Security Council — Whether proper for Court to consider dispute of which Council is seised — Difference between political and legal disputes — Negotiations — Whether fact that negotiations are in progress deprives Court of jurisdiction — Whether fact negotiations are taking place means there is no dispute — Interaction of methods of peaceful settlement — Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations

Treaties — Interpretation — Interpretation of reservation — Grammatical construction ambiguous — Interaction of the parties — Distinction between intention and motive — Reference to trauaux preparatoires of reservation — Reservation in respect of disputes relating to “territorial status” — Whether including disputes about continental shelf — Whether including delimitation dispute

Treaties — Change of circumstances — Evolution of international law — Development of doctrine of the continental shelf — Whether treaty providing for settlement of disputes follows evolution of law to cover disputes about new area of the law — Whether reservation also follows evolution of the law

Treaties — Termination — Desuetude — Whether a ground for termination — General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes 1928 — Whether remaining in force while not used — Whether surviving dissolution of the League of Nations

Treaties — Form of international agreements — Press communique issued by two Prime Ministers — Whether capable of constituting a binding international agreement — Interpretation

Jurisdiction — Continental shelf — Character of rights over the continental shelf — Whether territorial rights — Whether dispute about continental shelf rights a dispute relating to territorial status

States — Conditions of Statehood — Territory — Population — Government — Artificial island constructed by State outside its territorial waters and subsequently abandoned — Whether capable of constituting a State — Whether residents a people

Territory — Definition — Whether territory of a State must be part of the surface of the earth — Artificial island — Self-determination — Definition of a people

Sea — Islands — Artificial island — Whether capable of constituting sole territory of a State

Nationality — Individuals — Loss of nationality — Loss of nationality of birth by voluntary acquisition of new nationality — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

Treaties — Operation and Enforcement of Treaties — United States — Treaties Overriding Subsequent Conflicting Local Ordinances and State Legislation.

Aliens — Admission of — Alien Seamen — Conditional Admission — International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1929 — Effect of — Reservation to — Whether Creating Rights in Individuals — The Law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Operation of — Treaty Inconsistent with Subsequent Statute — Effect in Municipal Law — International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1929 — Consistency with Law Relating to Immigration — The Law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Operation of — Reservations — Whether Creating Rights in Individuals — Subsequent Inconsistent Legislation — Effect of — International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1929.

Governments — Recognition of — Effect of Non-Recognition — The Right to Sue.

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — Foreign States — Counter claim — Implied Waiver of Immunity — Interpleader — Recognition of Governments — Right of Unrecognized Government to Sue.

Extinction of States — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non — recognition of — By United States of America — Effect on prior Treaty.

Aliens — Position of — Treatment by receiving State — Standing to sue in receiving State — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non — recognition of — By United States of America — Effect of non — recognition on prior Treaty — The law of the United States of America.

Treaties — Termination of — By operation of law — Extinction of contracting Party — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non–recognition of — By United States of America — Effect on prior Treaty — Access to courts by nationals of contracting States.

Recognition — Of annexation — Annexation of Latvia by Union of Soviet Socialist Republics — Non-recognition of — By United States of America — Effect on prior treaty — Access to courts — The law of the United States of America.

Extradition — Nature — Surrender of accused person to International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Whether process of extradition — Whether constrained by human rights obligations of State called upon to effect surrender — Applicability of human rights treaty to extradition

Human rights — Fair trial — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6 — Whether applicable to extradition — Whether applicable to surrender of accused person to International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Prohibition on retrospective criminal penalties — Accused person facing higher sentence in International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia than in national court

International criminal law — War crimes — Grave breaches — Crimes against humanity — Surrender of accused person to International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia — Whether Tribunal subject to human rights obligations

Consuls — Privileges and Immunities of — Whether Required to Give Evidence in Court — Matters Within Scope of Official Duties — Determination of — Conclusiveness of Determination by Consul — Amenability to Subpoena — Effect of Consular Convention.

Jurisdiction — Territorial — Over national waters — Applicability of federal or state law to accident occurring five nautical miles off the Louisiana shore — The law of the United States of America.

State territory — Parts of — Territorial waters — Jurisdiction in maritime belt — Extent of territorial jurisdiction of state of United States of America — Application of state statute to accident occurring beyond three-mile limit — Federal Death on the High Seas Act — The law of the United States of America.

International Law — Binding Force of — Interpretation of Treaties to Conform with Rules of.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and Rules of Interpretation — Existence of — Avoidance of Absurdity — Intention of the Parties — Comparison of Texts in Different Languages — Conformity with Rules of International Law — Literal Interpretation — Restrictive Interpretation.

Treaties — Interpretation of — Miscellaneous — Peace Treaty — Jurisdiction of Conciliation Commission Set Up under.

Treaties — Special Kinds of — Peace Treaties — Nature of.

Arbitration — In General — Conception of Arbitration — Distinction between Arbitral Tribunals and Conciliation Commissions.

Conciliation — Conciliation Commissions — Jurisdiction of — Competence to Determine Jurisdiction — Distinction between Power to Determine Procedure and Power to Determine Jurisdiction — Jurisdiction to Decide on Abstract Questions of Law — Conciliation Commissions Set Up under Peace Treaty — Distinguished from Arbitral Tribunals — Treaties — Interpretation of — Principles and Rules of Interpretation — Existence of — Avoidance of Absurdity — Intention of the Parties — Comparison of Texts in Different Languages — Conformity with Rules of International Law — Literal Interpretation — Restrictive Interpretation — Treaties Regarded as Limitations of Sovereigty of State.

