Cohorting of patients with culture-positive tuberculosis is still widely practiced in Austria, a country where approximately 1% of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates are multidrug resistant. Cohorting of patients with tuberculosis prior to determination of drug susceptibility is unacceptable because M. tuberculosis superinfection can occur.

The performance of hand disinfection by staff in a 31-bed department of intensive care was monitored. During 32 hours of observation, 727 opportunities for hand disinfection were observed, and the compliance rate was 27.9%. The level of work experience was not correlated with hand disinfection compliance rates.

A large outbreak of infection and colonization with multiple genera of gram-negative bacilli carrying the metallo-β-lactamase gene blaIMP-4 occurred in a 36-bed intensive care unit at a tertiary hospital in Australia. The organisms emerged rapidly, caused severe infections, and contributed to mortality. Controlling the spread of these organisms remains a challenge for all staff involved.

We evaluated antibiotic resistance trends in US nursing homes using the Minimum Data Set. Significant increases in the number and proportion of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria were documented over the 5-year study. Further research on antibiotic resistance in nursing homes is urgently needed.

We retrospectively investigated different inpatient influenza delivery strategies used during 3 consecutive years at a single institution. Vaccination rates were 3% for a physician reminder system, 21% for a manual standing order program, and 43% for a manual standing order program with a provider education program.

This cross-sectional survey assessed physicians' perceptions, knowledge and practices concerning antimicrobial resistance. Ninety-nine percent of participants reported that they perceived antimicrobial resistance as an important problem, and 86.7% agreed that antimicrobials are overprescribed, but only 2.9% rated “practicing antimicrobial control” as the most important strategy for preventing resistance. The results of this study warrant educational programs on antimicrobial resistance and the distribution of information regarding local antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

This data quality study assessed the accuracy of data collected as part of a pilot smaller-hospital surveillance program for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and bloodstream infection (BSI). For reported MRSA infection, estimated values were as follows: sensitivity, 40%; specificity, 99.9%; and positive predictive value, 33.3%. For reported BSI, estimated values were as follows: sensitivity, 42.9%; specificity, 99.8%; and positive predictive value, 37.5%.

Some patients with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and skin structure infections have experienced frequent recurrences. We performed a retrospective study and determined that the presence of nasal colonization did not affect recurrence and nasal mupirocin treatment marginally decreased recurrence

We investigated the relationship between the risk of deep infection and intraoperative use of laminar airflow systems and body exhaust suits during 8,288 total knee replacements performed in 256 hospitals. The overall 90-day cumulative incidence of deep infection requiring subsequent operation was 0.34% (28 procedures). In all combinations of laminar airflow systems and body exhaust suits, the 90-day cumulative incidence of infection requiring subsequent operation was 0.27%-0.43%. The risk ratio was 1.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.75-3.31) for laminar airflow systems and 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.34-1.62) for body exhaust suits suits. The risk was not statistically associated with use of either method, but infections were rare.

In a 30-month prospective study, we evaluated the efficacy of chlorine dioxide to control Legionella organisms in a water distribution system of a hospital with 364 patient beds and 74 skilled nursing beds. The number of hot water specimens positive for Legionella organisms decreased from 12 (60%) of 20 to 2 (10%) of 20. An extended time (18 months) was needed to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of Legionella positivity among hot water specimens. At the time of writing, no cases of hospital-acquired Legionnaires disease have been detected at the hospital since the chlorine dioxide system was installed in January 2003. Use of chlorine dioxide was safe, based on Environmental Protection Agency limits regarding maximum concentrations of chlorine dioxide and chlorite.

We analyzed the impact of introducing an alcohol-based hand gel and an educational program on hand hygiene adherence among healthcare workers in an intensive care unit. Adherence to hand hygiene was significantly higher after the intervention for the night shift work period (P = .001), among nursing assistants (P = .001), among nurses (P = .007) on weekend days (P = .016), and for invasive procedures (P = .012).

We used 6 years of surgical site infection (SSI) data collected by a surveillance system in northern France to compare targeted and pooled surveillance models. Digestive tract surgery wards were ranked according to SSI risk for herniorraphy, appendectomy, and cholecystectomy. The pooled and targeted models were correlated, despite differences in the number of outlier wards detected, indicating that the ranking of wards according to whether they have met a specified benchmark SSI rate depends on the strategy chosen.

Adults more than 40 years old are not necessarily immune to measles. A measles outbreak that involved healthcare workers occurred after contact with a 44-year-old patient. Results of a hospitalwide program of mass screening revealed that 117 (4.5%) of 2,600 individuals tested seronegative for measles; 31 (26.1%) of these 117 individuals were more than 40 years old.

We conducted a seroprevalence study and exposure survey of healthcare workers to assess the risk of nosocomial transmission of Nipah virus during an outbreak in Bangladesh in 2004. No evidence of recent Nipah virus infection was detected despite substantial exposures and minimal use of personal protective equipment.

In September of 2004, we investigated 7 cases of post-myelography meningitis. Streptococcal species were recovered from blood or cerebrospinal fluid in all cases. Our findings suggest that droplet transmission of the oral flora of the clinician performing the procedure was the most likely source of these infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends the use of face masks by those performing myelograms.

Hospital preparedness for nosocomial or community-wide outbreaks of communicable disease includes the capability for rapid, self-reliant administration of prophylaxis to its workforce, with the goal of minimal disruption of patient care, here called hospital “self-prophylaxis.” We created a new discrete-event simulation model of a hypothetical hospital wing to compare the operational charateristics of standard single-line, “first-come, first-served” dispensing clinics with those of 2 staff management strategies that can dramatically reduce staff waiting time while centralizing dispensing around existing pharmacy-distribution points.