Economics, trade and finance — Economic sanctions — Consequences — Responsibility for damage resulting from sanctions — European Community law — Imposition of sanctions upon Iraq — Iraqi counter-measures — Whether causing loss — Whether loss attributable to Community measures or to United Nations Security Council resolution requiring imposition of sanctions

International organizations — United Nations — Security Council — Enforcement action — Resolution 661 (1990) — Imposition of economic sanctions upon Iraq following Iraqi invasion of Kuwait — Purpose of sanctions — European Community — Legislation implementing United Nations sanctions upon Iraq — Whether serving justifiable general interest — Whether Community institutions liable to compensate company suffering loss through Iraqi non-payment of debts

War and armed conflict — Aggression — Consequences — Iraqi invasion of Kuwait — Economic warfare — Imposition of economic sanctions by United Nations Security Council — The law of the European Community

Jurisdiction — Immunity from — Foreign States — Officials of Foreign States — Need for Exequatur — The Law of the United States

Boundaries — Boundary Rivers — The Doctrine of Medium Filum — Medium Filum and Boundary Line in Niagara Not Identical

Trust Territories — Trusteeship Agreement — Termination of — By resolution of General Assembly — Subsequent reference to International Court of Justice of alleged breaches of Trusteeship Agreement during trusteeship period — Relevance of cesser of competence of General Assembly and Trusteeship Council after termination of Trusteeship Agreement.

International organization — The United Nations — General Assembly — Resolutions of — Legal effect — Resolution endorsing results of plebiscite in Trust Territory — Effect on subsequent plea before International Court of Justice by State which requested General Assembly to declare plebiscite null and void.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Procedure — Compliance with Rules of Court — Contents of Application — Subject of dispute to be indicated — Nature and grounds for claimto be stated — Court to consider proprio motu whether formal requirements satisfied.

Disputes — Miscellaneous — Dispute capable of settlement by negotiation “or other means” — Whether “other means” may include resolution of General Assembly in respect of subject — matter of dispute — Concept of settlement by General Assembly — Whether affecting legal aspects of dispute.

International Court of Justice — Contentious jurisdiction — Competence — Preliminary question — Requirement of “a dispute” — Meaning of “dispute” — Nature of Court's jurisdiction — Inherent limitation on exercise of judicial function — Act of seising Court — Nature of — Consequences of seising — Whether Court compelled to exercise jurisdiction — Competence of Court to render declaratory judgment — Situation where no continuing wrong — Whether judgment should be capable of effective application — Requirement that judgment be able to affect legal rights or obligations of parties — Relevance of absence of claim for damages.

Treaties — Effect in municipal law — Priority of treaty provisions over conflicting provisions of municipal law — EEC Treaty, 1957 — Legislation enacted by EEC institutions — Status under municipal law — Directives — Conflict between provisions of directive and subsequently enacted municipal law — Whether national legislation incompatible with the requirements of a Community directive must be declared inapplicable by municipal administrative courts

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Treaties — EEC Treaty, 1957 — EEC legislation — Directives — Effect in municipal legal order — French Constitution, Article 55 — Nature of legal order established by Treaty

Treaties — Conclusion and operation — Acts of institutions established by EEC Treaty — Method of implementation under municipal law — EEC Council directive — Conflicting national legislation — Judicial review by administrative courts — Sanction of illegality for incompatible national legislation

State responsibility — Responsibility based on fault — Enactment of municipal law in violation of EEC legislation — Responsibility of French State for failure to meet international obligations — Liability of national authorities to pay compensation when noncompliance with Community norms causes loss to individuals

Damages — Violation of European Community law — Failure of authorities in Member State to comply with provisions of Community directive — Entitlement of individuals to compensation from national authorities for loss suffered — Measure of damages — Lucrum cessans

International organizations — EEC — Powers — Legislation — Directives enacted by Council — Effect in municipal legal order — Failure by Member States to correctly implement provisions of directive — Proceedings before national courts — Whether such failure giving rise to claim for damages by individuals against Member State

International organizations — EEC — Institutions — Court of Justice of European Communities — Effect of decisions in municipal legal order of Member States

Economics, trade and finance — State commercial monopoly — European Community rules on freedom of trade — Council Directive No 72/464 on Manufactured Tobacco — Effect on State tobacco monopoly — Fixing of prices for imported tobacco by national authorities in violation of directive — Annulment of ministerial decisions by administrative courts — Whether any entitlement to claim compensation from national authorities for companies affected — The law of France

International law — Relation to municipal law — Treaties — Necessity for municipal legislation — Effect in France of Treaty not yet ratified or published in Journal officiel — Franco — Moroccan Treaty of 5 October 1957 providing for enforcement of foreign judgments — The law of France.

Treaties — Conclusion and operation of — Enforcement of — Necessity for municipal legislation — Ratification — Entry into force — Effect in France of treaty not yet ratified or published in Journal officiel — Franco–Moroccan Treaty of 5 October 1957 providing for enforcement of foreign judgments — Reciprocity — Irrelevance of acceptance of treaty by one party as in force before exchange of ratifications — The law of France.

Human rights — Access to courts — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6(1) — State immunity — Relationship between State immunity and human rights — Whether assertion of immunity by defendant State a violation of Convention — Whether assertion of immunity bringing plaintiff within jurisdiction of defendant State — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1 — Whether grant of immunity by forum State a violation of Convention — Nature of action against defendant State

State immunity — Jurisdiction — Human rights — Whether State immunity incompatible with right of access to courts — Reciprocity — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 6(1) — Tort exception to immunity